Bio Term test

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What is the term for the genetic makeup of an individual, represented by a set of alleles?

Genetic drift

Phenotype

Genotype (correct)

Allele frequency

What type of mutation does not impact an organism's survival or reproduction?

Beneficial mutation

Deleterious mutation

Silent mutation

Neutral mutation (correct)

Which process is primarily responsible for the adaptation of species over time?

Natural selection (correct)

Genetic drift

Migration

Mutation

What is the effect of deleterious mutations on an organism?

Affects survival negatively Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by genetic variation within a population?

The range of different alleles present Signup and view all the answers

How does the environment influence natural selection?

It shapes the survival of the fittest Signup and view all the answers

What role does mutation play in evolution?

It generates genetic diversity Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation generally leads to a positive adaptation in the environment?

Beneficial mutation Signup and view all the answers

What is inbreeding primarily associated with?

Reduced fitness due to homozygosity Signup and view all the answers

What results from inbreeding depression?

Reduction in fitness Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the branching diagram showing evolutionary relationships?

Phylogenetic Tree Signup and view all the answers

What type of grouping does a polyphyletic group represent?

Members do not share a recent common ancestor Signup and view all the answers

What process describes populations diverging to the point that they can no longer produce fertile offspring?

Speciation Signup and view all the answers

In a phylogenetic tree, what do the nodes represent?

Common ancestors Signup and view all the answers

Which classification level is most closely related to 'genus'?

Family Signup and view all the answers

What does increased homozygosity from inbreeding typically lead to?

Increased risk of expressing harmful mutations Signup and view all the answers

What type of fossil is represented by traces left by animals, such as dinosaur tracks?

Trace fossils Signup and view all the answers

Which fossil type consists of resistant molecules found in sedimentary rocks, such as bacterial lipids?

Molecular fossils Signup and view all the answers

What geological timeframe is marked by significant events that reduced biodiversity multiple times?

Mass extinction Signup and view all the answers

How is radiometric dating primarily used in geology?

Dating ancient materials using decay of radioisotopes Signup and view all the answers

What is half-life in the context of radioactive decay?

Time for half of atoms in a sample to decay Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following marks the key divergence point in the phylogenetic tree of life?

Divergence of Bacteria and Archaea Signup and view all the answers

What period's history does the geological time scale primarily outline?

Earth's long history Signup and view all the answers

What was the time frame when limestone and marine animal skeletons were prevalent?

Around 335 million years ago Signup and view all the answers

What describes balancing selection in relation to allele frequencies?

It maintains two or more alleles at intermediate frequencies. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of heterozygotes in balancing selection?

Heterozygotes have greater reproductive success than either homozygote. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of selection promotes traits that enhance reproductive success?

Sexual selection Signup and view all the answers

In which form of sexual selection do individuals of one sex compete amongst themselves?

Intrasexual selection Signup and view all the answers

How does selective pressure affect populations?

It drives some organisms to survive and reproduce better than others. Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the preference of one sex for specific traits in the opposite sex?

Intersexual selection Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a result of balancing selection?

Elimination of all alleles except one. Signup and view all the answers

What type of selection occurs when fitness traits spread through a population?

Directional selection Signup and view all the answers

What is adaptive radiation primarily responsible for?

Evolutionarily rapid diversification of species Signup and view all the answers

What type of populations are referred to as ecological islands?

Species that apply to true islands or isolated habitats Signup and view all the answers

What role does internal scaffolding of proteins play in eukaryotic cells?

Organizing the cell's structure primarily Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of sympatric populations?

Populations existing in the same geographical area Signup and view all the answers

How does co-speciation occur?

Through two groups of organisms speciating in response to each other Signup and view all the answers

What process promotes genetic variation within sympatric populations?

Meiotic cell division resulting in gametes Signup and view all the answers

What is one function of cellular vacuoles in certain species?

To store nutrients for later use Signup and view all the answers

In terms of chromosomal composition, what defines diploid cells?

Cells containing two complete sets of chromosomes (2n) Signup and view all the answers