6.1 Emission Norms and Regulations

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What do emission norms regulate?

The speed limit for vehicles on the road

The number of vehicles allowed on the road

The amount of pollutants that can be released into the environment (correct)

The type of fuel used in vehicles

Which agency manages emissions standards in the United States?

Department of Transportation

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (correct)

Which pollutants are generally regulated by emission norms?

Nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides, particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), volatile hydrocarbons (correct)

Nitrous oxide, radon, carbon dioxide, oxygen, methane

Hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone

Water vapor, dust particles, oxygen, helium, argon

Which region has special dispensation to set more stringent vehicle emissions standards?

California Signup and view all the answers

In addition to automobiles, what else can emission norms regulate?

Industry, power plants, diesel generators Signup and view all the answers

Which set of standards do all new vehicles in the European Union have to meet?

'Euro' emissions standards Signup and view all the answers

What is an important advantage of common-rail injection over conventional injection?

Increased fuel efficiency and reduced noise Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum outlet pressure in a modern CRDI system?

1800 bar Signup and view all the answers

What component in the CRDI system stores a reservoir of fuel at very high pressure?

High pressure pump Signup and view all the answers

How does CRDI technology impact combustion quality?

Improves combustion quality due to pilot and post injection Signup and view all the answers

What is a main disadvantage of CRDI technology according to the text?

High initial cost and maintenance of the engine Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a common rail in a CRDI system?

It stores a reservoir of high-pressure fuel Signup and view all the answers

What is a major exhaust emission common to both Spark Ignition (SI) and Compression Ignition (CI) engines?

Unburnt hydrocarbons Signup and view all the answers

In India, what is the maximum speed at which vehicles are tested for Bharat Stage III (BS-III) emissions?

90 km/h Signup and view all the answers

Which norm requires an extra loading of 150 kg weight in addition to the unloaded car weight for mass emission testing in India?

Bharat Stage III Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs after the combustion process ends in the cylinder of an engine?

Expansion stroke Signup and view all the answers

Which type of emissions is mainly from Compression Ignition (CI) engines?

Particulates Signup and view all the answers

What is a non-exhaust emission mentioned in the text?

Unburnt hydrocarbons from fuel tank Signup and view all the answers

Which norm introduced mandatory fitment of Catalytic Converter for cars in Metros on Unleaded Gasoline?

India 2000 (Euro I) Signup and view all the answers

What does a rich mixture in an engine lack according to the text?

$O_2$ to react with carbon and hydrogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the catalytic material in the ceramic passages of a converter?

To promote oxidation reactions in the exhaust gas Signup and view all the answers

In a Multi-Point Fuel Injection system, where is fuel injected?

Into each intake port of the engine's cylinder head Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of having quick response in Multi-Point Fuel Injection systems?

To provide better fuel efficiency under various driving conditions Signup and view all the answers

Why is CRDI technology more suitable for diesel engines?

Because it improves atomization by using high injection pressures Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the common rail in CRDI engines?

To act as an accumulator and distribute fuel at constant pressure Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Multi-Point Fuel Injection systems from single-point fuel injection systems?

Multi-Point Fuel Injection systems deliver fuel to each cylinder precisely Signup and view all the answers

How does MPFI contribute to improved combustion in internal combustion engines?

By delivering precise amounts of fuel to each cylinder Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for using aluminum oxide (alumina) as the base ceramic material in catalytic converters?

Its chemical neutrality and high-temperature resistance Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates conventional DI diesel engines from CRDI engines?

In CRDI engines, the pressure is built up independently of the injection sequence. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of thermal converters in engines?

To accelerate the oxidation of CO and HC in the exhaust gas Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum temperature required for the oxidation reaction of CO + 1/2 O2 to CO2 to occur at a useful rate?

$700$C Signup and view all the answers

Why is it difficult to fit large thermal converters in modern automobile engine compartments?

There is limited space in modern engine compartments Signup and view all the answers

What problem does adding outside air to a thermal converter system create?

It reduces the efficiency of the oxidation reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of catalytic converters in reducing engine emissions?

To reduce CO, HC, and NOx concentrations in the exhaust Signup and view all the answers

How does a catalyst function in a catalytic converter?

By lowering the energy required for reactions to proceed Signup and view all the answers

Why are catalytic converters referred to as 'three-way converters'?

They reduce three different emissions in the exhaust gases Signup and view all the answers

What material is commonly used for the structure inside catalytic converters?

Porous ceramic material Signup and view all the answers

'Catalytic converters are mounted in the flow system through which ______.'

'the exhaust gases pass through' Signup and view all the answers