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Questions and Answers
Which type of bond is generally considered the strongest?
Which type of bond is generally considered the strongest?
Polar covalent bonds involve the equal sharing of electrons between atoms.
Polar covalent bonds involve the equal sharing of electrons between atoms.
False (B)
What term describes the charge status of atoms participating in ionic bonds?
What term describes the charge status of atoms participating in ionic bonds?
full charge
A _____ bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms.
A _____ bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms.
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Match the type of bond to its characteristic:
Match the type of bond to its characteristic:
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Which of the following statements correctly describes nonpolar covalent bonds?
Which of the following statements correctly describes nonpolar covalent bonds?
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Describe what happens to the electrons in a polar covalent bond.
Describe what happens to the electrons in a polar covalent bond.
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What type of bond is formed when atoms share a pair of electrons equally?
What type of bond is formed when atoms share a pair of electrons equally?
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C-H is an example of a polar covalent bond.
C-H is an example of a polar covalent bond.
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What is defined as the ability of an atom to strip electrons away from another atom?
What is defined as the ability of an atom to strip electrons away from another atom?
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Atoms with differing electronegativity share electrons __________ in polar covalent bonds.
Atoms with differing electronegativity share electrons __________ in polar covalent bonds.
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Which of the following bonds is typically a polar covalent bond?
Which of the following bonds is typically a polar covalent bond?
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Covalent bonds are typically considered weak chemical bonds.
Covalent bonds are typically considered weak chemical bonds.
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What is the role of trypsin in the stomach?
What is the role of trypsin in the stomach?
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What type of covalent bond is formed between atoms with equal or similar electronegativity?
What type of covalent bond is formed between atoms with equal or similar electronegativity?
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The bond formed between oxygen and carbon is usually a __________ covalent bond.
The bond formed between oxygen and carbon is usually a __________ covalent bond.
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Trypsin operates best at a pH of 7.
Trypsin operates best at a pH of 7.
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Match the type of covalent bond to its characteristic:
Match the type of covalent bond to its characteristic:
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At what pH do molecules in the stomach operate for breaking down large food molecules?
At what pH do molecules in the stomach operate for breaking down large food molecules?
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Trypsin is a protein made by the __________.
Trypsin is a protein made by the __________.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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What does a decrease in pH indicate about hydrogen ion concentration?
What does a decrease in pH indicate about hydrogen ion concentration?
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Buffers help to maintain a stable pH by absorbing excess H+ or OH- ions.
Buffers help to maintain a stable pH by absorbing excess H+ or OH- ions.
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Calculate the concentration of hydrogen ions when the pH is 4.
Calculate the concentration of hydrogen ions when the pH is 4.
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Water dissociates into hydroxide ions (OH-) and __________ ions (H+).
Water dissociates into hydroxide ions (OH-) and __________ ions (H+).
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Match the pH values with their acidity:
Match the pH values with their acidity:
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What is the relationship between hydrogen ion concentration and pH?
What is the relationship between hydrogen ion concentration and pH?
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The higher the pH level, the more acidic the solution.
The higher the pH level, the more acidic the solution.
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Provide one example of a buffer in the human body.
Provide one example of a buffer in the human body.
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The formula to calculate pH is __________ = log[H+].
The formula to calculate pH is __________ = log[H+].
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At what pH value is a solution considered neutral?
At what pH value is a solution considered neutral?
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What strongly influences the function of a protein?
What strongly influences the function of a protein?
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A protein's shape has no impact on its function.
A protein's shape has no impact on its function.
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At what pH level do molecules in the stomach operate effectively?
At what pH level do molecules in the stomach operate effectively?
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Proteins must maintain their ______ to function properly.
Proteins must maintain their ______ to function properly.
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Match the following pH levels with their corresponding solution type:
Match the following pH levels with their corresponding solution type:
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The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a solution is, ranging from:
The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a solution is, ranging from:
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A more basic solution has a lower concentration of H+ ions.
A more basic solution has a lower concentration of H+ ions.
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What role do molecules in the stomach play regarding food?
What role do molecules in the stomach play regarding food?
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A pH level of 7 is considered ______.
A pH level of 7 is considered ______.
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Which pH level indicates a very acidic environment?
Which pH level indicates a very acidic environment?
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Study Notes
Chemical Bonds and Molecules
- Molecules are formed when two or more atoms are bonded together
- A compound is a molecule with different types of atoms
- Chemical formulas use symbols and subscripts to show the elements and quantity of each atom in a molecule
- Atoms form chemical bonds to achieve complete valence electron shells.
Types of Chemical Bonds
- Ionic bonds: Atoms give or take electrons to become ions with full valence shells. These ions are attracted to each other due to opposite charges
-
Covalent bonds: Atoms share electrons to complete their valence shells.
- Nonpolar covalent bonds: Atoms share electrons equally.
- Polar covalent bonds: Atoms share electrons unequally, causing partial charges
- Examples include C-H, C-C, O-H, and N-H
- Hydrogen bonds: A hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge interacts with a more electronegative atom (like oxygen or nitrogen) of another molecule. Individually, hydrogen bonds are weak but collectively they can be strong.
- Van der Waals forces: Weak attractions between all molecules due to temporary shifts in electron distribution.
Polar vs. Nonpolar
- Polar molecules have an uneven distribution of charge, while nonpolar molecules have an even distribution of charge.
- Polar molecules readily dissolve in water (hydrophilic).
- Nonpolar molecules do not dissolve in water (hydrophobic).
- Amphipathic molecules have both polar and nonpolar regions.
Chemical Reactions
- A chemical reaction occurs when substances rearrange to form new substances
- Chemical reactions proceed in both directions and reach equilibrium when the rates of product formation and reactant formation are equal
- Reactions in living organisms frequently use enzymes as catalysts to speed up the reaction rate
pH and Buffers
- pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.
- A lower pH indicates a higher concentration of H+ (more acidic).
- A higher pH indicates a lower concentration of H+ (more basic).
- Pure water has a pH of 7 (neutral).
- Buffers are substances that resist changes in pH by reacting with excess H+ or OH– ions.
- Biological systems heavily use buffers to maintain pH in specific ranges.
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