ORAL COM

Communication Essentials

• Originates from the Latin word "Communicare," meaning to impart or share.
• Aristotle's assertion: "Man by nature is a social animal," highlights the fundamental social nature of humans.

Elements of Communication

• Speaker: Originates the message; responsible for creating and encoding.
• Message: Information or ideas being conveyed.
• Encoding: Converting thoughts into communicable words or actions.
• Channel: Medium through which the message is transmitted, such as spoken or non-verbal methods.
• Receiver: Interprets the message and provides feedback.
• Decoding: Process of interpreting the received message.
• Feedback: The receiver's response that completes the communication process.
• Context: The environment in which communication occurs.
• Noise or Barrier: Disruptions that hinder effective communication.

Types of Noise or Barriers

• Physical Noise: Environmental factors like background sounds.
• Psychological Noise: Internal distractions, such as emotions or mental states.
• Semantic Noise: Language misunderstandings due to poor vocabulary or unclear language.
• Cultural Noise: Misinterpretations arising from different cultural backgrounds.
• Physiological Noise: Physical impairments affecting communication (e.g., hearing or visual disabilities).
• Attitudinal Noise: Prejudices or stereotypes that skew understanding.

Communication Modes

• Verbal Communication: Utilizes language and symbols to convey messages.
• Non-verbal Communication: Meaning expressed through behaviors like gestures, facial expressions, and body language.

Types of Non-Verbal Communication

• Kinesics: Physical movements and gestures.
• Oculesics: Eye contact behaviors.
• Haptics: Communication through touch.
• Proxemics: Use of personal space in communication.
• Chronemics: Use of time in interactions.
• Vocalics: Aspects of the voice like tone and volume.
• Olfactics: Significance of smells in communication.
• Color: Meanings associated with different colors.
• Appearance: The impact of physical looks.

Models of Communication

• Basic Model: The foundation of communication; emphasizes a two-way process.
• Linear Model: One-way communication without feedback; depicted in speeches and broadcasts.
  • Aristotelian Model: Focuses on the speaker's control and audience appeal through logic, credentials, and emotions.
  • Laswell Model: Highlights the process of information transmission through a specific channel.
  • Shannon and Weaver Model: Introduces noise as a critical factor; foundational in communication studies.
  • Berlo's SMCR Model: Emphasizes skills, attitudes, knowledge, and culture of both source and receiver.
• Transactional Model: Two-way conversations characterized by immediate interaction.
  • Schramm's Model: Considers personal experiences as crucial for interpretation.
  • White's Model: Highlights feedback as an essential part of communication.
• Interactional Model: Involves communication across distances with delayed interactions.

Functions of Communication

• Information: Basic function for sharing knowledge.
• Regulation: Influencing and managing behaviors.
• Social Interaction: Establishing and maintaining relationships.
• Motivation: Encouraging changes in beliefs and behaviors.
• Emotional Expression: Communicating feelings through various media.

Oral Communication Activities

• Conversing: Engaging in discussions in formal or informal settings.
• Speech Writing: Preparing content for oral delivery.
• Interviewing: Dialogue between an interviewer and interviewee.
• Presenting Facts: Sharing empirical information based on research.
• Individual Activities: Focused on personal skills for presentation.
• Group Performances: Collaborative tasks involving multiple participants.

Speech Context

• Intrapersonal Communication: Self-reflection involving a single person, including self-concept, perception, and expectations.
• Interpersonal Communication: Interaction among people, split into dyadic and small group communication.
• Public Communication: One-way exchanges primarily between a speaker and an audience.

Speech Styles

• Intimate: Private communication among close individuals.
• Casual: Informal exchanges using slang.
• Consultative: Mutually acceptable and standard language.
• Formal: Structured exchanges in formal settings.
• Frozen: Most formal, used in ceremonies and respectful situations.

Speech Acts

• Locutionary Act: The actual utterance with specific meaning.
• Illocutionary Act: The intention behind the utterance, often encouraging action.
• Perlocutionary Act: The effect of the utterance on the listener, prompting a response.

Types of Illocutionary Acts

• Assertive: Expresses belief or opinions.
• Directive: Attempts to get the listener to perform an action.
• Commissive: Commits the speaker to a future action.
• Expressive: Communicates feelings or emotional reactions.
• Declaration: Changes situations through utterances.

Communication Strategies

• Nomination: Introducing and keeping a topic of conversation.
• Restriction: Limiting responses to maintain focus.
• Turn-taking: Allowing each speaker time to contribute.
• Topic Control: Guiding conversations through structured questions.