9Ca Disease Types and 9Cb Control Systems

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a communicable disease?

Influenza

Cholera

Athlete's foot

Rickets (correct)

What is the primary function of white blood cells in the immune system?

Killing pathogens (correct)

Producing hormones

Detecting stimuli

Contracting muscles

Which of the following conditions is an example of an autoimmune disease?

Type 1 diabetes (correct)

Lung cancer

Sickle cell disease

Anemia

What is the role of the spinal cord in the nervous system?

To relay signals between the brain and the rest of the body (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of disease is characterized by a lack of essential nutrients in the body?

Deficiency disease (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do vaccines help to protect against diseases?

By stimulating the production of antibodies (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom commonly associated with disease?

Increased blood flow (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between communicable and non-communicable diseases?

Communicable diseases are caused by pathogens, while non-communicable diseases are not (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the nervous system and the hormonal system in terms of speed of response?

The nervous system is faster. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of target cells in the hormonal system?

Target cells respond to specific hormones. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the hormonal system?

Hormones act only on the effector connected to the nerve. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do antibiotics and antivirals differ in their mode of action?

Antibiotics kill bacteria, while antivirals stop viruses from replicating. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for using transgenic bacteria in the production of hormones?

Transgenic bacteria produce more hormones compared to traditional methods. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why is the use of aseptic precautions crucial in the production of hormones using transgenic bacteria?

To ensure the purity of the hormone produced. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the fermenter in the production of hormones?

To provide optimal growing conditions for the bacteria. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of carbohydrates in the production of hormones using transgenic bacteria?

Carbohydrates are used as a source of energy for the bacteria. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osmosis in cells?

Maintaining the balance of water content within the cell. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way genetically modified bacteria are used to produce large quantities of human hormones?

By inserting the human gene responsible for hormone production into the bacteria's DNA. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the nervous system?

Pancreas (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of hormones in the body?

To transmit signals between different parts of the body. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How do phagocytes contribute to the body's immune response?

By surrounding and digesting microorganisms. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lymphocytes in the immune response?

Producing antibodies that target specific microorganisms. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nervous system?

To sense changes in the environment and respond accordingly. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do memory cells contribute to immunity?

By helping the body respond more quickly and effectively to the same microorganism. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of a deficiency disease?

It is caused by a lack of a vital nutrient. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a lifestyle disease?

It is caused by inherited genes. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of antibodies in the immune response?

To identify and bind to specific microorganisms. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell directly ingests and destroys invading microorganisms?

Phagocytes (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a true statement about vaccines?

Vaccines contain weakened or inactive parts of microorganisms. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of a drug?

Affects how the body works when administered. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a medicine and a drug?

Medicines are specifically used for medical purposes, while drugs have broader applications. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting the accuracy of population estimates using a quadrat?

Number of species in the community (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a water jacket in a fermenter during the production of insulin?

To regulate temperature. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does tropical sprue affect the human body?

It reduces the surface area of the small intestine, hindering nutrient absorption. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a large surface area to volume ratio (SA:V) for unicellular organisms?

It increases the rate of nutrient uptake. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How is the production of insulin achieved using genetic engineering?

By introducing the human insulin gene into bacteria. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adding acids or alkalis to a fermenter during insulin production?

To maintain a stable pH. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of biodiversity, what does it mean to count the number of different species in a community?

Calculating the species richness of the area. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of larger organisms having organs with large surface areas compared to their volume?

It allows for more efficient diffusion across cell membranes. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

9Ca Disease

Five types of disease are described: communicable, deficiency, genetic, lifestyle, and autoimmune.
Communicable diseases are caused by pathogens that can spread from person to person. Examples include athlete's foot, cholera, influenza, malaria, pneumonia, polio, and ebola.
Deficiency diseases result from a lack of essential nutrients for growth and development. Examples include anemia, kwashiorkor, night blindness, rickets, and scurvy.
Genetic diseases are caused by a fault in the DNA, changing how cells function. Examples include sickle cell disease and hemophilia.
Lifestyle diseases are linked to lifestyle choices and increase disease risk. Examples include lung cancer and cardiovascular disease.
Autoimmune diseases occur when the body's immune system attacks its own cells. Example: type 1 diabetes.

9Cb Control Systems

The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord.
The CNS is connected to the body via nerves.
Stimuli are changes detected by receptor cells in sense organs (eyes, ears, skin).
Receptor cells produce electrical signals (impulses) that travel along nerves to the brain.
The brain processes the information and sends impulses back through nerves to effectors (muscles and glands).

Hormones

Hormones are chemical messengers in the body; glands produce them which release them into the blood stream.
Target cells respond to hormones by changing how they function.
Examples include thyroxine (thyroid gland), growth hormone (pituitary gland), adrenaline (adrenal gland), oestrogen (ovary), insulin (pancreas), and testosterone (testis).

Comparing Nervous and Hormonal Systems

Nervous system: fast, short-lived responses; electrical impulses; one-to-one connection to effectors.
Hormonal system: slow, long-lasting responses; chemical messengers; affecting many target organs.

9Cc Treating Diseases

Communicable diseases are treated with antibiotics (bacteria) or antivirals (viruses).
Vaccines are used to prevent infection.
Autoimmune diseases occur when the body's immune system attacks its own tissues.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas are destroyed.

9Cd Ecology

Quadrats are used to measure the abundance of organisms in a sample area.
Formula for population estimation: Population size = (number of organisms in sample) x (total area) / (area of sample).
The sample size should be large and organisms spread evenly.

Distribution

Distribution describes how organisms are spread across an area.
Random distribution: organisms randomly spread.
Regular distribution: organisms evenly spaced.
Clumped distribution: organisms grouped together.

9Ce In and Out

Surface area to volume ratio (SA:V): Important for smaller organisms, as they can easily take in what they need.
Osmosis: Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a high water concentration to a low water concentration.
Partially permeable membranes: Allow some substances to pass through but not others.
How to produce hormones via modified bacteria which is used to quickly produce large quantities of hormones.
Role of the nervous system in sensing and reacting to stimuli; sending signals through neurons (nerve cells) connecting the brain with different body parts.

9Ce In and Out/ Diseases/ Immunity and/or Hormones, and/or Bacteria

Scurvy is a deficiency disease caused by a lack of vitamin C.
Anemia is a deficiency disease involving inefficient red blood cells.
Haemophilia is an inherited genetic disease that affects blood clotting.
Lung cancer is a type of lifestyle disease.
Type 1 Diabetes (autoimmune disease; immune system can't produce insulin).
How hormones affect the body
How white blood cells combat pathogens
Methods to treat communicable diseases

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Description

Explore the various types of diseases, including communicable, deficiency, genetic, lifestyle, and autoimmune. This quiz also covers the central nervous system and its role in controlling bodily functions. Test your knowledge on disease classification and CNS connections.