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Questions and Answers
Which of the following materials are ferromagnetic?
Nonferromagnetic materials are attracted to magnets.
False
What are intensive properties of matter?
Properties independent of the amount of matter present.
Give an example of an extensive property.
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What describes the substance's ability to change into a new form with different properties?
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What is flammability?
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The ability to react with oxygen gas to produce flame or explosion is called ______.
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What is reactivity in terms of chemical properties?
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What best describes a physical change?
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Rusting of iron is an example of a physical change.
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Name one endothermic process.
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Which of the following is a chemical change?
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What is matter?
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What are the basic units of matter?
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What is the difference between precision and accuracy?
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Which of the following are types of physical properties?
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What is a compound?
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What is solubility?
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Which of the following techniques is used for the separation of insoluble solids from solvents?
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Elements can be separated into simpler substances by chemical means.
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Homogeneous mixtures have a uniform composition throughout.
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Match the following separation techniques with their descriptions:
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What is significant figures?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Chemistry
- Chemistry studies matter, including its structures, properties, and transformations involving energy.
- Matter comprises everything with mass that occupies space, and it interacts through chemical reactions in the environment.
Branches and Sub-Branches of Chemistry
- Chemistry has several branches, including organic, inorganic, analytical, physical, and biochemistry.
- Each branch focuses on different aspects and applications of chemical substances and processes.
Significant Figures
- Importance of significant figures in measurements:
- All non-zero digits are significant.
- Leading zeros are not significant; trailing zeros in a decimal are significant.
- Zeros between significant digits are significant.
Rounding Off Numbers
- Rounding rules based on mathematical operations:
- For addition and subtraction, round based on the least number of decimal places.
- For multiplication and division, round based on the least number of significant figures.
Scientific Notation
- Scientific notation expresses numbers as a product of a coefficient and a power of ten.
- Conversion to scientific notation involves adjusting the base to be between 1 and 10 with a positive or negative exponent.
SI Units
- SI units are fundamental for measurements in chemistry, providing a standard for communication.
Measurement Errors
- Distinction between precision (closeness of repeated measurements) and accuracy (closeness to the true value) in experimental results.
Matter and Its Classification
- Matter can be classified into pure substances (elements and compounds) and mixtures (homogeneous and heterogeneous).
- Elements are basic substances that cannot be broken down chemically; 118 elements are known.
- Compounds consist of two or more elements chemically combined.
States of Matter
- Traditional states include solid, liquid, and gas; modern states include plasma, Bose-Einstein condensate, and quark-gluon plasma.
Mixtures and Separation Techniques
- Mixtures retain individual properties of components; they can be separated using physical means.
- Common techniques for separation include filtration, evaporation, distillation, and chromatography.
Properties of Matter
- Physical Properties: Observed without changing substance (e.g., density, solubility, thermal conductivity).
- Chemical Properties: Observed when a substance changes its composition (e.g., flammability, reactivity).
- Physical properties can be classified as intensive (independent of quantity) or extensive (dependent on quantity).
Density
- Density is the ratio of mass to volume, indicating how much mass occupies a given volume (g/ml).
Thermal Conductivity
- Measures how well a material conducts heat; conductors (metals) have high conductivity, insulators (non-metals) have low conductivity.
Solubility
- Refers to the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent, demonstrating the principle that "like dissolves like."
Chemical Reactions
- Define a process where reactants transform into new products, following the law of conservation of mass where total mass remains constant throughout the reaction.### Chemical Properties
- Flammability: Measure of how easily a material ignites; influences the color of flame produced, which varies by chemical composition.
- Combustibility: Describes the ability of a substance to react with oxygen, potentially leading to fire or explosions; not all reactions result in flames.
- Reactivity: The capacity of a substance to undergo chemical reactions and form new compounds when interacting with other elements.
Changes in Matter
- Physical Change: Occurs when the composition of a substance remains unchanged; examples include melting, evaporation, cutting, deposition, and freezing.
- Chemical Change: Alteration that results in a new substance; examples include food spoilage, digestion, ripening of fruits, and iron rusting.
Heat Processes
- Endothermic Processes: Absorb heat; include melting (solid to liquid), evaporation (liquid to gas), and sublimation (solid to gas).
- Exothermic Processes: Release heat; include freezing (liquid to solid), condensation (gas to liquid), and deposition (gas to solid).
Indicators of Chemical Change
- Formation of Precipitate: Indicates a reaction has occurred, resulting in an insoluble solid.
- Emission of Light: Evidence of a chemical change, such as a flame.
- Gas Formation: The release of gas during a reaction signifies a change has occurred.
- Heat Generation: Production of heat is a hallmark of a chemical transformation.
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