41 Questions
What do emission norms regulate?
Amount of pollutants released into the environment
Which pollutant is commonly regulated by emission norms?
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Who manages emissions standards in the United States?
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Which region has its own set of emissions standards for vehicles?
European Union
What is California's special dispensation regarding vehicle emissions standards?
To promulgate more stringent standards
'Nonroad mobile machinery' refers to which type of vehicles regulated by emissions standards?
Tractors
What is an important advantage of common-rail injection over conventional injection?
Fuel atomization improvement and controllability of injection processes
What is the purpose of the common rail in a CRDI system?
To store a reservoir of fuel at high pressure
How does CRDI technology help in reducing emissions?
By reducing particulates in the exhaust
What is the main function of a high pressure pump in a CRDI system?
To maintain the designed pressure for fuel injectors
How does CRDI technology improve fuel efficiency?
By better pulverization of fuel
What is a disadvantage of CRDI technology mentioned in the text?
High initial cost and maintenance
Why do catalytic converters for CI engines require larger flow passages?
To accommodate the solid soot in the exhaust gases
What is the main purpose of the ceramic passages in a catalytic converter?
To promote oxidation reactions in exhaust gas
What is the base ceramic material used for most catalytic converters?
Aluminum oxide
Why is multi-point fuel injection considered more precise than central point fuel injection?
It provides more accurate fuel distribution to each cylinder
How does a Multi-Point Fuel Injection system contribute to improved combustion in an engine?
By delivering precise amounts of fuel to each cylinder
What is a benefit of Multi-Point Fuel Injection systems during cold starts?
They help the engine start more easily and run smoothly
What problem arises with diesel fuel atomization compared to gasoline in conventional engines?
Diesel particles are larger and heavier than gasoline
Why is CRDI technology more suitable for diesel engines?
Because CRDI improves atomization using high pressure injection
What role does a common rail play in a CRDI engine?
It acts as an accumulator and distributes fuel at high pressure to injectors
How do high speed solenoid valves contribute to CRDI engine performance?
They control injection timing and fuel amount for each cylinder independently
What is one major distinction between Bharat Stage III and Euro-III emission norms mentioned in the text?
The maximum speed at which the vehicle is tested
Which emissions are common to both Spark Ignition (SI) and Compression Ignition (CI) engines?
Unburnt hydrocarbons, oxides of carbon, oxides of nitrogen, particulates
What is the main non-exhaust emission mentioned in the text?
Unburnt hydrocarbons from fuel tank and crankcase blow by
Why do Hydrocarbon (HC) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) emissions increase with a rich mixture in an SI engine according to the text?
Decrease in oxygen availability for complete combustion
What causes higher exhaust temperature in an engine according to the text?
Retarded spark timing
Which is NOT mentioned as a factor contributing to higher engine emissions in the text?
Advanced spark timing
What significant change occurred in 2005 regarding emission norms in India?
Introduction of Bharat Stage III norms for entire country
"Out of the following options, which is a measure taken to reduce undesirable engine emissions?"
Add on devices for after-treatment
What is the purpose of mandatory fitment of Catalytic Converter for cars in metros on Unleaded Gasoline?
To reduce unburnt hydrocarbon emissions
What is the main purpose of thermal converters in engines?
To promote oxidation of CO and HC emissions
Why is it challenging to fit a thermal converter into modern automobile engine compartments?
Because modern automobiles have limited space in the engine compartment
What is the function of the catalytic converter in engine exhaust systems?
To oxidize CO and HC to CO2 and H2O
Why are certain catalysts added to catalytic converters?
To accelerate the oxidation processes at lower temperatures
What distinguishes a catalytic converter from a thermal converter in terms of temperature requirements?
Catalytic converters need lower temperatures for efficient operation
What is the primary reason for the inclusion of an air intake in some thermal converter systems?
To provide additional oxygen for reactions with CO and HC
Why are most catalytic converters referred to as three-way converters?
Due to their ability to convert CO, HC, and NOx in exhaust gases
What happens inside a catalytic converter when exhaust gases pass through it?
The catalytic material promotes oxidation of exhaust emissions
Why does a catalyst accelerate a chemical reaction?
By lowering the energy needed for the reaction to proceed
What is the purpose of adding loose granular ceramic in some catalytic converters?
To provide more surface area for oxidation reactions
Learn about the statutory requirements that set specific limits on pollutants released into the environment, focusing on automobiles, industry, power plants, and generators. Understand the regulation of emissions such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and volatile organic compounds.
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