oral comm.docx

**ORAL COMM W1** **Communication** - from a Latin word [\"Communicare,\"] meaning to impart, participate, or transmit, comes from the root [\"Communis,\"] which means to make common or to share. - Process of sharing and conveying message "Man by nature is a social animal" -- Aristotle - **Th...

**ORAL COMM W1** **Communication** - from a Latin word [\"Communicare,\"] meaning to impart, participate, or transmit, comes from the root [\"Communis,\"] which means to make common or to share. - Process of sharing and conveying message "Man by nature is a social animal" -- Aristotle - **The Elements of communication** **Speaker** - source or originator of the message - ideating or creating, encoding, and transmitting the message **Message** - information, ideas, or thoughts - conveyed by the speaker **Encoding** - process of converting the message into words or actions **Channel** - medium or the means we transmit the message. - Main channels; spoken or non-verbal **Receiver** - recipient of the message \- in charge of decoding the message \- generate feedback **Decoding** - process of interpreting the encoded by the receiver **Feedback** - reply of the receiver to the message sent by the sender - [KEY component] in communication **Context** - the environment where communication takes place **Noise or Barrier** - factors that may delay the process of sending or receiving a message - **Types of noise or barrier** 1. **Physical -** most visible communication barrier environmental challenges due to the surroundings (e.g. noise, physical obstructions, environmental noise) 2. **Psychological** - any internal noise - physically present but mentally absent - (e.g. anger, hatred, depression, happiness, etc.) 3. **Semantic** - "language barrier" - most noticeable communication barrier - difference in language understanding - (e.g. poor vocabulary and grammar, unclear graphics, verbalism) 4. **Cultural** - from different cultures have different perceptions, ideologies, and values (e.g. varying levels of proficiency in the primary language, differences in communication styles) 5. **Physiological/biological** - impediments that arise due to physical factors (e.g. hearing, speech, visual impairment, physical disabilities) 6. **Attitudinal** - arise from attitudes, prejudices, or stereotypes - result when people think and act based on false assumptions (e.g. prejudice and stereotypes closed-mindedness, lack of empathy) - **Verbal** **communication** - "the use of language which is made up of [symbols]" (Hermosa et al., 2019) conventional representations of a single idea, object, or concept - Symbols are not always letters - **Non-verbal communication** - "a process of generating meaning using behavior other than words" (Hermosa et., al 2019) - "Sending and receiving of messages in a variety of ways without the use of words" - **Kinds of non-verbal communication** 1. **Kinesics** -- physical movement 2. **Oculesics** -- eye contact 3. **Haptics** - touch 4. **Proxemics** -- space, distance 5. **Chronemics** - time 6. **Vocalics** -- accent, loudness 7. **Olfactics** -- smell or aromas 8. **Color** -- meanings associated with colors 9. **Appearance** -- physical features - **The models of communication** A. **Basic model of communicatio**n - most generic representation. Two way-process B. **Linear model of communication** - transmission model - one-way conversation - conversations where the receiver chooses (consciously or unconsciously) to not respond or ignore the sender - no feedback - EXAMPLES: speech, television broadcast, sending a memo - **Kinds of linear model** 1. **Aristotelian model -** Aristotle\'s view of communication: - speaker-centered - speaker controls the communication process - Example; A politician gives speech to get votes from the civilians at the time of election. - speaker appeals to that audience in three different areas: **Logos** - logic **Ethos** - credentials **Pathos** -- emotions 2. **Laswell model of communication** - Harold Lasswell connotes: - involves the transmission of information - channel is an important component 3. **Shanon and Weaver model of communication \--** Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver imply: - speaker transmits information to a passive listener - noise [i]s an added element - mother of all communication 4. **Berlo's model of communication** - also known as [SMCR model (source, message, channel, receiver)] - **Source and receiver** (comm skills, attitude, knowledge, social systems, culture) - **Message** (content, elements, treatment, structures, codes) - based on the SW (Shannon and Weaver) model - human dimension as a method of decoding the message C. **Transactional model of communication** - two-way conversation -- a conversation in person - communicators are likely in the same place easily interchange messages - immediate interaction with little to no time delay - **Kinds of transactional model of communication** 1. **Schramm's Model** - modified version of the SW model - emphasized the field of experience (person\'s background, experience, and knowledge) are factors that impact interpretation 2. **White's model** [-] feedback [ ] as part of the communication - a cyclical and sequential process - a failure to consider the active role of the receiver D. **Interactional model of communication** - a remote conversation - common in newer media - sender and the receiver are (most likely) in different places - take a little more time - delayed interaction between sender and receiver 1. **Wood's model of communication** - dynamic process - S and R labeled as communicators - overlaps communicators\' fields of experience - [changes over time] **ORAL COMM W3** **Functions of communication and oral communication activities** **Functions of communication** A. **Information -** "the most basic function of communication" - used in giving and getting information B. **Regulation -** "managing the behavior of others" - influence one's behavior C. **Social interaction -** create and sustain personal and professional relationships - express desires, encouragement, needs, and decision - **Observe the following practices in social interaction:** 1. Do not monopolize the conversation. 2. Be emphatic. 3. Listen attentively. 4. Understand the value of the message. 5. Be aware, interested, and willing to accept the message. D. **Motivation -** gives various kinds of support - encourages other person to change their opinion, attitude, and behavior E. **Emotional expression -** using expressions - Expressing emotions [through spoken, written, and nonverbal media] **Oral comm activities** A. **Conversing** [-] simply talking to other people (either in a formal or an informal setting) B. **Speech writing** - to write-up of what you want to deliver or say C. **Interviewing** - conversation between two parties: the interviewer and the interviewee D. **Presenting fact-based** [- delivery of factual] and empirical information based on facts or research is E. **Individual activities** - emphasis on the individual 's skills [ ] to do and present tasks F. **Group Performances** - tasks geared towards a group of persons **ORAL COMM W4 TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT AND SPEECH ACTS** ***[SPEECH CONTEXT]*** describes as\... - number of communicators - setting or environment **Types of speech context** 1. **Intrapersonal Communication** - centers in one person - speaker acts both sender and receiver - **Three Aspects of Intrapersonal Communication** a. **SELF-CONCEPT** - beliefs about oneself oriented toward others b. **PERCEPTION** - belief something through the senses - looks outward  c. **EXPECTATIONS** - belief in future occurrence -  future-oriented 2. **Interpersonal Communication** - communication between and among people - exchanging of information, feelings, and meaning - **Kinds of Interpersonal Communication** d. **Dyadic direct communication -** involves two persons e. **Small group communication -** involves three or more persons but not more than ten 3. **Public communication** - speaker and audience - one-way monologue - ex: seminars, news reports, campaigns ***[SPEECH STYLES]*** - dictates and affects the way people communicate - characterizes the degree of formality of the discourse - **INTIMATE** - private; may not be shared in public - between or among close individuals - **CASUAL** - among peers and friends \- slang or vernacular language being used **CONSULTATIVE -** standard one mutually acceptable language used - **FORMAL** - formal settings - one-way communication - **FROZEN -** [ ] most formal style  - used in respectful situation or formal ceremony **ORAL COMM W5 SPEECH ACTS** **Speech acts** - utterance a speaker makes - to achieve an intended effect - use speech acts in order to: - say something meaningful - inform about the reason why something is said - prompt a person to act or respond - **Types of speech acts** A. **Locutionary act** - act of making a [meaningful utterance] certain sentence with a certain meaning and reference EXAMPLES: \"Our class will end in five minutes.\" (The teacher\'s actual utterance) \"I am starving to death. \" (The speaker\'s actual utterance) B. **Illocutionary act** - social function of what is said act of saying something with [intention] and making [a prediction] EXAMPLES: 1\. Our class will end in five minutes. (The teacher wants the class to finish their task before the bell rings) C. **Perlocutionary act** - making effect as the basis of the particular context. pertains acts in accord with the utterance of something to get a response EXAMPLE: "I am upset" "I am always with you." - **Types of illocutionary acts** D. **Assertive -** expresses belief about the truth of a proposition suggesting, putting forward, swearing, boasting, or concluding EXAMPLE: "No one makes better pancakes than I do." (boasting) E. **Directive -** tries to make the addressee perform an action asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, or begging EXAMPLE: "Please close the door." (requesting) F. **Commissive** - commits the speaker to doing something in the future promising, planning, vowing, or betting EXAMPLE: "From now on, I will participate in our group activity." (promising) G. **Expressive** - expresses his/her feelings or emotional reactions. thanking, apologizing, welcoming, or deploring EXAMPLE: "I am so sorry for not helping out in our group projects and letting you do all the work." (apologizing) H. **Declaration** - brings a change in the external Situation blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, law or passing a sentence EXAMPLE: "You are fired!" (firing) **ORAL COMM W6 COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES** **Communication strategy** Plans and methods of communicating information used to attain a specific social, linguistic or psychological goal **Types of communication strategies** A. **Nomination** - introduces a topic to be talked about - used when they want to continue an interaction B. **Restriction** - Responses are limited or restricted according to a set standard - Prevents the conversation from going off topic C. **Turn-taking** - Knows when to stop talking and gives the other speaker a chance to talk - requires each speaker to wait for the others to complete their turn talking D. **Topic control** - Leads the conversation by asking questions - Keeps the conversation flowing without moving away from the topic E. **Topic shifting** - Introduces a new topic followed by a continuation of that topic - Works best when there is a follow-through so that a new topic continues to be discussed F. **Repair** - Refers to overcoming communication breakdown - resolves what has been broken down by clarification or repetition G. **Termination** - Both speakers agree to conclude the conversation with verbal or non-verbal signals - Extended by corrections and further questions.