6.1 Emission Norms Overview

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What do emission norms regulate?

Amount of pollutants released into the environment (correct)

Amount of vehicles produced annually

Types of fuel used in automobiles

Number of power plants in a state

Which pollutant is commonly regulated by emission norms?

Water vapor (H2O)

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) (correct)

Oxygen (O2)

Who manages emissions standards in the United States?

Department of Transportation

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (correct)

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)

National Security Agency (NSA)

Which region has its own set of emissions standards for vehicles?

European Union Signup and view all the answers

What is California's special dispensation regarding vehicle emissions standards?

To promulgate more stringent standards Signup and view all the answers

'Nonroad mobile machinery' refers to which type of vehicles regulated by emissions standards?

Tractors Signup and view all the answers

What is an important advantage of common-rail injection over conventional injection?

Fuel atomization improvement and controllability of injection processes Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the common rail in a CRDI system?

To store a reservoir of fuel at high pressure Signup and view all the answers

How does CRDI technology help in reducing emissions?

By reducing particulates in the exhaust Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of a high pressure pump in a CRDI system?

To maintain the designed pressure for fuel injectors Signup and view all the answers

How does CRDI technology improve fuel efficiency?

By better pulverization of fuel Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of CRDI technology mentioned in the text?

High initial cost and maintenance Signup and view all the answers

Why do catalytic converters for CI engines require larger flow passages?

To accommodate the solid soot in the exhaust gases Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the ceramic passages in a catalytic converter?

To promote oxidation reactions in exhaust gas Signup and view all the answers

What is the base ceramic material used for most catalytic converters?

Aluminum oxide Signup and view all the answers

Why is multi-point fuel injection considered more precise than central point fuel injection?

It provides more accurate fuel distribution to each cylinder Signup and view all the answers

How does a Multi-Point Fuel Injection system contribute to improved combustion in an engine?

By delivering precise amounts of fuel to each cylinder Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of Multi-Point Fuel Injection systems during cold starts?

They help the engine start more easily and run smoothly Signup and view all the answers

What problem arises with diesel fuel atomization compared to gasoline in conventional engines?

Diesel particles are larger and heavier than gasoline Signup and view all the answers

Why is CRDI technology more suitable for diesel engines?

Because CRDI improves atomization using high pressure injection Signup and view all the answers

What role does a common rail play in a CRDI engine?

It acts as an accumulator and distributes fuel at high pressure to injectors Signup and view all the answers

How do high speed solenoid valves contribute to CRDI engine performance?

They control injection timing and fuel amount for each cylinder independently Signup and view all the answers

What is one major distinction between Bharat Stage III and Euro-III emission norms mentioned in the text?

The maximum speed at which the vehicle is tested Signup and view all the answers

Which emissions are common to both Spark Ignition (SI) and Compression Ignition (CI) engines?

Unburnt hydrocarbons, oxides of carbon, oxides of nitrogen, particulates Signup and view all the answers

What is the main non-exhaust emission mentioned in the text?

Unburnt hydrocarbons from fuel tank and crankcase blow by Signup and view all the answers

Why do Hydrocarbon (HC) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) emissions increase with a rich mixture in an SI engine according to the text?

Decrease in oxygen availability for complete combustion Signup and view all the answers

What causes higher exhaust temperature in an engine according to the text?

Retarded spark timing Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT mentioned as a factor contributing to higher engine emissions in the text?

Advanced spark timing Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurred in 2005 regarding emission norms in India?

Introduction of Bharat Stage III norms for entire country Signup and view all the answers

"Out of the following options, which is a measure taken to reduce undesirable engine emissions?"

Add on devices for after-treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of mandatory fitment of Catalytic Converter for cars in metros on Unleaded Gasoline?

To reduce unburnt hydrocarbon emissions Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of thermal converters in engines?

To promote oxidation of CO and HC emissions Signup and view all the answers

Why is it challenging to fit a thermal converter into modern automobile engine compartments?

Because modern automobiles have limited space in the engine compartment Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the catalytic converter in engine exhaust systems?

To oxidize CO and HC to CO2 and H2O Signup and view all the answers

Why are certain catalysts added to catalytic converters?

To accelerate the oxidation processes at lower temperatures Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a catalytic converter from a thermal converter in terms of temperature requirements?

Catalytic converters need lower temperatures for efficient operation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the inclusion of an air intake in some thermal converter systems?

To provide additional oxygen for reactions with CO and HC Signup and view all the answers

Why are most catalytic converters referred to as three-way converters?

Due to their ability to convert CO, HC, and NOx in exhaust gases Signup and view all the answers

What happens inside a catalytic converter when exhaust gases pass through it?

The catalytic material promotes oxidation of exhaust emissions Signup and view all the answers

Why does a catalyst accelerate a chemical reaction?

By lowering the energy needed for the reaction to proceed Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adding loose granular ceramic in some catalytic converters?

To provide more surface area for oxidation reactions Signup and view all the answers