38 Questions
What do emission norms regulate?
The amount of pollutants that can be released into the environment
Which agency manages emissions standards in the United States?
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Which pollutants are generally regulated by emission norms?
Nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides, particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), volatile hydrocarbons
Which region has special dispensation to set more stringent vehicle emissions standards?
California
In addition to automobiles, what else can emission norms regulate?
Industry, power plants, diesel generators
Which set of standards do all new vehicles in the European Union have to meet?
'Euro' emissions standards
What is an important advantage of common-rail injection over conventional injection?
Increased fuel efficiency and reduced noise
What is the maximum outlet pressure in a modern CRDI system?
1800 bar
What component in the CRDI system stores a reservoir of fuel at very high pressure?
High pressure pump
How does CRDI technology impact combustion quality?
Improves combustion quality due to pilot and post injection
What is a main disadvantage of CRDI technology according to the text?
High initial cost and maintenance of the engine
What is the purpose of a common rail in a CRDI system?
It stores a reservoir of high-pressure fuel
What is a major exhaust emission common to both Spark Ignition (SI) and Compression Ignition (CI) engines?
Unburnt hydrocarbons
In India, what is the maximum speed at which vehicles are tested for Bharat Stage III (BS-III) emissions?
90 km/h
Which norm requires an extra loading of 150 kg weight in addition to the unloaded car weight for mass emission testing in India?
Bharat Stage III
What process occurs after the combustion process ends in the cylinder of an engine?
Expansion stroke
Which type of emissions is mainly from Compression Ignition (CI) engines?
Particulates
What is a non-exhaust emission mentioned in the text?
Unburnt hydrocarbons from fuel tank
Which norm introduced mandatory fitment of Catalytic Converter for cars in Metros on Unleaded Gasoline?
India 2000 (Euro I)
What does a rich mixture in an engine lack according to the text?
$O_2$ to react with carbon and hydrogen
What is the function of the catalytic material in the ceramic passages of a converter?
To promote oxidation reactions in the exhaust gas
In a Multi-Point Fuel Injection system, where is fuel injected?
Into each intake port of the engine's cylinder head
What is the purpose of having quick response in Multi-Point Fuel Injection systems?
To provide better fuel efficiency under various driving conditions
Why is CRDI technology more suitable for diesel engines?
Because it improves atomization by using high injection pressures
What is the purpose of the common rail in CRDI engines?
To act as an accumulator and distribute fuel at constant pressure
What distinguishes Multi-Point Fuel Injection systems from single-point fuel injection systems?
Multi-Point Fuel Injection systems deliver fuel to each cylinder precisely
How does MPFI contribute to improved combustion in internal combustion engines?
By delivering precise amounts of fuel to each cylinder
What is the primary reason for using aluminum oxide (alumina) as the base ceramic material in catalytic converters?
Its chemical neutrality and high-temperature resistance
What differentiates conventional DI diesel engines from CRDI engines?
In CRDI engines, the pressure is built up independently of the injection sequence.
What is the purpose of thermal converters in engines?
To accelerate the oxidation of CO and HC in the exhaust gas
What is the minimum temperature required for the oxidation reaction of CO + 1/2 O2 to CO2 to occur at a useful rate?
$700$C
Why is it difficult to fit large thermal converters in modern automobile engine compartments?
There is limited space in modern engine compartments
What problem does adding outside air to a thermal converter system create?
It reduces the efficiency of the oxidation reactions
What is the role of catalytic converters in reducing engine emissions?
To reduce CO, HC, and NOx concentrations in the exhaust
How does a catalyst function in a catalytic converter?
By lowering the energy required for reactions to proceed
Why are catalytic converters referred to as 'three-way converters'?
They reduce three different emissions in the exhaust gases
What material is commonly used for the structure inside catalytic converters?
Porous ceramic material
'Catalytic converters are mounted in the flow system through which ______.'
'the exhaust gases pass through'
Explore the concept of emission norms, which are regulations that set limits on the amount of pollutants released into the environment. Learn about the pollutants regulated, such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and volatile organic compounds.
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