Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is photosynthesis?
What is photosynthesis?
Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars, and release oxygen as a by-product.
What are autotrophs?
What are autotrophs?
Organisms that make their own food.
Define photoautotrophs.
Define photoautotrophs.
An organism that harnesses light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide.
What are heterotrophs?
What are heterotrophs?
The _____ in plant cells capture light energy that comes from the sun.
The _____ in plant cells capture light energy that comes from the sun.
What are chemoautotrophs?
What are chemoautotrophs?
What do 'self-feeding' photoautotrophs require from the environment to make their own food?
What do 'self-feeding' photoautotrophs require from the environment to make their own food?
______ are the major sites of photosynthesis in most plants.
______ are the major sites of photosynthesis in most plants.
What is chlorophyll?
What is chlorophyll?
What is mesophyll?
What is mesophyll?
What are stomata?
What are stomata?
A typical mesophyll cell has about __ to __ chloroplasts.
A typical mesophyll cell has about __ to __ chloroplasts.
What is stroma?
What is stroma?
____ in the ____ form the framework within which many of the reactions of photosynthesis occur.
____ in the ____ form the framework within which many of the reactions of photosynthesis occur.
Which of the following organelles can open or close? Thylakoids are found in the __________.
Which of the following organelles can open or close? Thylakoids are found in the __________.
What are thylakoids?
What are thylakoids?
Write the equation for photosynthesis.
Write the equation for photosynthesis.
What happens when CO2 and water are converted to sugar and O2?
What happens when CO2 and water are converted to sugar and O2?
Scientists used isotopes to identify the source of oxygen released during photosynthesis. What did they discover?
Scientists used isotopes to identify the source of oxygen released during photosynthesis. What did they discover?
What is the chemical formula for glucose?
What is the chemical formula for glucose?
During photosynthesis CO2 is reduced to _____ as _____ and ________ _______ are added to it.
During photosynthesis CO2 is reduced to _____ as _____ and ________ _______ are added to it.
During photosynthesis water molecules are ______.
During photosynthesis water molecules are ______.
Which of the following statements regarding the reduction of CO2 to sugar during photosynthesis is correct? Electrons (with accompanying protons)
Which of the following statements regarding the reduction of CO2 to sugar during photosynthesis is correct? Electrons (with accompanying protons)
What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
What are light reactions?
What are light reactions?
During light reactions _____ is split, providing _________ and giving off _____ as a by-product.
During light reactions _____ is split, providing _________ and giving off _____ as a by-product.
________ _______ is used to drive the transfer of _______ and ___ from water to the electron acceptor ______, reducing it to _______.
________ _______ is used to drive the transfer of _______ and ___ from water to the electron acceptor ______, reducing it to _______.
What does NADPH temporarily store?
What does NADPH temporarily store?
What are the inputs of the light reaction?
What are the inputs of the light reaction?
What are the outputs of the light reaction?
What are the outputs of the light reaction?
Describe the Calvin cycle.
Describe the Calvin cycle.
What is carbon fixation?
What is carbon fixation?
______ provides the _______ for reducing _______ compounds in the Calvin cycle.
______ provides the _______ for reducing _______ compounds in the Calvin cycle.
What are the inputs of the Calvin cycle?
What are the inputs of the Calvin cycle?
What are the outputs of the Calvin cycle?
What are the outputs of the Calvin cycle?
The light reactions of photosynthesis yield __________. The Calvin cycle produces __________.
The light reactions of photosynthesis yield __________. The Calvin cycle produces __________.
The reduction of NADP+ to NADPH in the light reactions occurs with the assistance of __________.
The reduction of NADP+ to NADPH in the light reactions occurs with the assistance of __________.
What is wavelength?
What is wavelength?
What is the electromagnetic spectrum?
What is the electromagnetic spectrum?
What is chlorophyll A?
What is chlorophyll A?
What is chlorophyll B?
What is chlorophyll B?
What are carotenoids?
What are carotenoids?
What is the most important function of carotenoid pigments in plants?
What is the most important function of carotenoid pigments in plants?
What is a photosystem?
What is a photosystem?
Describe the relationship between Photosystem 2 and Photosystem 1.
Describe the relationship between Photosystem 2 and Photosystem 1.
During the light reactions, __________ and an __________ transform __________ energy into __________ energy of ATP and NADPH.
During the light reactions, __________ and an __________ transform __________ energy into __________ energy of ATP and NADPH.
What is the source of the electrons that are moving through the photosystems to NADPH?
What is the source of the electrons that are moving through the photosystems to NADPH?
In the thylakoid space water is split into __ electrons, __ hydrogen ion (H+), and __ oxygen atom (1/2 O2).
In the thylakoid space water is split into __ electrons, __ hydrogen ion (H+), and __ oxygen atom (1/2 O2).
What is the final electron acceptor in the light reactions of photosynthesis?
What is the final electron acceptor in the light reactions of photosynthesis?
What is photophosphorylation?
What is photophosphorylation?
Two separate processes occur in the light reactions of photosynthesis. In one, __________ is generated as the result of an electric transport chain. In the other, the high concentration of __________ in the thylakoid space drives the synthesis of __________.
Two separate processes occur in the light reactions of photosynthesis. In one, __________ is generated as the result of an electric transport chain. In the other, the high concentration of __________ in the thylakoid space drives the synthesis of __________.
List the steps of the Calvin cycle.
List the steps of the Calvin cycle.
To synthesize 1 glucose molecule, the Calvin cycle uses ___ CO2, ___ ATP, ___ NADPH.
To synthesize 1 glucose molecule, the Calvin cycle uses ___ CO2, ___ ATP, ___ NADPH.
At which step of the 4-step Calvin cycle is G3P produced?
At which step of the 4-step Calvin cycle is G3P produced?
How many molecules of ATP and NADPH are required to make one molecule of G3P in the Calvin cycle?
How many molecules of ATP and NADPH are required to make one molecule of G3P in the Calvin cycle?
What are C3 plants?
What are C3 plants?
What is photorespiration?
What is photorespiration?
What are C4 plants?
What are C4 plants?
What are CAM plants?
What are CAM plants?
Plants remove __________ from the atmosphere and return __________ to the atmosphere. The other product(s) of photosynthesis is (are) __________.
Plants remove __________ from the atmosphere and return __________ to the atmosphere. The other product(s) of photosynthesis is (are) __________.
About __________ % of the products of photosynthesis are used to power cellular respiration and to make organic molecules that the plant cells need. What happens to the rest of the products?
About __________ % of the products of photosynthesis are used to power cellular respiration and to make organic molecules that the plant cells need. What happens to the rest of the products?
What is the greenhouse effect?
What is the greenhouse effect?
List the three most important greenhouse gases. What positive effect do these gases exert on Earth's atmosphere?
List the three most important greenhouse gases. What positive effect do these gases exert on Earth's atmosphere?
Study Notes
Photosynthesis Overview
- Photosynthesis transforms sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen.
- Autotrophs create their own food; photoautotrophs specifically use light for this process.
- Heterotrophs consume other organisms or organic by-products for energy.
Chloroplasts and Structure
- Chloroplasts are organelles in plant cells that capture light energy.
- Major sites of photosynthesis are primarily located in leaves, with most chloroplasts found in mesophyll tissue.
- Chlorophyll is the key pigment that absorbs light, critical for converting solar energy into chemical energy.
Photosynthesis Reactions
- The overall equation is 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2.
- During photosynthesis, CO2 is reduced to glucose (C6H12O6), and water is oxidized to oxygen (O2).
Light Reactions
- Occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, converting light energy to chemical energy (ATP and NADPH).
- Water is split during light reactions, providing electrons and releasing O2 as a by-product.
- The main inputs for light reactions include ADP + P, NADP+, H2O, and light energy; outputs are ATP, NADPH, and O2.
Calvin Cycle
- The Calvin cycle occurs in the chloroplast stroma and utilizes CO2 and products of light reactions to synthesize sugar.
- Key steps include carbon fixation, reduction of 3-carbon molecules to G3P, and regeneration of RuBP.
- Inputs consist of CO2, ATP, and NADPH; outputs include G3P, NADP+, and ADP + P.
Carotenoids and Pigments
- Chlorophyll A primarily absorbs blue-violet and red light, reflecting green light, while chlorophyll B broadens light absorption range.
- Carotenoids protect plants from excessive sunlight and broaden the light spectrum usable for photosynthesis.
C3, C4, and CAM Plants
- C3 plants use the Calvin cycle directly for CO2 incorporation, producing a three-carbon compound.
- C4 plants initially convert CO2 into four-carbon compounds for later use in the Calvin cycle.
- CAM plants absorb CO2 at night and store it for use during the day, minimizing water loss.
Importance of Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis plays a crucial role in converting atmospheric CO2 into organic compounds and releasing oxygen.
- Approximately 50% of photosynthesis products are utilized for cellular respiration and organic molecule synthesis; excess is stored as cellulose.
Greenhouse Effect
- The greenhouse effect is the warming caused by gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor trapping solar radiation, which provides insulation for the planet.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge on photosynthesis with this quiz based on Chapter 7 of BIO 20. Learn about the processes and organisms involved in photosynthesis, including autotrophs and heterotrophs. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of plant biology and energy conversion.