6.1 Emission Norms and Regulations
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Questions and Answers

What do emission norms regulate?

  • The speed limit for vehicles on the road
  • The number of vehicles allowed on the road
  • The amount of pollutants that can be released into the environment (correct)
  • The type of fuel used in vehicles

Which agency manages emissions standards in the United States?

  • Department of Transportation
  • Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
  • National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (correct)

Which pollutants are generally regulated by emission norms?

  • Nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides, particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), volatile hydrocarbons (correct)
  • Nitrous oxide, radon, carbon dioxide, oxygen, methane
  • Hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone
  • Water vapor, dust particles, oxygen, helium, argon

Which region has special dispensation to set more stringent vehicle emissions standards?

<p>California (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In addition to automobiles, what else can emission norms regulate?

<p>Industry, power plants, diesel generators (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which set of standards do all new vehicles in the European Union have to meet?

<p>'Euro' emissions standards (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important advantage of common-rail injection over conventional injection?

<p>Increased fuel efficiency and reduced noise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum outlet pressure in a modern CRDI system?

<p>1800 bar (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component in the CRDI system stores a reservoir of fuel at very high pressure?

<p>High pressure pump (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does CRDI technology impact combustion quality?

<p>Improves combustion quality due to pilot and post injection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a main disadvantage of CRDI technology according to the text?

<p>High initial cost and maintenance of the engine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a common rail in a CRDI system?

<p>It stores a reservoir of high-pressure fuel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major exhaust emission common to both Spark Ignition (SI) and Compression Ignition (CI) engines?

<p>Unburnt hydrocarbons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In India, what is the maximum speed at which vehicles are tested for Bharat Stage III (BS-III) emissions?

<p>90 km/h (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which norm requires an extra loading of 150 kg weight in addition to the unloaded car weight for mass emission testing in India?

<p>Bharat Stage III (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs after the combustion process ends in the cylinder of an engine?

<p>Expansion stroke (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of emissions is mainly from Compression Ignition (CI) engines?

<p>Particulates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a non-exhaust emission mentioned in the text?

<p>Unburnt hydrocarbons from fuel tank (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which norm introduced mandatory fitment of Catalytic Converter for cars in Metros on Unleaded Gasoline?

<p>India 2000 (Euro I) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a rich mixture in an engine lack according to the text?

<p>$O_2$ to react with carbon and hydrogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the catalytic material in the ceramic passages of a converter?

<p>To promote oxidation reactions in the exhaust gas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a Multi-Point Fuel Injection system, where is fuel injected?

<p>Into each intake port of the engine's cylinder head (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of having quick response in Multi-Point Fuel Injection systems?

<p>To provide better fuel efficiency under various driving conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is CRDI technology more suitable for diesel engines?

<p>Because it improves atomization by using high injection pressures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the common rail in CRDI engines?

<p>To act as an accumulator and distribute fuel at constant pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Multi-Point Fuel Injection systems from single-point fuel injection systems?

<p>Multi-Point Fuel Injection systems deliver fuel to each cylinder precisely (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does MPFI contribute to improved combustion in internal combustion engines?

<p>By delivering precise amounts of fuel to each cylinder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for using aluminum oxide (alumina) as the base ceramic material in catalytic converters?

<p>Its chemical neutrality and high-temperature resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates conventional DI diesel engines from CRDI engines?

<p>In CRDI engines, the pressure is built up independently of the injection sequence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of thermal converters in engines?

<p>To accelerate the oxidation of CO and HC in the exhaust gas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum temperature required for the oxidation reaction of CO + 1/2 O2 to CO2 to occur at a useful rate?

<p>$700$C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it difficult to fit large thermal converters in modern automobile engine compartments?

<p>There is limited space in modern engine compartments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What problem does adding outside air to a thermal converter system create?

<p>It reduces the efficiency of the oxidation reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of catalytic converters in reducing engine emissions?

<p>To reduce CO, HC, and NOx concentrations in the exhaust (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a catalyst function in a catalytic converter?

<p>By lowering the energy required for reactions to proceed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are catalytic converters referred to as 'three-way converters'?

<p>They reduce three different emissions in the exhaust gases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What material is commonly used for the structure inside catalytic converters?

<p>Porous ceramic material (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Catalytic converters are mounted in the flow system through which ______.'

<p>'the exhaust gases pass through' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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