A-Level Psychology Chapter 9: Research Methods

Random allocation helps to ensure that each group is representative of the population, reducing the influence of individual differences on the results.

The ethical issue is ensuring that participants understand the purpose, methods, and potential risks of the study, and that they voluntarily agree to participate. This is important to protect participants' autonomy and ensure their rights.

Extraneous variables can alter the apparent effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable, threatening internal validity. Researchers can control extraneous variables by identifying and manipulating them, using techniques such as random allocation and experimental design.

<p>Qualitative data are non-numerical, descriptive, and often collected using open-ended questions, while quantitative data are numerical and often collected using closed-ended questions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Structured observations involve systematic recording of specific behaviors or events, which increases reliability and validity. Unstructured observations, on the other hand, involve open-ended recording of events, which can provide richer, more detailed data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Researchers can control for individual differences by using random allocation and experimental design, and control for situational variables by using standardized settings and procedures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quantitative data</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The independent variable is manipulated or changed, and it affects the dependent variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Informed consent, deception can lead to mistrust and affect future research participation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experimental design, involving manipulation and control groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A participant observer is part of the social situation, while a non-participant observer is not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Correlations cannot establish causal relationships between variables, and conclusions cannot be drawn solely from statistical associations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Debriefing involves explaining the study to participants afterwards and returning them to their previous state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>System 1 is fast, effortless, and associative, while System 2 is slow, conscious, and controlled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Operationalizing variables involves making them measurable and observable, ensuring that data collection is systematic and reliable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Confidentiality involves keeping participants' data anonymous and protecting their privacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers