9Ca Disease Summary PDF

9Ca Disease There's 5 type of disease : 1.​ Communicable Disease Microorganism that gets into the body. This disease was caused by pathogens. The other types of disease that cannot be passed from person to person are non communicable diseases. The obvious effects of a dise...

9Ca Disease There's 5 type of disease : 1.​ Communicable Disease Microorganism that gets into the body. This disease was caused by pathogens. The other types of disease that cannot be passed from person to person are non communicable diseases. The obvious effects of a disease are its symptoms (raised temperature/ rash). Example : Athlete’s foot (Skin problem), Cholera(Infection), Influenza(Respiratory system), Malaria(Cause by Mosquito), Pneumonia(Lungs), Polio(Nervous system), Ebola(Infection), Chickenpox(virus). 2.​ Deficiency Disease Lack of nutrients that the body needs for healthy growth and development. Example : Anemia(low red blood cells), Kwashiorkor(lack of protein), Night Blindness(trouble seeing), Rickets(Bone disease), Scurvy(Vitamin C deficiency). 3.​ Genetic disease A fault in the DNA in a cell that changes how the cell works. Example : Sickle cell disease(Prevents the hemoglobin), Haemophilia(Affects the blood ability to clot). 4.​ Lifestyle disease Factors in the way we live increase the risk of getting these disease (smoking or unhealthy) Example : Lung cancer(Cancer), Cardiovascular disease(disorders of the heart and blood vessels). 5.​ Autoimmune disease When the body's immune system attacks and damages the cell's body. Example : Type 1 diabetes (the pancreas does not make insulin) Immunity -​ Our body uses different types of white blood cells to kill pathogens (carry disease). -​ Vaccines contain parts of the surface coating of a microorganism. 9Cb Control Systems Nervous system -​ The organs of the central nervous system are the brain and spinal cord. -​ Central nervous system (CNS) is linked to the rest of the body by organs called nerves. -​ Stimuli are changes that we sense. Stimuli are detected by receptor cells in sense organs (eyes,ears,skin) -​ When a stimulus is detected, a receptor cell produces electrical signals (impulses). It travels along nerves to the brain via the spinal cord. Then the brain processes the information from  receptor cells and sends electrical impulses back out along other nerves to the effector (Muscles and glands). -​ Muscle cells respond to impulses by contracting. -​ Cells in some glands respond by releasing hormones into the blood. Hormonal system -​ Hormones are substances that act as chemical messengers in the body -​ Glands are made in organs, which release into the blood plasma. -​ Target cells respond to hormones in the blood by changing what they are doing. -​ Comparing system -​ Nervous system electrical impulses along nerves, while hormonal system chemical messengers in blood. -​ Nervous systems are short, rapid responses to stimulus. While the hormonal system slower response to stimulus. -​ Nervous system impulses act only on the effector connected to the nerve, while the hormonal system messengers can act on many target organ at the same time. Stimuli -> Receptor cell -> Brain -> effectors cell -> Muscle actions (impulses) (nerves)(process) 9Cc Treating diseases -​ We use antibiotics (to kill bacteria) or antivirals (to stop viruses replicating) for communicable diseases. We also use vaccines to stop us being ill. -​ Autoimmune diseases are due to white blood cells attacking part of the body. -​ In type 1 diabetes, the tissue that produces insulin is destroyed. This results in high levels of glucose in the blood. Transgenic organisms -​ Human growth hormone was extracted from dead bodies, and insulin was extracted from other animals (cattle). -​ The protein hormones are made by genetically modified or engineered bacteria (DNA has been altered by scientists).  -​ The genes for the hormones are taken from human chromosomes and put into the DNA of bacteria. -​ The transgenic bacteria then make the hormones. (Transgenic means they contain DNA from more than one species. -​ Fermenters provide the best conditions for the bacteria to grow and reproduce quickly, and produce a lot of the hormone. At regular intervals, the fermenter is drained and the hormone is extracted.To produce a lot of hormones, the transgenic bacteria are grown in large fermenters. -​ Aseptic precautions are needed: the fermenter and anything that goes into it are sterilised (all microorganisms are killed). This stops other microorganisms growing. -​ Oxygen and nutrients are added, including carbohydrates for the bacteria to feed on. -​ All enzymes (including those that make hormones) work best at a certain temperature and pH, so these factors are monitored. -​ A water jacket cools the fermenter to maintain the best temperature, and acids or alkalis are added to keep the pH constant Proses pembuatan insulin : Proses pembuatan insulin dilakukan dengan rekayasa genetika yaitu menyisipkan gen pembentuk insulin manusia ke dalam bakteri. 9Cd Ecology Definition : -​ To measure the abundance we use a method like a Quadrat. A quadrat is used to sample static or slow-moving organisms to fall onto a cloth. -​ The formula for the size of the sample area and the size of the whole area : (We take samples to estimate the population size) -​ The estimate for accuracy is more accurate if : 1.​ The sample size is larger 2.​ Easy to find organisms in the sample area 3.​ The organisms are spread across an area. Distribution If there is a distribution the organisms will be found in every sample but if the distribution is clumped, then the organisms will only be found in some samples. The biodiversity of an area is when we count how many different species are in the community. For example : 9Ce In and Out During the Second World War, ⅙ of the deaths of allied soldiers in tropical areas were caused by a disease called tropical sprue. This disease reduces the surface area of the small intestine and reduces the diffusion of nutrients from the small intestine into the blood. Sa:V ratio Unicellular organisms have a large enough surface area that diffusion can supply their inside volume with enough of what they need. Larger organisms have too little outside surface area compared with their volume to do this. So they have organs with large surface areas compared to their volumes, in order to quickly absorb substances. Transport systems then carry those substances to all their cells. Comparing surface area to volume is important in biology. We calculate it as a figure called the surface area: volume (SA:V) ratio. The bigger the surface area: volume ratio, the more surface area something has per unit volume. Cells need large surface area: volume ratios to be able to take enough of the substances they need from their surroundings. The SA:V ratio is also important when organisms lose substances and energy. OSMOSIS Small molecules can pass through tiny holes in some membranes by diffusion. Membranes that only allow some molecules to pass through them are partially permeable membranes water molecule. I CAN PART 1. Describe how osmosis happens Osmosis is a type of diffusion when the overall movement of molecules of a solvent through a partially permeable membrane. This process helps cells balance their water content. It's a key process for nutrient absorption and waste removal in cells. 2. explain how large amounts of human hormones can be produced quickly using genetically modified bacteria. Scientists can produce large amounts of human hormones quickly by using genetically modified bacteria. They insert the human gene responsible for hormone production into the bacteria's DNA. The bacteria then act like little factories, using this genetic blueprint to produce the hormone. This method allows for rapid and efficient production, making it easier to create important hormones like insulin for people with diabetes. 3. Describe how nervous system works The nervous system is the organ system that helps us to sense changes in our surroundings and inside our bodies. it also allows our bodies to respond rapidly to those changes. The organs of the central nervous system are the brain and spinal cord. It consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It sends and receives messages between the brain and different parts of the body. For example, When you touch something hot then the sensory nerves send a message to your brain, and the brain quickly sends a message back through motor nerves telling your muscles to move your hand away. This rapid communication helps us respond to the environment and control our body’s actions. 4. Describe how hormones affect the body Hormones are the body's chemical messengers. They are produced by glands and travel through the bloodstream to target organs and tissues. Target cells or target organs respond to hormones in the blood by changing what they are doing. For example, the hormone adrenaline increases the pulse rate. 5. Describe the ways in which white blood cells destroy microorganisms in the body, and explain how this can lead to immunity. White blood cells are like the body's defense. They identify and attack microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses. White blood cells use Phagocytes and Lymphocytes to kill pathogens. Phagocytes can ingest microorganisms (They surround and digest them) while Lymphocytes make antibodies, which are proteins that stick to microorganisms to be ingested. Lymphocytes make memory cells and help the body respond more quickly and effectively if the same microorganism tries to infect the body again so we become immune. 6. Disease Scurvy is a disease caused by a serious vitamin C deficiency. a.​ Communicable disease (Influenza) → Virus Influenza or flu is an infection caused by a virus and affects the nose, throat and lungs (Part of the respiratory system). b.​ Deficiency disease (Anemia) → Lack nutrient Anemia is a disease when people do not have enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the body tissues. c.​ Genetic or inherited disease (Haemophilia) → DNA Fault Haemophilia is a rare condition that affects the blood's ability to clot. It's usually inherited. Most people who have it are male. d.​. Lifestyle disease (Lung cancer) → The way we live Lung cancer is a kind of cancer that starts as a growth of cells in the lungs. The lungs are two spongy organs in the chest that control breathing. e.​ Autoimmune disease (Type 1 diabetes) → Immune system Can’t produce insulin 7. Explain why medicine are drugs Medicines are chemical substances used to treat, cure, prevent, or diagnose a disease. Medicines are drugs because drugs are their content. When it is administered to a living organism, it produces a biological effect.  The Black Part 1.​ A disease is something thats make you ill 2.​ Phagocytes can ingest microorganisms 3.​ Lymphocytes make antibodies which are proteins that stick to microorganisms. 4.​ Vaccines contain parts of the surface coating of a microorganism. 5.​ The nervous system is the organ system that helps us to sense changes in our surroundings and inside our bodies. 6.​ Changes that we sense are called stimuli 7.​ Hormones are substances that act as chemical messengers in the body. 8.​ A drug is a substance that affects how the body works 9.​ Medicines are drugs that are used to help treat or prevent disease. 10.​ Abundance is how common a species is in a habitat or ecosystem. 11.​ The accuracy of the estimate is how close it is to the true value. 12.​ Distribution is how organisms are spread out in the area. 13.​ Osmosis is a type of diffusion