ENGINE COMPANY OPERATION

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Questions and Answers

What does the 'K' in 904K depict regarding the piercing nozzle?

Built-in safety switch

Built-in pressure gauge

Built-in shut off valve (correct)

Built-in extension connector

What is the maximum coverage area of the 904K piercing nozzle?

5,000 square feet

2,500 square feet (correct)

1,000 square feet

10,000 square feet

What type of material comprises the 904K piercing nozzle?

1020 soft alloy steel (correct)

Aluminum alloy

1010 steel

Stainless steel

How far does the nozzle have to be driven in for full penetration of the sprayer head?

3.75 inches Signup and view all the answers

What is the flow rate of the 904K piercing nozzle at 100 PSI?

175 GPM Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of using the indirect attack method for extinguishing fires?

It may conduct electricity. Signup and view all the answers

Which model covers a larger area when flowing water?

Elkhart Brass Model Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended procedure before placing the nozzle in service?

Inspect for cleanliness and test water flow. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the advantages of using coarse water droplets in fire extinguishing?

They absorb more heat than solid streams. Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum flow rate of the Akron Brass Model at 100 PSI?

250 GPM Signup and view all the answers

What function does the patented hydraulic stability system serve in the RAM XD?

To stabilize the RAM using reaction forces Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum operating pressure for the RAM XD?

150 psi Signup and view all the answers

How far can the RAM XD be lowered while manned?

From 35° to 14° Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended minimum amount of straight hose behind the RAM to achieve optimal flow?

20 feet Signup and view all the answers

What feature enhances the safety of unmanned use of the monitor at less than 35° angle?

The self-correcting increase in nozzle angle Signup and view all the answers

What is the flow rate at 80 psi for a 1-1/4” nozzle tip?

415 GPM Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum flow rate that can be achieved with the 1-1/4” tip at a higher pressure?

498 GPM Signup and view all the answers

What is the friction loss through the unit at 500 GPM?

6 PSI Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of exceeding the nozzle pressure of 55 psi with the 1-1/2” deluge tip?

Exceeding the GPM rating Signup and view all the answers

Which hoseline can be connected to the end of the 1-1/4” stacked tip for extended usage?

1-3/4” hoseline Signup and view all the answers

What is the main intended use of the water can featuring the Amerex 240 H model?

Class A fires Signup and view all the answers

What does the rating 10-A in the Ansul Sentry 10 dry chemical extinguisher represent?

The effectiveness equivalent to gallons of water Signup and view all the answers

What is a specific caution to take when using the dry chemical extinguisher?

The powder can irritate and is corrosive Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum effective range for the CO2 extinguisher model Badger B10V-1?

3-8 feet Signup and view all the answers

What is the required action after the Amerex 240 H water can has been discharged?

It should be refilled and checked for leaks Signup and view all the answers

How often should the dry chemical extinguisher be inspected?

Yearly Signup and view all the answers

What is the weight of the Ansul Sentry 10 dry chemical extinguisher when full?

17 lbs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum coverage area that the CO2 extinguisher can effectively cover?

10 square feet Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT recommended for depressurizing the extinguisher?

Discharging the extinguisher continuously for several minutes Signup and view all the answers

What should be done prior to filling the extinguisher to ensure proper function?

Rinse the unit with clean water Signup and view all the answers

When is the extinguisher considered full during the filling process?

When water overflows from the top of the fill tube Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended amount of additive to add to the extinguisher after filling?

1 cup Signup and view all the answers

What could occur if the extinguisher is over-pressurized beyond the recommended 100 psi?

The valve assembly may fail Signup and view all the answers

Which model of extinguisher requires special handling while filling?

BADGER WP-61 Signup and view all the answers

What precaution should firefighters take when using the fill line on the BADGER WP-61?

Open the discharge handle Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a common step during the morning checks of an extinguisher?

Adding water to the unit Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended percentage knob setting for polar solvents?

6% Signup and view all the answers

Which step should be performed first when cleaning the unit after use?

Reduce pump pressure to 100 PSI or less Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to ensure all foam passages are flushed after use?

Turn the percentage knob back and forth Signup and view all the answers

After cleaning, how should the control unit be reattached to the tank?

By pulling straight up and inserting pull pins Signup and view all the answers

What is the last step in the cleaning process after reinstalling the control unit?

Shut off the water Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended application rate of Class A foam for an air aspirating nozzle during overhaul operations?

0.3% – 0.5% Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum pressure requirement for the Task Force Tip PRO/PAK system to function effectively?

40 PSI Signup and view all the answers

For polar solvents, what is the recommended application rate of foam?

6% Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of eductor failure related to back pressure issues?

Kinks in the hose line Signup and view all the answers

What percentage knob setting is recommended for Class B operations involving hydrocarbons like gasoline?

3% Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum pressure rating for the Task Force Tip PRO/PAK system?

500 PSI Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a common polar solvent?

Acetone Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of Class A foam in firefighting operations?

Ordinary combustible materials Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum length of 1 ¾” hose that can be used with the 125 GPM eductor?

200 feet Signup and view all the answers

Which percentage knob setting is recommended for Class A operations?

0.1% – 1% Signup and view all the answers

What type of materials does Class A foam primarily target?

Ordinary combustibles Signup and view all the answers

For which type of fire is a percentage knob setting of 6% recommended?

Polar solvents Signup and view all the answers

What is the required pressure at the eductor for proper operation?

200 PSI Signup and view all the answers

What is the required nozzle pressure for smooth bore hand line nozzles to achieve their designed flow?

50 PSI Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic differentiates the Chief XD nozzles from the standard Elkhart Chief nozzles?

Full round ball shutoff construction Signup and view all the answers

According to the Freeman Principle, what should be the maximum diameter of the nozzle orifice relative to the hose diameter?

Less than or equal to half the diameter of the hose Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum target flow rate recommended for initial interior residential attack lines?

150 GPM Signup and view all the answers

What factor can directly influence the nozzle reaction during firefighting operations?

Amount of water flowed through the hand line Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum flow rate for the 1 ¼” tip of the Indy Stack at 50 PSI?

328 GPM Signup and view all the answers

Which shutoff model is characterized by a dual drive and a forged aluminum body that is found on engines purchased after 2019?

2 ½” ELKHART BRASS XD Shutoff Signup and view all the answers

What is the nozzle reaction for the 188XD Smooth Bore at 50 PSI when flowing 266 GPM?

98 lbs Signup and view all the answers

Which feature distinguishes the 2 ½” ELKHART DB-375-GAT Shutoff from newer shutoff models?

Pistol grip handle design Signup and view all the answers

How does under or over pumping affect the flow and nozzle reaction?

It can adversely affect flow and nozzle reaction in both directions Signup and view all the answers

What happens to nozzle pressure as the flow of water increases?

Nozzle pressure increases exponentially with flow Signup and view all the answers

Why is over-pumping a trash line at high pressures not recommended?

It causes excessive workloads on operating crews Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if more water is needed in a firefighting situation?

Switch to a more suitable attack line Signup and view all the answers

What occurs as the spring in the nozzle reaches full compression?

High forces are needed to maintain water discharge Signup and view all the answers

How does an increase in nozzle pressure affect the reaction and GPM?

Both nozzle reaction and GPM increase exponentially Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if the nozzle bearings become gunked up and the nozzle does not swivel properly?

Refer to your senior engineer for further guidance. Signup and view all the answers

Which lubricant is recommended for maintaining the nozzle according to manufacturer guidelines?

Dow-Corning #7 Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of using excessive lubricant on the nozzle?

It can attract dirt and grit. Signup and view all the answers

What is an important step when cleaning the nozzle with warm water and mild degreaser?

Cycle the nozzle bumper through all ranges of motion. Signup and view all the answers

What should be checked on the nozzle to ensure it is functioning correctly during the inspection process?

The swivel and gasket for free movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of a firefighter positioned behind the control firefighter?

Manage the hose line from the backup firefighter to the door Signup and view all the answers

Which action should be avoided when pre-loading hose inside a building?

Forcing in too much hose Signup and view all the answers

What should a firefighter do before entering a structure regarding hose management?

Relay findings about the layout and fire location Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of having too much hose pre-loaded inside a building?

It can lead to kinks if forced into tight spaces Signup and view all the answers

What is the responsibility of the 'door' firefighter?

Split the door for entry and maintain an organized entryway Signup and view all the answers

What phrase emphasizes the importance of teamwork and communication in hose advancement?

Slow is smooth and smooth is fast Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the command 'Fire Room' during hose advancement?

To indicate the nozzle firefighter has reached the fire room Signup and view all the answers

Which action is NOT part of the responsibilities of the backup firefighter?

Pulling and flaking out the hose line Signup and view all the answers

Why is patience emphasized during the hose stretch process?

Slower movements prevent hose snags at friction points Signup and view all the answers

What does the command 'I Need ___ Feet' signify?

A request for hose to be pre-loaded in the building Signup and view all the answers

How should a nozzle firefighter hold the nozzle while flowing water?

Held out in front to aid manipulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step that the attack firefighter should take upon entering a structure?

Assess the nozzle and attack package Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'moving up' signify in hose team operations?

Advancing to a pinch point with hose Signup and view all the answers

What should be used for a fire involving more than three rooms?

Two 1 ¾” hose lines or one 2” hose line Signup and view all the answers

When is it most appropriate to utilize a 2 ½” hand line?

During defensive operations Signup and view all the answers

What is the assumed GPM increase when moving to the next larger hose/nozzle size?

It doubles the flow rate Signup and view all the answers

Which hose line size is suggested for one floor or more on fire?

2 ½” hose line Signup and view all the answers

What key factor should drive the decision for selecting a hose line at a fire scene?

The amount of fire on hand Signup and view all the answers

In what situation would a firefighter choose to use master streams?

For defensive operations Signup and view all the answers

What is the GPM of a 1 ¾” attack line with a 160/50 or 7/8" tip?

160 GPM Signup and view all the answers

Which acronym summarizes the scenarios for pulling a 2 ½” hand line?

ADULTS Signup and view all the answers

What is the target flow for the 2 ½” handline?

260 GPM to 328 GPM Signup and view all the answers

Which size hose line is recommended for use in multi-level office buildings for longer stretches?

2 ½” hose Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of attempting to achieve higher flows using a 2” handline?

Uncontrollable nozzle forces Signup and view all the answers

What type of nozzle is most commonly associated with the 1 ½” handline?

Smooth bore nozzle with 1” tip Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using the 'Attack over Supply' orientation during hose deployment?

It minimizes friction between the hose and the ground. Signup and view all the answers

Which flow rate is achievable with a smooth bore nozzle equipped with a 1 1/4” tip at 50 psi?

328 GPM Signup and view all the answers

How can engine companies best utilize the 2 ½” handline in difficult stretches?

By strategically loading attack packages Signup and view all the answers

What does the operational tempo typically require when using a 1 ¾” line compared to larger handlines?

A faster approach due to the smaller size. Signup and view all the answers

What color is typically used for the 2 ½” attack line on CFD engines?

Red with white stripes Signup and view all the answers

When attacking a fire in a commercial environment, how should firefighters adjust their nozzle technique?

Adopt a sweeping motion at ceiling height. Signup and view all the answers

Why is recon critical in large commercial buildings during a fire?

To identify the best entry point to reach the fire. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential issue when using a 2” line equipped with a 1” tip for commercial purposes?

It does not meet flow rate for commercial occupancy Signup and view all the answers

What should firefighters ensure regarding the handlines before deployment?

They are loaded in a systematic manner. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended peak pressure for optimal flow with the smooth bore nozzle?

50 psi Signup and view all the answers

Which is not a common adjustment made by companies regarding hose layout?

Increasing the length of the hoses Signup and view all the answers

Why might firefighters experience a higher perceived reaction force with a 2” line compared to a 2 ½” line?

Due to reduced weight in the last segment of the line. Signup and view all the answers

What potential problem arises when firefighters increase target flows excessively?

Compromised ability to apply water effectively Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical aspect of handling larger handlines effectively?

Maintaining a stable foundation and stance. Signup and view all the answers

When might flows greater than 300 GPM be acceptable?

In a fixed position while using specific equipment Signup and view all the answers

How much of a standard manipulation range can nozzle firefighters expect with a larger handline?

45° left and right. Signup and view all the answers

What is the color indication for a 2” line on CFD engines?

Red Signup and view all the answers

What should firefighters do to ensure proper deployment of hose lines?

Keep the nozzle positioned in line with the advance. Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to effectively manage the fire in a multi-floor office building?

Navigate corners and stairs carefully before reaching the fire. Signup and view all the answers

Why is maintaining control over the nozzle crucial during fire attacks?

To accurately direct water where it’s needed Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for firefighters to start flowing water early in a commercial environment?

To utilize the strengths of larger handlines. Signup and view all the answers

What consideration should firefighters have regarding their nozzle stances when using larger handlines?

They need to adjust accordingly to fight higher reaction forces. Signup and view all the answers

Why should firefighters lower their nozzle angle with each sweep during a fire attack?

To ensure effective coverage on lower levels. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of trying to manipulate larger handlines too aggressively?

It can cause injury to firefighters. Signup and view all the answers

What should firefighters aim to achieve when using water on a fire?

Get water on the fuel-flame interface Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of using smoothbore nozzles compared to combination nozzles?

Better resistance to vaporization Signup and view all the answers

Why is flow considered the primary factor when selecting a handline for firefighting?

It is crucial for efficiently achieving extinguishment Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of the 2 ½” hose makes it less forgiving in handling compared to the 2” hose?

Greater weight Signup and view all the answers

What is the main disadvantage of high exit velocities in nozzles during an offensive attack?

Increased water vaporization Signup and view all the answers

How does the size of the hoseline affect the firefighter’s operation during an attack?

Larger hoses reduce the perceived reaction force Signup and view all the answers

When operating in a setting with obstacles, which hoseline might be the better choice due to its maneuverability?

2” line Signup and view all the answers

Why must firefighters manage hose preloading effectively during an attack?

To ensure smooth advancement Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario is it crucial for firefighters not to compromise flow for maneuverability?

When targeting large fires Signup and view all the answers

What should be the first consideration for firefighters when deploying a handline during an attack?

Flow capacity Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of maintaining the primary line before committing to a backup line?

To prioritize safety and effectiveness in firefighting Signup and view all the answers

What impact does hose weight have on the firefighting efforts?

Heavier hoses can assist with controlling the nozzle during flow Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'penetration' refer to when discussing nozzle performance?

The reach of water into the fire area Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consideration to keep in mind during a firefighting attack under challenging conditions?

Balancing flow efficiency with operational capability Signup and view all the answers

What is the target flow rate for a 2” attack line?

200 to 250 GPM Signup and view all the answers

Which of these nozzles can be used with the 2” attack line?

250/50 combination nozzle Signup and view all the answers

What is a key disadvantage of the 2” hose attack package?

Minimal GPM increase compared to 1 ¾” hose Signup and view all the answers

What defines a commercial occupancy in the context of this article?

A large, uncompartmentalized space with higher than normal fire load Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the application rates for different types of occupancies?

Application rates may vary significantly based on occupancy type. Signup and view all the answers

What is a consideration when choosing between a 2” and a 2 ½” attack line?

The building's fire load and layout. Signup and view all the answers

Which flow rate is associated with a smooth bore nozzle using a 1 1/16” tip?

240 GPM at 50 PSI Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected outcome if the application rate increases excessively?

Increased hose handling difficulties. Signup and view all the answers

What is one disadvantage of the triple fold hose load?

It is less versatile around obstacles such as cars and fences. Signup and view all the answers

Which advantage does the modified minuteman 100' bundle have over the triple fold?

more usable hose near entry point Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of the modified minuteman 50' bundle?

It may lack sufficient length to reach objectives. Signup and view all the answers

Which issue may arise with the modified minuteman 100' bundle if it is not secured with straps?

It can become prone to 'spaghetti' formation. Signup and view all the answers

How does the modified minuteman 50' bundle compare in height to the 100' bundle?

It is shorter, making it easier to manage on the shoulder. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the additional third mark that should be made on the bay floor when building a hose bundle?

To designate the location of the nozzle coupling Signup and view all the answers

Why should the bundle be built slightly shorter than the hose bed?

To ensure adequate space for small loops in the back Signup and view all the answers

At what point should the small loop be placed in the rear of the bundle?

When the midpoint of the first 50’ of hose is reached Signup and view all the answers

How should the crew members begin the process of folding the hose when building the pack?

By starting closest to themselves and building away Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with the coupling when loading the hose into the bundle?

Keep it at the front of the bundle towards the nozzle Signup and view all the answers

What method is suggested for marking the midpoint of the hose while building the bundle?

Utilizing a permanent marker or tape Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for the tabs on the straps to face up when the pack is placed on the ground?

For easier deployment of the hose Signup and view all the answers

What is a common substitute for marking if no marks are present on the bay floor?

A 6’ hook Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of placing a loop in the stack of hose during loading?

To allow for easier clearance of the hose bed Signup and view all the answers

How should the nozzle be positioned in relation to the midpoint coupling after loading the bundle?

Slightly back from the midpoint coupling Signup and view all the answers

What should be done after connecting the first 50’ section of hose to the pump discharge plumbing?

Load the hose in a single straight stack Signup and view all the answers

Why is it crucial to build the pack away from yourself with the straps facing up?

To facilitate easier deployment of the bundle Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of draping the last coupling of the dead stack over the back of the hose bed?

It ensures the connection remains secure Signup and view all the answers

What is an acceptable approach if the midpoint of the hose does not fall exactly on the loop during loading?

Ensure it remains as close to the midpoint as possible Signup and view all the answers

When loading the final bundle of hose, how should it be positioned in relation to the dead stack?

On top of the dead stack with the coupling interlocked Signup and view all the answers

What should be the approximate distance from the pump discharge connection for the loop placed in the stack?

Approximately 50 feet Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant drawback of using the back stretch technique for hose deployment?

Crews have to backtrack their steps after deployment. Signup and view all the answers

In hose deployment, what is essential for ensuring an efficient entry into a structure?

The first 50’ coupling should not get caught on the stoop or doorframe. Signup and view all the answers

When is a forward stretch technique preferred over a back stretch technique?

In areas where walking the hose into place is feasible. Signup and view all the answers

What must firefighters remember regarding technique commitment during hose deployment?

Full commitment to the deployed technique is critical. Signup and view all the answers

What marking helps identify the midpoints of hose bundles during a back stretch?

Two loops on the rear of a 100’ bundle. Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of using the back stretch technique?

It supports deployment in tight spaces where forward stretching is impractical. Signup and view all the answers

How should the bundle be positioned when using a forward stretch technique?

Inline at a point away from the structure. Signup and view all the answers

What is crucial for preventing issues during hose deployment into a structure?

Ensuring the first coupling does not get caught on the entryway. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of placing the hose bundle slightly further from the structure during a forward stretch?

It allows the hose to easily be pulled into place. Signup and view all the answers

In which situations is split stretching particularly advantageous?

Tight urban environments and narrow pathways. Signup and view all the answers

What must be ensured regarding the nozzle during split stretching?

It should align with the entrance path. Signup and view all the answers

What is most likely to occur if the hose bundle is placed too close to the structure during a forward stretch?

Firefighters will have to backtrack to deploy the hose. Signup and view all the answers

How does the length of the bundle affect the advancement of the hose into a structure during a split stretch?

A 100’ bundle provides 50’ of hose for advancement. Signup and view all the answers

During a split stretch, what role does the rear-facing loop play?

It indicates the midpoint of the remaining hose. Signup and view all the answers

What can influence the decision of where to place the nozzle and first coupling during a split stretch?

The fire location, home layout, and door hinge orientation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective when conducting a forward stretch with a hose?

To deploy the hose without wasting movement and time. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor to consider when estimating hose stretch for a structure?

Any change in elevation adds an additional section Signup and view all the answers

How should the remaining hose be utilized after estimating the required stretch for a fire?

It allows the engine to pull past the structure for maneuverability Signup and view all the answers

What is recommended if there is doubt when estimating hose length for a response?

Overestimate rather than underestimate Signup and view all the answers

Why is it beneficial for crews to practice hose stretch estimation during EMS runs?

It promotes teamwork and accuracy through group estimation Signup and view all the answers

What should be the assessment of structures in the running district when planning hose stretches?

Similar lot layouts can aid in preplanning hose stretches Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of positioning the hose line to the side of the door opposite the fire's location?

To reduce unnecessary movement and avoid creating additional pinch points. Signup and view all the answers

What angle should the line placement have in relation to the door to prevent additional pinch points?

45° Signup and view all the answers

How many lines should ideally enter through the same entrance during firefighting operations?

Two lines to minimize congestion. Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with storm/screen doors prior to entry into a fire situation?

Remove them to eliminate obstacles during entry. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of maintaining a separation between the attack and backup lines?

To prevent the backup line from interfering with the attack line's operation. Signup and view all the answers

Where should the 50' coupling be placed during hose deployment?

On the porch to keep it from catching on obstacles. Signup and view all the answers

What defines the inside of the door in firefighting operations?

The 45° angle closest to the engine. Signup and view all the answers

What layout strategy helps RIT crews in tracking the location of interior firefighters?

Establishing an organized front yard with clear division of lines. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using a double donut roll when extending hose lines at the truck?

It keeps both couplings at the tailboard for quicker connection. Signup and view all the answers

Which method of extending a hose line requires shutting down the line at the pump?

Using a break apart nozzle. Signup and view all the answers

What safety consideration must be taken into account when extending an attack line?

Do not perform this task in an IDLH atmosphere. Signup and view all the answers

What should firefighters do to keep the break apart nozzle bale open during hose extension?

Secure it with a combination of webbing and a strap. Signup and view all the answers

When extending a hose line at the nozzle, which suitable tool can aid in the process?

An acme pack. Signup and view all the answers

What happens once the new section of hose is connected to the break apart nozzle?

The connected hose is immediately ready for operation. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration when breaking a line at the tailboard?

Confirm that the attack line is completely shut down. Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical safety point when extending an attack line from the nozzle?

The bale of the break apart nozzle. Signup and view all the answers

What is the required amount of hose to be placed on the fire floor landing for a two-story stretch?

50 feet Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of stories for which the hook stretch method should be used?

Three stories Signup and view all the answers

What should a nozzle firefighter do before the hose line is charged to prevent it from slipping back down?

Have their knee on the hose line Signup and view all the answers

When using the vertical stretch hook method, what tool is used to extend reach and hook the bale?

Pike pole Signup and view all the answers

What step should follow after the backup firefighter hooks the bale and pulls it up from the pump operator?

Pass the hook and nozzle to the nozzle firefighter Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration when placing the appliance for a vertical stretch?

It should generally be placed about ten feet from the attack line’s entrance point. Signup and view all the answers

In a garden stretch scenario, how long should the initial attack line typically be?

100 feet to cover the fire apartment and one adjacent apartment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the preferred supply method for the backup line?

Using a secondary 2 ½” or 3” trunk line. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for ensuring the gated wye or water thief is in the closed position before charging the line?

To allow the pump operator to charge the line without delay. Signup and view all the answers

How should one ensure safe handling when dropping the hose from a vertical stretch?

Mind the hose while it is charged to prevent pulling it back over the rail. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common action taken by the pump operator after connecting the acme pack to the appliance?

Return to the engine to verify pump pressures. Signup and view all the answers

What might be a consequence of poor district familiarization when selecting hose lines?

It can lead to pulling the wrong size or type of hose line for the situation. Signup and view all the answers

Before charging the 3” trunk line, what must be done with the appliance?

Make sure the appliance is securely closed. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key reason for setting the pump to a higher pressure when using multiple handlines with different requirements?

To ensure proper nozzle pressure for the line with higher requirements. Signup and view all the answers

What potential hazard arises from failing to adjust the valve for a gated handline?

The crew could be left with an ineffective stream and reduced protection. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of gating down a discharge valve too much during an operation?

It increases the risk of a significant drop in nozzle pressure. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it crucial for a pump operator to monitor pressure changes actively?

To prevent unexpected pressure loss from affecting the interior crew. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of not recognizing a gated line early in an incident?

Ineffective firefighting streams may develop without warning. Signup and view all the answers

What might happen if the residual supply pressure suddenly changes during a firefighting operation?

The line's reduced opening could lead to a rapid loss of nozzle pressure. Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial factor the pump operator must consider when gating down a discharge valve?

The potential for unexpected shifts in the firefighting scenario. Signup and view all the answers

What practical action should a pump operator take when reconfiguring the discharge setup?

Adjust the discharge valve while observing the pressure feedback. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge faced by a pump operator in determining available hydrant water pressure?

The initial static pressure may be influenced by operational lines. Signup and view all the answers

What should a pump operator consider when handling excessive discharge pressure?

Alternating between tank water and supply line can help manage pressure. Signup and view all the answers

Which method can a pump operator use to mitigate too much discharge pressure if engine throttle adjustments are ineffective?

Dump excess pressure through a tank fill. Signup and view all the answers

What action should a supply driver take if their engine is at idle and discharge pressure remains too high?

Throttle down to an appropriate pressure. Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical step for pump operators during large-scale defensive fires regarding hydration management?

Understand the initial static pressure without flowing water. Signup and view all the answers

When facing subzero temperatures, what is a suggested method for managing water supply during an incident?

Alternate between tank water and supply line operation. Signup and view all the answers

If pressure remains excessive after all adjustments, what should a pump operator do next?

Gate down the intake valves. Signup and view all the answers

How can a pump operator provide options to the Incident Commander regarding additional water supply?

By assessing remaining hydrant water and suggesting line adjustments. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of not correctly managing discharge pressure during firefighting operations?

Potential operational inefficiencies and equipment damage. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Incident Commander play when a pump operator indicates the water supply limitations?

They must decide on tactical changes or resource allocation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of gating down exterior lines?

To allow water to be diverted to other streams Signup and view all the answers

Why should the supply engine be positioned as close as possible to the hydrant?

To minimize friction loss and maximize hydrant pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant disadvantage of using a 5" supply line?

It requires more water to fill, leading to tank water loss Signup and view all the answers

Under what circumstance can gating down interior lines be considered acceptable?

To set them to their proper pressure after other methods have failed Signup and view all the answers

What could occur if the pump operator increases engine RPMs excessively while trying to open a discharge?

Activation of the 'NO WATER MODE' Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hose supply line is generally sufficient for most residential incidents?

3" supply line Signup and view all the answers

What does maintaining residual supply pressure on the intake gauge help pump operators assess?

The efficiency of the pump's operation Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical drawback of using tank water for master streams without a sufficient supply?

Insufficient flow to meet sudden discharge demands Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to establish a 5" supply line eventually during an incident?

To meet Division Standard Operating Procedures Signup and view all the answers

What are the consequences of placing engines in a series configuration?

Improved supply redundancy and flow management Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for having the attack and supply engines working in series?

To maximize the water supply and create redundancy Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario should supply operators switch from a 3" to a 5" supply line?

During larger incidents with high flow requirements Signup and view all the answers

What happens if a pump operator does not account for gravity-fed lines while using tank water?

Insufficient pressure leading to potential failure of the system Signup and view all the answers

When might it be acceptable to reduce flow on an exterior line?

When another stream needs to be prioritized for exposure protection Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial pressure called that the pump operator receives from the hydrant before any water flow occurs?

Static Pressure Signup and view all the answers

How does the pressure reading change when water begins to flow from the hydrant through the engine's pump?

It indicates Residual Pressure. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for engine operators to note the initial Static Pressure during a fire incident?

To prepare for future water supply changes if the incident escalates. Signup and view all the answers

What can the pump operator communicate to the incident commander based on their understanding of the water supply?

The need for additional firefighting lines or supplies. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the Residual Pressure when more discharge lines are opened?

It decreases. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor directly influences the remaining water supply in a hydrant during an emergency?

Static and Residual Pressure readings. Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely consequence of not estimating the available water supply accurately during a larger fire incident?

Possible depletion of hydrant water supply. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the general rules of thumb provided for pump operators at fire scenes?

To aid in estimating how much water supply is available. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used when the first line is flowing without an established hydrant supply?

The first line is free Signup and view all the answers

How is the percentage drop calculated from static pressure to residual pressure?

By dividing the PSI drop by the initial intake pressure Signup and view all the answers

What does a 0-10% drop from static pressure indicate about the remaining supply?

Is three times the amount that caused the drop Signup and view all the answers

What is the remaining supply if there is an 11-15% drop from static pressure and the initial amount caused the drop is 250 GPM?

500 GPM Signup and view all the answers

When the intake pressure drops greater than 20%, what is the approximate remaining supply?

Half of the amount that caused the drop Signup and view all the answers

What should be closely monitored to ensure the safety of crews in an IDLH atmosphere during hydrant operations?

Residual intake pressure Signup and view all the answers

When using calculations from static pressure to residual pressure, why is it important to know the GPM that caused the drop?

To make an accurate determination of the remaining supply Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in determining the percentage drop from static to residual pressure?

Record the static pressure Signup and view all the answers

In the example given, what was the static pressure identified before the drop was calculated?

100 PSI Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the residual pressure when an additional engine connects to the same water main during operations?

It will affect the available supply Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines the operator's ability to assess a hydrant's capabilities?

The amount of water flowing Signup and view all the answers

In an incident with a 20 PSI drop from a static pressure of 100 PSI, what percentage drop is noted?

20% Signup and view all the answers

When establishing a simple supply, what factor is crucial for effective communication between engines involved?

Series supply setup Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by a residual pressure drop to 90 PSI when the initial static pressure is 100 PSI?

A 10% drop in intake pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary limitation of a simple water supply in firefighting operations?

It is directly dependent on the hydrant's pressure and flow capacity. Signup and view all the answers

Which component plays a crucial role in establishing a series water supply?

Discharge hose from the supply pumper Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does a series supply offer over a simple supply for firefighting?

It increases the overall flow and pressure available to attack lines. Signup and view all the answers

How is the performance rating of CFD fire pumps determined?

By measuring output during tests at a draft of 1500 GPM. Signup and view all the answers

What is implied by the term 'at draft' when discussing fire pump operation?

Water is extracted from a stationary body of water. Signup and view all the answers

What risk does a mechanical failure pose during a fire operation with a simple water supply?

Firefighters will have to rely solely on hydrant pressure. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it necessary to understand basic information about CFD fire pumps when discussing water supply systems?

To effectively assess how water supply methods influence operational effectiveness. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does placing the supply pumper further from the hydrant have on pressure and water flow?

Decreases available pressure due to friction loss. Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary advantage of using the series pumping method?

It allows for improved coordination between pump operators. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following indicates that the supply engine still has water available to send?

The intake gauge shows pressure. Signup and view all the answers

What is the preferred hose configuration for maximizing water flow during high-demand incidents?

Three 3'' hose lines into a trigate appliance. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the attack pumper's performance if it runs out of available water?

The supply pumper can increase pressure to assist. Signup and view all the answers

How does placing the supply engine within 25 feet of the hydrant affect the attack pumper?

It makes the attack pumper feel like it has its own positive water source. Signup and view all the answers

What is an important consideration when using a second supply line?

The second line should be the same diameter to prevent pressure loss. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts is utilized to enhance the reliability of a water supply during firefighting?

Implementing a series pumping method to provide redundancy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum water flow that operators can achieve beyond the pump's rating without sufficient supply?

Flow cannot exceed the pump's rated capacity regardless of conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What role does communication play between pump operators during a fire incident?

It ensures both pumps work in synchronization for optimal flow. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the necessary flow of water when friction loss becomes significant due to distance?

Higher pressures are required to maintain flow. Signup and view all the answers

During an incident, what should pump operators do if they notice their discharge pressure fluctuating?

Diagnose the situation and work collaboratively with the supply operator. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to use a larger diameter hose after the initial setup?

Larger hoses minimize friction loss over longer distances. Signup and view all the answers

What critical factor influences the amount of water that can be pumped from a positive source?

The capacity and pressure provided by the water mains. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary disadvantage of using a simple water supply setup in pump operations?

It depends entirely on the hydrant's flow and pressure capabilities. Signup and view all the answers

In a series supply setup, what type of hose is primarily used to connect the supply pumper to the hydrant?

3 inch or 5 inch hose Signup and view all the answers

What is the flow rate rating for CFD fire pumps at the draft?

1500 gallons per minute Signup and view all the answers

What key advantage does a series water supply provide over a simple supply?

It creates a backup option if mechanical failure occurs. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'at draft' signify regarding pump testing?

Water is drawn from a static water source. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs if a mechanical failure happens in a pump using a simple supply?

Crews must rely on hydrant pressure during evacuation. Signup and view all the answers

Why is a constant, uninterrupted water supply crucial for interior attack crews?

It is essential for firefighter safety and operational effectiveness. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of establishing a series water supply in fire pump operations?

To enhance the reliability and flow of water. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for placing the supply pumper within 25' of the hydrant?

To minimize friction loss Signup and view all the answers

In a pumping operation, what does the term 'pumping in series' refer to?

Using the supply pumper to directly assist the attack pumper Signup and view all the answers

What should a pump operator do if the intake gauge shows pressure while the supply engine is pumping?

Lay an additional supply line if more water is needed Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical factor in moving large volumes of water effectively?

Reducing friction loss through the choice of hose diameter Signup and view all the answers

What role does communication play between pump operators during an operation?

It helps in coordinating adjustments to pressure and flow Signup and view all the answers

When utilizing a second supply line, which configuration should be preferred?

Connect a second 3" line to the existing 3" line Signup and view all the answers

Why is the residual pressure in the water main important during firefighting operations?

It determines the maximum flow rate a pump can achieve Signup and view all the answers

What happens if the attack pumper runs out of water during an operation?

The supply pumper can increase its discharge pressure Signup and view all the answers

What should a pump operator monitor to avoid pressure issues during an operation?

The status of both supply and attack pumper gauges Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of having a redundant supply system in firefighting?

It enables continuous flow even if one system fails Signup and view all the answers

What is the preferred size of the hose used after establishing a 3” supply line?

A 5" hose to maximize flow capability Signup and view all the answers

How can pumping operations adapt during large fire incidents to ensure success?

By maximizing water flow through series setup Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions should NOT be performed when setting up a supply pump?

Increase discharge pressure unnecessarily Signup and view all the answers

What is the most effective way to position the trigate appliance in relation to the supply engine?

Close to the supply engine to minimize friction loss Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes the relationship between discharge pressure and intake volume?

Higher pressure provides higher intake volume until limits are reached Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario should a two-stage pump primarily be operated in pressure mode?

When performing overhaul after a fire is contained Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using volume mode for a two-stage pump during firefighting operations?

It provides full GPM output without mode changes. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant disadvantage of using a two-stage pump in pressure mode during normal operations?

It may lead to overheating due to higher RPMs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of a two-stage fire pump over a single-stage pump?

Ability to provide higher pressure with reduced pump RPM Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fire operations is NOT recommended to utilize a two-stage pump in volume mode?

Standpipe operations Signup and view all the answers

What led to the reduction in the need for two-stage fire pumps in modern firefighting?

Advancements in pump impeller technology combined with diesel engines Signup and view all the answers

Why is switching to pressure mode advisable during overhaul operations?

It allows for lower pump RPM and cooler operation. Signup and view all the answers

When should a pump operator prefer volume mode over pressure mode while combating fires?

In situations with no elevation challenges. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the function of a dual-sided pump impeller?

It pulls water from two directions to enhance efficiency Signup and view all the answers

What standard do modern single-stage pumps need to meet for fire apparatus?

NFPA 1901 standard Signup and view all the answers

What strategic advantage does a two-stage pump provide to firefighters on the scene?

It gives operators more flexibility in firefighting tactics. Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario would a two-stage pump be considered more beneficial than a single-stage pump?

In high-rise firefighting operations requiring high pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about two-stage pumps during firefighting is accurate?

They provide identical operation to single-stage pumps when in volume mode. Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the performance of modern single-stage pumps have on the fire department's equipment choices?

It allows fire departments to effectively meet most of their operational needs Signup and view all the answers

How does a single-sided impeller differ from a dual-sided impeller in terms of water intake?

Single-sided impellers only receive water from one direction Signup and view all the answers

What significant change in the fire service contributed to the rise of single-stage pumps?

Introduction of diesel engines with higher horsepower Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary operational difference between volume mode and pressure mode in a two-stage pump?

Water enters both impellers simultaneously in volume mode. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following outcomes is NOT a benefit of operating a two-stage pump in pressure mode?

Increased wear and tear on pump components. Signup and view all the answers

What is the actual discharge capacity of a two-stage pump when operating in pressure mode with a rated capacity of 1500 GPM?

1050 GPM Signup and view all the answers

Why is it critical to communicate with the company officer about pump mode before firefighting operations?

To avoid complications during firefighting operations. Signup and view all the answers

In pressure mode, how does the flow rate of water compare to the PSI output of the pump?

Lower flow rate correlates with higher PSI. Signup and view all the answers

What disadvantage may arise when switching a two-stage pump from pressure mode to volume mode during an active operation?

Spikes or drops in pressure on the subsequent lines. Signup and view all the answers

What is often the preferred mode for routine firefighting, according to discussions about wear and tear?

Pressure mode. Signup and view all the answers

How does running a two-stage pump in pressure mode affect engine performance?

It allows for operation at lower RPMs. Signup and view all the answers

What could happen if a pump operator fails to adjust the throttle while changing modes?

Pressure stability may be compromised, affecting crew safety. Signup and view all the answers

Which operational scenario might require more than 1000 GPM from a fire pump?

Deck gun operations. Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by referring to volume mode as 'parallel-mode'?

Water moves through both impeller intakes together. Signup and view all the answers

When might a firefighter prefer to switch to volume mode from pressure mode?

When fire flow requirements exceed pump capacity. Signup and view all the answers

Which is a common misconception about modern fire pumps regarding wear and tear?

They require frequent maintenance like over-the-road trucks. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of rated capacity does a two-stage pump achieve in pressure mode?

70% Signup and view all the answers

What happens in Pressure Mode when the discharge pressure starts to drop and the engine RPM cannot be increased sufficiently?

The governor switches to the RPM Limit Mode. Signup and view all the answers

What indication will be observed when the engine RPM reaches the maximum allowable limit in Pressure Mode?

The message display will show MAX RPM/OPERATOR. Signup and view all the answers

In RPM Limit Mode, which of the following remains active?

The Pressure LED will stay on. Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can lead to the governor entering the RPM Limit Mode?

A drop in discharge pressure without a corresponding RPM increase. Signup and view all the answers

What can occur if the pressure remains consistently above 45 PSI after the governor switches to RPM Limit Mode?

Normal Pressure Mode operation may resume if conditions allow. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the transition from Pressure Mode to RPM Limit Mode?

The governor automatically switches mode based on pressure and RPM data. Signup and view all the answers

In what situation does the governor disable the PRESET button?

When RPM Limit Mode is activated due to pressure drops. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the governor in Pressure Mode?

To maintain a consistent discharge pressure by adjusting engine RPM. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the discharge pressure rises above 45 PSI during the Low Water Cycle?

The governor resumes normal operation. Signup and view all the answers

Under what condition does the governor enter the NO WATER SUPPLY state?

When the discharge pressure falls below 15 PSI. Signup and view all the answers

How long does the governor wait before switching to IDLE MODE if the discharge pressure does not rise above 15 PSI?

Three minutes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of pressing the IDLE button while in RPM Limit Mode?

The governor cancels the pressure setting. Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum pressure increase the governor allows over the last established PSI value in RPM Mode?

30 PSI. Signup and view all the answers

What action should be taken to switch between modes while the engine is at idle RPM?

Simply press the desired mode button immediately. Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial RPM setting when the governor enters the Low Water Cycle?

1100 RPM. Signup and view all the answers

What will NOT occur when changing between Pressure Mode and RPM Mode?

A variation in discharge pressure. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the engine RPM if the discharge pressure remains between 15-45 PSI and fails to rise above 45 PSI after entering the Low Water Cycle?

The engine RPM is set to IDLE. Signup and view all the answers

What action is required from the pump operator after the governor switches to IDLE Mode?

The operator can restart operations by pressing PRESET. Signup and view all the answers

What should occur when the pilot valve is turned ON during the adjustment procedure?

The relief valve should open and the pump discharge pressure should decrease. Signup and view all the answers

During the pressure adjustment step, how should the adjustment handle be turned for initial settings?

Counterclockwise until it stops. Signup and view all the answers

What visual indication confirms that the relief valve is functioning correctly when the pilot valve is OFF?

Green light should illuminate. Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected outcome after performing the ON and OFF operation multiple times?

The system should respond quickly when operated. Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with the strainer O-rings before reassembling the strainer assembly?

They should be checked and replaced if damaged. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the discharge relief valve?

To reroute excess discharge pressure back into the intake Signup and view all the answers

Which action must be taken to decrease the pressure setting of the relief valve?

Turn the pressure adjustment handle counterclockwise Signup and view all the answers

What does the amber light indicate when using the pilot valve?

The relief valve is engaged Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if the light is amber while attempting to set the pressure?

Increase the pressure to meet the current discharge pressure Signup and view all the answers

How often should the strainer of the discharge relief valve be serviced?

Once monthly Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional operating range of the relief valve?

75 PSI–300 PSI Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated when both mechanical and electronic capture have been achieved?

Mechanical capture occurs before electronic capture Signup and view all the answers

During the monthly maintenance, what should be the initial discharge pressure before removing the strainer assembly?

150 PSI Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of back flushing a pump?

To clear accumulated dirt and debris Signup and view all the answers

Which step is NOT necessary before back flushing the pump?

Engage the truck pump Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism is primarily utilized in the back flushing process?

Reverse flow of water Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is essential for successfully removing corroded 5” intake screens?

Using multiple sets of needle nosed pliers Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the order in which valves are opened during back flushing?

It maintains a clear record of which components have been flushed Signup and view all the answers

Why are intake screens designed to be 'sacrificial'?

To protect the pump's internal components from corrosion Signup and view all the answers

What must be done with the 3” intake screens before removing them?

Remove the gaskets Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception regarding the presence of sediment during back flushing?

It can be ignored in elevated areas Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of connecting the hydrant to the 5” discharge on the officer side?

To introduce water into the pump in a reverse direction Signup and view all the answers

During the maintenance process, which line specifically does NOT get flushed due to its location?

Cross lay Signup and view all the answers

What action should be taken if a screen is found to be cracked or damaged?

Replace the screen immediately Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with the hydrant after flushing the 5” MIV intakes and completing maintenance?

Disconnect and shut it down Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to open all drains during the flushing process?

To provide pathways for sediment to escape Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to the gaskets after flushing and before reinstallation?

Inspect for rips or tears Signup and view all the answers

What key procedure should be performed after disconnecting the hydrant to ensure proper maintenance?

Service all the caps and connections Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of allowing water to back flow during the flushing process?

It helps remove debris from the pump intakes Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with the intake and discharge caps every Monday and after each use?

Spray antifreeze in the line and cap before placing them back. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of exercising the intake and discharge valves weekly?

To ensure they open and close smoothly during emergency use. Signup and view all the answers

During freezing weather, which drains should remain open?

All drains except for the master drain. Signup and view all the answers

What process should be followed when initiating pump operations with all drains open?

Close each drain for every line being used after initiating the operation. Signup and view all the answers

What is important to remember about the intake and discharge caps while storing?

They should never be left off and hanging by the tether chains. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs if the transducers between the valves and pump panels freeze?

The Pump Boss displays fault codes FO6 and EO6. Signup and view all the answers

Which precautionary step is essential before storing an engine outside during winter?

Drain all water from the pump, tank, and drains. Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom of transducer failure when operating the Pump Boss?

Gauges display a constant maximum pressure of 600 PSI. Signup and view all the answers

Which component often holds residual water even after draining the pump?

The pump housing and pipes. Signup and view all the answers

What limited operations can be performed if the Pump Boss transducers fail?

Limited operations can be conducted by switching to RPM Mode. Signup and view all the answers

During what conditions should the main pump intake and discharge gauges be checked daily?

When the engine is parked outside in cold weather. Signup and view all the answers

What can be indicated by a cracked discharge valve assembly?

Frozen water had leaked and expanded causing damage. Signup and view all the answers

How does a failure of the transducers affect the Pump Boss operation in Pressure Mode?

It prevents the engine from operating above idle. Signup and view all the answers

What should be verified by contacting fleet services before service is needed for an engine during winter?

Room availability for storage across the street. Signup and view all the answers

What must a pump operator engage to prevent water damage during cold weather situations?

The circulation system for water. Signup and view all the answers

What should the initial pressure be at the turntable for optimal water flow?

150 PSI Signup and view all the answers

What indicates that the master stream supply is adequate?

The stream has good reach and is compact. Signup and view all the answers

When should the supply line to the tiller be charged?

Only when the tiller operator calls for it. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect the pump discharge pressure required?

Type of nozzle deployed Signup and view all the answers

What is the effective reach of the Akron Brass Sabermaster with a nozzle pressure of 80 PSI?

270 feet Signup and view all the answers

Why should the turntable valves be kept closed initially?

To enable quick water supply to the tiller. Signup and view all the answers

What happens if the tiller operator does not call for water flow?

The supply line can be charged anyway. Signup and view all the answers

What is the nozzle pressure maintained by the Akron Brass Akromatic automatic nozzle?

80 PSI Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using two 3” lines from the engine’s discharges to the tiller’s turntable?

It speeds up the water flow while establishing a secondary line. Signup and view all the answers

What pressure is recommended as a starting point at the platform's pump intake?

80 PSI Signup and view all the answers

How can the delivery of 2000 GPM be maximized to the platform?

By using one 5” line and establishing two 3” supply lines. Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk of starting supply operations with tank water alone?

It delays establishing a permanent water supply. Signup and view all the answers

What does the platform operator need to coordinate with the engine operator once water reaches the platform’s intake?

The required pressure and volume for effective operations. Signup and view all the answers

What should be the focus in master stream operations when gauging pressures?

Ensuring water is effectively applied to the fire first. Signup and view all the answers

What flow rate does a 1 ¾” stacked smooth bore tip at 80 PSI provide?

814 GPM Signup and view all the answers

What is the effective reach of the Akron Brass Akromatic automatic nozzle at its flow range?

295 feet Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method for connecting supply lines to maximize water flow to a platform?

One 5” line with a tri-gate to two 3” lines. Signup and view all the answers

What impacts the pump discharge pressure required for the Akron Brass Akromatic nozzle?

Elevation change and hose length. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

904K Piercing Nozzle

The 904K piercing nozzle features a built-in shut-off valve, denoted by the "K" in its name.
It has a standard 1.5" threaded connection.
The shaft diameter is 1.25", permitting a coverage range of up to 25 feet in all directions, covering a total area of 2,500 square feet.
This nozzle is designed to minimize back pressure through the use of check mark piping.
The piercing tip is replaceable and made of hardened steel.
The nozzle is constructed from 1020 soft alloy steel, containing 10% iron and 20% carbon.
Only 3.75" of the nozzle needs to be driven in for full penetration into the sprayer head.
The nozzle offers a removable safety strike handle and a replaceable strike plate.
It can be extended by 24" for greater reach.
It boasts a flow rate of 175 gallons per minute (GPM) at a pressure of 100 PSI.

Elkhart Brass Model

Coverage area: 36' diameter when flowing
Coupling: 2 ½” female
Finish: Chrome plated
Length: 6.25”
Weight: 7.5 lbs
Outlets: Nine, ranging from .5” to .625”
Flow rate: 340 GPM at 50 PSI; 495 GPM at 100 PSI

Akron Brass Model

Coverage area: 14' diameter when flowing
Coupling: 2 ½” female
Length: 5.125”
Weight: 4.5 lbs
Outlets: Nine variable angle orifices, three 3/8” and six 13/32”
Flow rate: 250 GPM at 100 PSI

Examples of Use

Basement fires
Attic fires
Limited access fires (e.g., warehouses with high rack storage)

Placing in Service

Inspect for cleanliness and damage
Attach a short hose section with a 2 ½” shut-off device (ball valve)
Position above the fire, cutting a 12”x12” hole
Lower nozzle one to two feet below the opening to avoid obstructions

Indirect Attack

Extinguishes fire by converting water to steam
Cools the environment through heat absorption
Enables an attack team to follow up with a direct interior attack

Direct Attack

Applies water directly to the fire
Employs water, steam, and thermal disruption to extinguish the fire

Advantages

Simplifies the task for the entry team
Coarse water droplets absorb more heat than solid streams

Disadvantages

May conduct electricity, making it unsuitable for Class C fires
Limited stream reach requiring setup directly over the fire compartment

ELKHART BRASS R.A.M.XD - Specifications

Features a hydraulic stability system that utilizes the reaction force to stabilize the RAM.
Possesses four fold-out aluminum forged legs with carbide tipped ground spikes.
Locking pin secures the valve in a closed position to prevent accidental opening.
Includes an attached safety strap with a dedicated storage pouch.
Equipped with a 2 ½” inlet and outlet.
Offers 20 of travel left and right from the center point.
Adjustable from 51 to 35 while unmanned.
Lowerable from 35 down to 14 when manned.

ELKHART BRASS R.A.M.XD - Pressure and Flow

Operational limits are 500 GPM and 150 psi.
Includes a 1 3/8” deluge tip rated for 505 GPM at 80 psi NP.
Utilizes a 1 3/8” deluge tip with 55 lbs of friction loss per 100’ of hose.
Requires at least 20 feet of straight hose behind the RAM for optimal flow.
Incurrs a 9.5 lbs friction loss within the RAM when flowed at 500 GPM.

ELKHART BRASS R.A.M.XD- Active Safety System

Built-in safety system with an upper and lower pivot point.
The offset configuration of the pivot points generates a reaction force that causes the nozzle to rotate upward at a certain pressure.
This self-correcting mechanism increases nozzle angle, protecting against potentially dangerous unmanned operation below 35.
The hydraulic effect of the system becomes active at approximately 350 GPM.

Performance

Maximum flow rate of 500 GPM
6 PSI friction loss at 500 GPM flow rate
Tip can rotate 20 degrees left or right
Can be operated between 60-30 degrees when unmanned
Spring loaded mechanism in top handle allows for 20 degrees of self-adjustment

Pressure and Flow

Triple stacked tips available sizes: 1”, 1-1/8”, 1-1/4”, 1-3/8”
1” tip: 266 GPM at 80 psi nozzle pressure, 15 lbs of friction loss per 100 ft hose
1-1/8” tip: 336 GPM at 80 psi nozzle pressure, 25 lbs of friction loss per 100 ft hose
1-1/4” tip: 415 GPM at 80 psi nozzle pressure, 38 lbs of friction loss per 100 ft hose, can be pumped to 115 psi for max flow of 498 GPM
1-3/8” tip: 502 GPM at 80 psi nozzle pressure, 55 lbs of friction loss per 100 ft hose
1-1/2” deluge tip, 496 GPM at 55 psi nozzle pressure with 55 lbs of friction loss per 100 ft hose

Tactical Considerations

1” tip is not advantageous compared to a 1-1/8” tip at 50 psi on a handline
MQA has 2-1/2” inlet and outlet
Hoselines can be extended after initial knockdown for cleanup and hot spots
1-3/4" hoseline can be connected to the end of a 1-1/4” stacked tip
2-1/2” attack line can be extended from the outlet at the base of the unit

Water Can Fire Extinguishers

Common model: Amerex 240 H
UL Classification/Rating: 2A (2.5 gallons of water equivalency)
Intended for Class A fires
6-year warranty
Polished stainless-steel construction
Capacity: 2.5 gallons (7.5 lbs. empty; 28.3 lbs. full)
Max effective range: 44-55 feet with a 55-second discharge time

Dry Chemical Fire Extinguishers

Common model: Ansul Sentry 10
Class A:B:C capabilities
UL rating: 10-A:60-B:C (12.5 gallons of water equivalency; covers 60 square feet)
10 lbs. of extinguishing agent (17 lbs total weight)
Max effective range: 19 feet with a 21-second discharge time
Can be exchanged at Tools and Equipment
Yearly inspection required

CO2 Fire Extinguishers

Common model: Badger B10V-1
Class B:C capabilities (ideal for electronic equipment)
No residue left behind
UL rating: 10-B:C (covers 10 square feet)
Operating pressure: 850 psi
Max effective range: 3-8 feet with a 10-second discharge time
5-year hydrostatic test interval
6-year warranty
Can be exchanged at Tools and Equipment
Yearly inspection required

Recharging Water Cans

Amerex 240 H:
- Fill the can after discharge
- Inspect pressure gauge daily for leaks
- Depressurize before removing the valve assembly
- Depressurize by operating the discharge handle (either normally or by inverting the can)
- Remove valve assembly and pickup tube by unscrewing the valve collar nut
- Rinse the can with clean water before filling
- Use the fill tube when filling (water should overflow from top of the tube)
- Add foam concentrate or dish soap after filling (a few ounces)
- Replace valve assembly (hand tighten only)
- Pressurize with Schrader valve to 100 psi
- Check weight (28 lbs. full) if unsure about water level
Badger WP-61:
- Fill via the nozzle only
- No Schrader valve
- Firefighter must hold the fill line during pressurization
- Open the discharge handle to allow air to enter the can
- Close the discharge handle before detaching the air hose.

Foam Types

Class A Foam is used for ordinary combustible materials like mop-up and overhaul operations.
Class B Foam is used for fuel spills and vehicle fires.
- Older Class B Foam concentrations range from 3-6%.
- Newer Class B Foam concentrations range from 1-3%.
Concentrated Foam Drench (CFD) has a long shelf life, especially when stored in sealed containers.
Foam comes in 5-gallon pails and is carried on fire engines.

Foam Application Rates

Class A Foam application rates depend on the nozzle:
- Air Aspirating Nozzle: 0.3-0.5%
- Non-Air Aspirating Nozzle: 0.3-0.6%
Class B Foam application rates depend on the type of fuel:
- Hydrocarbons: 3% application rate (gasoline, diesel)
- Polar Solvents: 6% application rate (alcohol base, acetone)

Foam System Troubleshooting

Excessive Back Pressure: The most common reason for eductor failure.
- Common causes include: kinks in the hose, nozzle too high above the eductor, too much hose between the eductor and the nozzle, clogged or partially opened nozzle, clogged pickup tube, mismatched nozzle and eductor GPM, low pressure at the eductor, poorly maintained control unit or check valve ball.
PRO/Pak Eductors: Require 100 PSI of pressure.
Elkhart Inline Eductors: Require 200 PSI of pressure.

PRO/Pak Components

Control Unit: Contains the percentage knob, pull pins, twist-grip flow control, tank (2.5 gallons), outlet hose (2.7 feet long), selector wheel.
Nozzles:
- Straight Stream Nozzle: 50 foot reach.
- Low Expansion Nozzle: 37 foot reach.
- Medium Expansion Nozzle: 9 foot reach.
Other Components: Tank fill, cap.

PRO/Pak Pressure and Flow

Minimum Pressure: 40 PSI (7 GPM).
Maximum Pressure: 500 PSI (27 GPM).
Recommended Pressure: 100 PSI (12 GPM).

PRO/Pak Class A Use

Percentage Knob Setting: 0.1%-1%.

PRO/Pak Class B Use

Percentage Knob Setting:
- Hydrocarbons: 3%.
- Polar Solvents: 6%.

PRO/Pak Assembly

Attach fire hose to the inlet of the PRO/pak.
Connect the outlet hose to the control unit.
Select the appropriate nozzle and connect it to the outlet hose.

PRO/Pak Cleaning

Reduce pump pressure to 100 PSI or less.
Remove the nozzle and hose.
Remove the pull pins and control unit.
Install the cap on the control unit outlet.
Flush the control unit by turning the flow control valve and percentage knob.
Reinstall the control unit on the tank and insert the pull pins.
Remove the cap.

Foam Components

Pick up tube
Metering device

Pressure and Flow

200 PSI is required at the eductor
95 GPM eductor should be used with a SM20-FLP nozzle.
Maximum hose length between a 95 GPM eductor and SM20-FLP nozzle is 400' of 1 3/4" hose.
125 GPM eductor should be used with a SM20-FLP nozzle.
Maximum hose length between a 125 GPM eductor and SM20-FLP nozzle is 200' of 1 3/4" hose.

Class A Use

For ordinary combustible materials like mop-up and overhaul operations.
Recommended percentage knob setting range: 0.1% - 1%

Class B Use

For fuel spills and vehicle fires
Hydrocarbons (e.g., gasoline, diesel) are fuels that are distilled from crude oil or vegetable matter, do not mix with water, and float on top.
Recommended percentage knob setting for hydrocarbons: 3%
Polar solvents (e.g., alcohol base, amines, acetone, ethers, esters, ketones) mix with water.
Recommended percentage knob setting for polar solvents: 6%

Eductor Operation

Select appropriate foam concentrate for the burning fuel.
Place foam concentrate by the eductor.
Open enough foam concentrate to handle the task, request more if needed.
Check eductor and nozzle compatibility.
Adjust the eductor metering valve to achieve desired percentage.
Attach the eductor to a hose capable of flowing the rated capacity of the eductor and nozzle.
Attach the attack line and the appropriate nozzle to the discharge side of the eductor, adhere to hose length restrictions.
Place the eductor pick-up tube into the foam concentrate.
Charge the hose line to the appropriate pressure (200 PSI at the eductor).

Nozzle Types

CFD carries Elkhart Chief and Chief XD series nozzles
Most engines built in 2019 or newer are equipped with Chief XD nozzles

Elkhart Chief Nozzle

Standard double cut ball shutoff construction; some newer models will have full round
1 ¾” internal shutoff
Most nozzles come with integrated smooth bore tips

Elkhart Chief XD Nozzle

Standard full round ball shutoff construction
1 ¾” internal shutoff
Laser etched labeling
Does not have integrated tips
Tapered smooth bore tips

Terminology

Nozzle Pressure: The pressure required at the nozzle to achieve the designed flow
- Smooth bore hand line nozzles are designed to be flowed at 50 PSI at the nozzle
- Nozzle pressure for combination and automatic nozzles will vary
Nozzle Reaction: The force exerted from the discharge of water out of a nozzle back at the nozzle firefighter while the hand line is flowing
Flow: Quantity of water measured in gallons per minute (GPM)

Attack Handline Considerations

Flow: Target a flow rate of 150 GPM minimum for initial interior residential attack lines
Reaction: There is a direct correlation between the amount of water flowed through a hand line and the nozzle reaction it produces.
- More water flowed means more reaction, less water flowed means less reaction.
Stream: Nozzles must be pumped at the appropriate pressures to maintain reach and penetration of the attack stream

Freeman Principle - Smooth Bore

This principle states that when selecting a nozzle and hose to build an attack package, the orifice of the nozzle should ideally not be greater than half the diameter of the hose
This helps maintain the optimal exit velocity of the stream, which ensures the adequate reach and penetration needed for fire attack is obtained

2 ½” ELKHART BRASS XD SHUTOFF

Newer style found on most engines purchased after 2019
Dual drive shutoff with full round metal ball
Forged aluminum shutoff body and bale handle
Under or over pumping will have repercussions for flow and nozzle reaction in either direction
Does not have an integrated tip; it is just a shutoff

ELKHART BRASS TIP SIZES

188XD Smooth Bore 1 1/8” Single Tip
- Lightweight aluminum construction
- Orange urethane molded bumper
- 266 GPM at 50 PSI NP (98 lbs nozzle reaction)
188XD Smooth Bore 1 3/16” Single Tip
- Lightweight aluminum construction
- Orange urethane molded bumper
- Can be pumped at a range of pressures based on the desired GPM and nozzle reaction
- 265 GPM at 40 PSI NP (85 lbs nozzle reaction)
- 296 GPM at 50 PSI NP (109 lbs nozzle reaction)
- 324 GPM at 60 PSI NP (131 lbs nozzle reaction)

2 ½” ELKHART DB-375-GAT SHUTOFF

Forged aluminum body with a pistol grip
1 ¼” integrated discharge has 328 GPM at 50 PSI NP (121 lbs nozzle reaction)
Older style nozzle generally found on engines purchased prior to 2019

###ELKHART ST-185-AIFD “INDY STACK”

Indy Stack- 1 1/8” and 1 ¼” stacked tips
Rubber bumper on 1 ¼” tip to protect threads
1 1/8” tip = 266 GPM at 50 PSI NP
1 ¼” tip = 328 GPM at 50 PSI NP
Can change tip size to achieve the desired GPM

Nozzle Pressure and Flow

Nozzle pressure and flow are not directly proportional.
Increased flow requires greater spring compression in the nozzle, resulting in higher forces.
The relationship between nozzle pressure and GPM is exponential due to spring compression.

Pump Pressure and Trash Lines

High pressure pumping for trash lines provides limited benefits.
High pressure pumping puts excessive stress on crews.
To increase water flow, use a different attack line instead of increasing pressure on a trash line.

Nozzle Maintenance

Nozzles should be cleaned frequently to remove dirt, debris, and road grime.
Inspect for overall cleanliness and defects.
Check the bumper and teeth for damage, ensuring no teeth are missing or loose.
Damaged teeth can be replaced using an Allen wrench and a new tooth ring from Tools and Equipment.
Inspect the swivel to ensure it spins freely and check the gasket.
Soak the nozzle in warm water and mild degreaser (Simple Green or Dawn). This usually removes dirt and debris from the nozzle, bale, bumper, and swivel.
Cycle the nozzle bumper through all ranges of motion while soaking to loosen and remove dirt buildup.
Open and close the bale to loosen and remove any dirt buildup.
After cleaning, dry the nozzle with a rag.
Apply silicone-based lubricant per manufacturer guidelines, using a minimum amount to avoid attracting dirt and grit.
Dow-Corning #7 lubricant is recommended.

Additional Maintenance

Over time, dirt and grime can gunk up bearings, causing nozzles to become stiff and not swivel properly.
This is not normal station level maintenance and should not be attempted without senior engineer guidance.
In extreme cases where nozzles are stiff, the ball bearings can be removed, cleaned with Simple Green, and re-installed.
The ball bearings can be removed by taking out the Allen set screw on the female swivel.

Hose Advancement Teamwork and Communication

Teamwork and communication are emphasized during hose advancement.
Slow and steady is key for efficient hose advancement.

Phases of Hose Advancement Inside a Structure

Moving Up: Signals the next person on the line to bring hose and move to a pinch point.
Fire Room: Indicates the nozzle firefighter has reached the fire room and water application is imminent.
I Need ___ Feet: Used to request a specific amount of hose needed, allowing for efficient management of hose resources.

Firefighter Positions During Hose Advancement

Attack (A)

Nozzle firefighter.
Responsible for pulling and flaking out the hose line.
Brings the first 50 feet of hose to the door.
Conducts pre-entry checks on the nozzle and attack package.
Uses a three-point stance and pistol grip to advance the hose line.
Keeps the nozzle out in front while flowing water.

Backup (B)

Supports the nozzle firefighter.
Forces the front door if necessary.
Sweeps the immediate area around the door.
Checks for LFL (life, fire, layout):
- Life: Checks for victims.
- Fire: Determines the location or direction of fire.
- Layout: Identifies building layout, including stairs and nearby rooms.
Assists with hose advancement at pinch points and pre-loads hose as needed.

Control (C)

Positioned behind the backup and nozzle firefighter.
Manages the hose line from the backup to the door.
Assists with fixing kinks outside the structure.
Assists with hose advancement at pinch points and pre-loads hose as needed.

Door (D)

Positioned behind the control, backup, and nozzle firefighters.
Manages the hose line outside the structure up to the door.
Removes any kinks outside the structure.
Helps split the door and create a clear entryway.
Assists with hose advancement at pinch points at the entry point.

Initial Line Selection

1 ¾” hose line: Use for fires in one to three rooms.
Two 1 ¾” hose lines or one 2” hose line: For fires involving more than three rooms.
2 ½” hose line: For fires spanning one or more floors.
Commercial structures: Consider a 2” or 2 ½” hose line.
Defensive operations: Consider master streams.

Exponential Engine Theory

Brian Brush's theory: Every engine should have different hose lines and nozzles to handle different sized fires.
Size and GPM: Increasing to the next larger line/nozzle size should approximately double the gallons per minute (GPM) available.

When to Pull a 2 ½” Handline

ADULTS acronym:
- Advanced fire on arrival
- Defensive operations
- Unable to determine the fire area size
- Large, non-compartmentalized areas
- Tons of water needed
- Standpipe system operations

Problem Occupancies and Fire Attack Lines

Problem Occupancies: Include large, uncompartmentalized spaces like warehouses and auto body shops, as well as multi-story residential buildings.
Fire Load: Problem occupancies typically have a larger fire load than normal, requiring higher application rates to quickly contain fires.
2" Handline Target Flow: Target flow is between 200 and 250 GPM.
- Nozzles: Smooth bore with 1" tip, smooth bore with 1 1/16" tip, or 250/50 combination nozzle.
2" Handline Advantages: For longer stretches in compartmentalized spaces, offering reduced friction loss.
2" Handline Disadvantages:
- Using a 1" tip delivers only 50 GPM more than a 1 ¾" hose, which is insufficient for large fires.
- May be difficult to control at 250 GPM due to increased hydraulic forces.

2 ½" Handline Target Flow

Target Flow: Between 260 GPM and 328 GPM.
- Nozzles: Smooth bore with 1 1/8" tip, smooth bore with 1 3/16" tip, or smooth bore with 1 ¼" tip.
indy Stack: A stacked tip with the 1 1/8" tip on top of the 1 ¼" tip.
2 ½" Handline Advantages:
- Can achieve a wide range of flow and reaction forces.
- Operates with a smooth bore nozzle's range of 40-60 psi.
2 ½" Handline Disadvantages:
- Flows over 300 GPM are not recommended in attack situations unless in a fixed position.

Hose Loading and Deployment

2" Handline Loading: Typically located on the cross lay bed of CFD engines, preconnected with a 200 foot load.
2 ½" Handline Loading: Normally loaded on the rear of the engine, static bed load of 200 or 300 feet.
"Attack over Supply" Orientation: Elevates the first 50' of hose off the ground to reduce friction during advancement.
Deployment Considerations:
- Recon is crucial for large buildings to determine the best entry point and stretch.
- Having the nozzle and a coupling at the point of service is essential, especially with larger lines.

Nozzle Technique and Function

2" & 2 ½" Handlines: Larger size and weight require a more methodical approach than smaller lines like the 1 ¾".
Larger Handline Considerations:
- Nozzle Movement: Expect a reduced pattern compared to 1 ¾" lines, approximately half the range.
- Reaction Force: Will experience increased reaction force, requiring careful stance adjustment.
- Target Flow: Should be prioritized over maneuverability for efficient extinguishment.

Nozzle Pattern and Penetration

Ideal Nozzle Pattern: Sweeping motion at the ceiling level, starting high and sweeping left to right, with a goal of achieving a 45° angle from center. This cools the ceiling and exposes void spaces.
Penetration:
- Smoothbore nozzles' larger droplets travel farther through the thermal column and resist vaporization, resulting in better penetration.
- Combining nozzles can have higher exit velocities, but droplets are more readily vaporized.
Maneuverability:
- 2" line is more maneuverable due to its lower weight compared to the 2 ½" line.
- The weight of the 2 ½"line can be an advantage as the hose falls in line behind the operator, reducing the chance of becoming unseated after a turn.

Considerations for Deployment

Second Due Engine Responsibility: Ensure the primary line is properly staffed and moving before committing to a backup line.
Balancing Act: Firefighters should consider both advantages and disadvantages of 2” and 2 ½” lines to maximize their potential for effective and efficient attack.

Hose Loads for CFD Engines

Three common hose loads are used with CFD engines: Triple Fold, Modified Minuteman - 50' Bundle, and Modified Minuteman - 100' Bundle
Triple Fold advantages include:
- Quicker deployment compared to the modified minuteman loads
- Easier deployment with fewer moving parts
Triple Fold disadvantages include:
- Less maneuverable around cars and fences
- No shoulder option for carrying and placing in tight spaces
Modified Minuteman - 50' Bundle advantages include:
- Easier shoulder carrying compared to the 100' bundle
- Better for splitting cars than a triple fold
Modified Minuteman - 50' Bundle disadvantages include:
- Might be too short to reach the objective
- Slower deployment than a Triple Fold
- More moving parts potentially causing deployment issues
Modified Minuteman - 100' Bundle advantages:
- More maneuverable around cars and obstacles than the Triple Fold
- Shorter and easier to manage dead stack
- More usable hose near entry points in residential structures
- Easier to split cars with more hose on the firefighter's shoulder
Modified Minuteman - 100' Bundle disadvantages:
- Difficult to manage on the shoulder and prone to entanglement without straps
- Slower deployment than the Triple Fold
- More moving parts, potentially causing deployment issues.

Modified Minuteman Load (100’ Bundle)

A modified minuteman load is a way to load a fire hose onto a hose bed.
The procedure involves building a 100' bundle first, and then loading the rest of the hose.
The bundle should be slightly shorter than the hose bed.
Mark two points on the hose bed floor to create a space for the bundle.
Place a third mark 12-14 inches past the end of the first mark to designate the nozzle coupling.
The nozzle coupling is placed on the first mark, and the hose folds on its side between the first two marks.
Place a loop in the rear of the bundle at the midpoint of the first 50' section of hose.
A second loop is placed at the midpoint of the second 50' section of hose.
Continue folding the hose until the final coupling is reached.
Connect the nozzle to the final coupling and fold it over the front of the bundle.
Place the bundle into the hose bed with the straps facing up.
Then, load the remaining hose into the hose bed in a single straight stack.
Place a loop in the dead stack hose load, approximately 50' into the stack.
Connect the coupling at the tail of the 100' bundle to the coupling on top of the dead stack.

Modifed Minuteman Load Variations

The 200' preconnect can be loaded in a single stack configuration.
The 250' preconnect can be loaded in a side-by-side stack configuration.
If the hose bed divider is set up for a single stack, load the dead stack on the bottom and leave the last coupling of the dead stack draped over the back of the hose bed. Stack the 100' bundle on top of the dead stack, bring the draped over coupling back on top of the bundle, and connect the two couplings together.

### Minuteman Load Deployment Techniques

Back Stretch:
- Placement: Bundle laid inline around the entry point
- Execution: Midpoints of the bundle pulled backwards away from the structure
- Benefit: Quick and efficient in narrow spaces (side entry doors between houses)
- Drawback: Requires backtracking
Forward Stretch:
- Placement: Bundle laid inline at a point away from the structure
- Execution: Nozzle and first coupling picked up and walked forward towards the structure
- Benefits:
  - Minimal wasted effort
  - Hose follows the firefighter if placed far enough away
- Key: Full commitment to the technique, avoid placing the bundle too close to the structure
Split Stretch:
- Placement: Bundle laid on the ground in line with the target door orientation
- Execution: Sections of the bundle pulled in different directions, one midpoint in each direction (100' bundle), or both ends pulled in opposite directions (50' bundle).
- Benefit: Effective in restricted spaces, like narrow urban walkways or motel hallways
- Crucial: Orientation of the nozzle and first coupling in line with the intended entry path
- Factors Influencing Split Placement: Fire location, home layout, and door hinge orientation

Estimating Hose Stretch

Despite CFD's use of pre-connected handlines, it is essential to estimate hose stretch for every fire.
Excessive hose in the front yard is a significant hindrance to hose advancement.
To determine the necessary hose length, use a formula that accounts for the entire structure's size, including elevation changes.
A rough estimation of the structure's size is sufficient; overestimate if uncertain.
EMS runs provide valuable opportunities to practice hose stretch estimation.
Encourage crew members to participate in estimating exercises and compare results.
Familiarity with the running district's lot layouts facilitates pre-planning hose stretches.
Each elevation change, whether a basement or second floor, requires an additional 50-foot section of hose.
The extra hose is used to pull the engine past the house, creating space for ladder access and flaking out attack lines.

Hose Advancement Angles

Maximize Limited Staffing: Reduce the number of firefighters in the entry point.
Organization on the Fire Ground: Strategic hose deployment creates a structured and efficient fire ground.
RIT Crew Support: Clear hose placement allows Rescue and Intervention Teams to locate interior crews.
Backup Line Placement: Ensure the backup line does not obstruct the attack line.

Door Swing and Placement

Obstacles and Fire Location: Consider the door swing and the location of the fire in relation to obstacles.
Avoid Pinch Points: Position the hose line on the opposite side of the door from the fire to minimize pinch points.
Limit Entries: No more than two hose lines should enter through the same doorway, avoiding unnecessary congestion.
Remove Obstacles: Remove storm/screen doors before entry as they obstruct movement.
45-degree Angle: Maintain a 45-degree angle between the hose line and the door to decrease pinch points.
Inside and Outside of the Door: The inside is defined as the 45-degree angle closest to the fire engine, while the outside is the 45-degree angle farthest from the engine.
Splitting the Door: Divide the door's midpoint and keep the attack and backup lines on opposite sides.

Hose Deployment

Worable Hose: Deploy the attack line and 50-foot coupling on one side of the door, aiming towards the target for easy advancement.
Porch Placement: Place the 50-foot coupling on the porch to prevent snagging on stairs or obstacles.

Organized Front Yard

Clear Separation: Ensure the attack and backup lines are separate on each side of the door, maintaining an organized front yard.
Backup Line Location: Keep the backup line on its assigned half of the door and protect the egress stairs for the attack line, avoiding congestion.

Extending Hose Lines

Two extension methods:
- Extending at the Truck:
  - Attack line shut down.
  - Line broken at the tailboard between the leader line and the attack line.
  - 50' donut roll deployed.
  - Advantage: Both couplings remain at the tailboard for quick connection.
- Extending at the Nozzle:
  - Accomplished using a 100' acme pack or a minuteman shoulder load.
  - If break apart nozzle, remove the tip and extend the hose line.
  - Caution: Ensure the break apart nozzle bale remains open after extension. Consider securing it with webbing or a strap.
  - If no break apart nozzle, shut down the hose line at the pump to remove the nozzle.
  - Extend the line using an acme pack or minuteman.
Safety Considerations:
- Extending an attack line should never be done in an immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) atmosphere.
- Ensure crew is in a safe area to extend the line.
- If using a break apart nozzle outside an IDLH atmosphere, depressurizing the attack line is avoided.
- When a double donut roll is used, the new section of hose can be quickly connected to the break apart nozzle.
- Critical Safety Point: After extension, the break apart nozzle bale must be continuously monitored or tied open.

Advantages of Double Donut Roll:

Keeps both couplings at the tailboard or nozzle for quick connections.
Allows for the new section of hose to be quickly added in between the leader line and the attack section.

Handline Placement

Place the appliance approximately ten feet from the attack line’s entrance point.
Use a garden stretch for apartments/townhomes or condos, ensuring the initial attack line covers the fire apartment and one adjacent apartment.
Preplanning and district familiarization are crucial in deciding which hose line to pull off the engine.
A secondary 2 ½” or 3” trunk line should supply the backup line, matching the structure’s length to ensure any fire extension can be reached.

Vertical Stretch - Dropping the Bundle Down

Use a 100’ acme pack for a vertical stretch.
The female coupling is passed over the edge by interior crews and dropped to the pump operator below.
The hose can be dropped over the top of the railing or through the railing spindles, but if dropped over an open landing, it must be supervised while being charged to prevent the hose from falling back over the rail.
The gated wye or water thief should be in the closed position before charging the line.
The pump operator connects the 3” hose to the pump discharge and charges it before the acme pack is connected to the appliance.
The attack crew signals the pump operator to charge the acme pack.
The pump operator communicates with the attack crew and charges the handline before returning to the engine to verify pump pressures.
The nozzle firefighter should place their knee on the hose line before it is charged to prevent slippage.
Use the following rule of thumb for vertical stretches:
- Two-story stretch: 50’ of hose on the fire floor landing.
- Three-story stretch: 75’ of hose on the fire floor landing.

Vertical Stretch - Hook Stretch

Use a 200’ pre-connected attack line disconnected from the leader line for a hook stretch.
The crew uses a pike pole to hook the bale and pull it up from the pump operator.
The hook and nozzle are passed up to the nozzle firefighter on the third floor.
The hook stretch method should not be used over three stories.
The pump operator makes the connection to the trunk line appliance and waits for the signal to charge the line.
The nozzle firefighter should place their knee on the hose line before it is charged, and the same rule of thumb should be used for two and three story reaches as in dropping the bundle method.

Gating Down Interior Handlines

Gating down a discharge valve on an interior handline creates a smaller discharge opening
This could lead to a sudden loss in nozzle pressure if residual supply changes
The more a line is gated down, the greater the risk to the interior attack crew
Gating down interior lines should be considered after other methods of reducing pressure have been attempted (reducing engine RPM to reach the highest discharge pressure if it was set too high initially)

Supply Engine Placement

Placing a supply engine as close as possible to the hydrant minimizes friction loss
Ideally, the supply engine should be placed directly on the hydrant using a short section of 5” hose
This allows the supply pump operator to "boost" the hydrant pressure to the attack engine

Series Supply

Placing engines in series provides a built-in system backup in case of mechanical failures
It also maximizes the supply and creates a redundancy/fail safe in the event of an attack engine malfunction

3” vs 5” Supply Line

For residential incidents, a 3” supply line is sufficient for working fire needs
A 3” line requires less water to fill compared to a 5” line
A 5” line is ideal for longer hose lays and initial defensive operations, but requires more water to fill
It is recommended to transition to a 5” supply between the two engines at some point in the incident

Master Streams with Tank Water

Using a master stream while operating off tank water can cause the pump boss to switch to "RPM LIMIT MODE" if the demand exceeds the tank water supply
This is commonly caused by rapidly opening the deck gun discharge while the pump is already set at its operating pressure
Decreasing the RPM or gating down the discharge can help resolve this

Understanding Residual Supply

It is important to understand the true initial static pressure, as it may not reflect the available volume
Monitor the intake gauge to understand the remaining hydrant water
This information can be used to make tactical decisions regarding additional lines or water supply capabilities

Excessive Discharge Pressure

Excessive discharge pressure is often caused by too much intake pressure
Several options for addressing this include:
- Radioing the supply driver to throttle down their discharge pressure
- Placing the supply engine in neutral
- Dumping excess pressure via another discharge on the engine
- Alternating between tank water and the supply line
- Gating down intake or attack line valves

Estimating Available Hydrant Supply

Fireground pump operators often don't estimate available water supply, but for larger incidents, it's essential.
Static Pressure is the pressure on the intake gauge with no water flowing.
Residual Pressure is the pressure on the intake gauge with water flowing.
The difference between Static and Residual Pressure helps determine the remaining flow from a hydrant.
"The First Line is Free" means the initial attack line flowing from the truck before a hydrant connection is established, doesn't impact the Static Pressure calculation.
Percentage Drop is calculated by dividing the PSI drop by the initial intake pressure.
The percentage drop is used to estimate the remaining flow:
- 0-10% Drop: 3x the amount that caused the drop
- 11-15% Drop: 2x the amount that caused the drop
- 16-20% Drop: 1x the amount that caused the drop
- 20% Drop: ½ the amount that caused the drop
High Static Pressure does not guarantee a high GPM; the operator needs to flow water to assess the hydrant's capabilities.
Series Supply Setup (two engines connected together) requires communication to meet the attack engine's needs.
Close monitoring of Residual Intake Pressure is essential for crew safety, especially those operating in an Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) atmosphere.
Pump operators should aim to maintain at least 10 PSI residual pressure.

Example Scenarios

0-10% Drop: If a 250 GPM line causes a 10 PSI drop from an initial 100 PSI static pressure, there is approximately 750 GPM remaining.
11-15% Drop: If the same 250 GPM line causes a 15 PSI drop from an initial 100 PSI static pressure, there is approximately 500 GPM remaining.
16-20% Drop: If a 500 GPM deck gun causes a 20 PSI drop from an initial 100 PSI static pressure, there is approximately 500 GPM remaining.
>20% Drop: For drops greater than 20%, the remaining supply is significantly reduced (approximately half of what caused the drop).

Simple Water Supply

Simple water supply involves directly connecting a 5" hose from the pump's main intake valve to a fire hydrant.
This setup is limited by the hydrant's flow rate and pressure, potentially insufficient for high-demand fire situations.
In case of pump failure, there's no backup, forcing firefighters to operate on hydrant pressure alone.

Series Water Supply

Series water supply involves connecting a supply hose (3" or 5") between the attack pumper's intake and the discharge of a separate supply pumper.
The supply pumper connects to a hydrant using a 5" supply hose.
This setup provides several advantages over simple supply.

CFD Fire Pump Capabilities

All CFD pumpers are rated at 1500 GPM (gallons per minute) when operating at a draft.
Draft refers to drawing water from a static source like a pond or lake, requiring the pump to create suction.
At draft, the pump discharges water at 150 PSI.
CFD pumps can move more than 1500 GPM when connected to a positive water source like a fire hydrant.

Series Supply Advantages

Increased Pressure and Flow: Placing the supply pumper close to the hydrant (ideally within 25 feet) maximizes pressure and flow to the attack pumper. This operates as if the attack pumper itself is within 25 feet of the water source.
Backup and Redundancy:
- If the attack pumper fails, the supply pumper can directly provide pressure and flow to the attack lines, ensuring continuous water supply.
- This requires communication between pump operators to adjust pressure and avoid over/under-pressurization.
Increased Volume:
- The supply pumper can increase discharge pressure, providing the attack pumper with more water volume, especially during high-demand situations.
- This has limitations as the residual pressure in the water main is finite and may eventually reach its maximum.
Efficient Water Movement:
- For large fires requiring extreme water volume, a trigate appliance can be used with three 3" hose lines connected to the supply pumper.
- A 5" supply line connects the trigate to the attack pumper, minimizing friction loss over longer distances.

Key Considerations

Always aim to set up in series when possible, enhancing safety and efficiency.
Use a 5" supply line when feasible to maximize flow and minimize friction loss.
Be aware of the limitations of the water distribution system, especially its capacity to provide adequate volume and pressure.