Hematology unit 1

Which technology is used for measuring cell parameters through light scattering?

Optical detection and electrical impedance are both principles of cell counting.

What does RDW stand for in hematology?

The normal range for RDW is __________.

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Which of the following is a fundamental concept in laser technology?

Flow cytometry can provide information on both cell size and granularity.

A histogram is used to represent the distribution of __________ in hematology.

What is the primary factor influencing the sorting of leukocytes in a size-referenced histogram?

The RDW value in a Coulter series reflects the average size of erythrocytes.

What specific cellular properties does a cytometer measure in the principle of flow cytometry?

In healthy patients, there is an ______ relationship between platelet count and platelet size.

Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions:

Platelet counting and sizing using electrical impedance methods do not account for the native size of platelets.

Explain how electrical impedance is used for cell counting and sizing.

Which of the following techniques is NOT a part of the three distinct steps involved in flow cytometry?

What principle is used in the electrical impedance method of cell counting?

Optical detection methods rely on the measurement of electrical resistance to count cells.

What is the primary measurement used in the optical detection method for counting cells?

The amplitude of the electrical pulse in electrical impedance indicates the cell's ______.

Match the following light scattering processes with their descriptions:

What does the number of electrical pulses generated in the electrical impedance method indicate?

Forward light scatter is used to determine the refractive properties of cells.

In optical detection, what is used to detect scattered light?

What does forward high-angle light scatter allow for in measurements?

Laser light is only made up of a variety of wavelengths and colors.

What does LASER stand for?

In flow cytometry, cells are stained in __________.

Match the light scattering types with their descriptions:

Which property does flow cytometry NOT combine?

The RF pulse is inversely proportional to the nuclear size and density of a cell.

What is one major advantage of using laser light in flow cytometers?

Which of the following is NOT an innovation in hematology instrumentation?

Erythrocyte histograms can only display cells that are 36 femtoliters or larger.

What does a wide or more flattened histogram curve indicate about cell size distribution?

In the Coulter system, the size of cells is represented on the x-axis in __________.

Match the following cell counting innovations with their descriptions:

What is typically measured using the traditional cyanmethemoglobin flow-cell method?

Leukocyte histograms can provide information about the frequency of leukocyte populations.

What graphical representation shows cell frequencies versus their sizes?

What method is used to estimate young, reticulated platelets?

Flow cytometry is only useful for the diagnosis of solid tumors, not hematologic neoplasia.

Automated digital cell morphology provides a higher level of _____ and consistency.

Match each technique with its description:

Which of the following is NOT a primary application of flow cytometry?

The fibrometer is an example of a photo-optical method used in coagulation studies.

What is the role of monoclonal antibodies in flow cytometry?

The complete blood count (CBC) includes only quantitative measurements of red blood cells.

Which of the following is NOT a component of the complete blood count (CBC)?

Why are manual counts of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets sometimes necessary despite the availability of automated instrumentation?

In manual cell counting, blood specimens are diluted with specific ______ to ensure accurate counting.

What is the principle behind most lysing agents used in manual cell counting?

Match the following CBC parameters with their descriptions:

What is the primary function of red blood cells?

The Rule of Three applies to all types of red blood cells, regardless of their size or color.

The manual erythrocyte count involves counting red blood cells in a ______ grid.

What is the primary reason for performing a blood volume measurement?

Which of the following is NOT a source of error in the manual erythrocyte count?

Which of the following factors can lead to an elevated hemoglobin (Hb) measurement?

The cyanmethemoglobin method is a common method for manual and automated Hb determination.

What is the primary reason for performing a manual Hb determination?

In the cyanmethemoglobin method, blood is incubated with ______ reagent to induce lysing.

Which of the following strategies is NOT used to address high WBC count interference in Hb measurement?

Match the following specimen characteristics with their corresponding effects on Hb measurement:

Manual Hct results are more accurate than automated Hct results because they are not affected by trapped plasma.

What is the main source of error that can falsely decrease Hct values in manual Hct determination?

What is the dilution factor used in a manual RBC counting procedure?

The volume correction factor remains the same regardless of the number of squares counted in the hemocytometer.

What is the final RBC count if 400 cells are counted in the hemocytometer using the given formula? RBC count/mm^6 = RBCs x 50 x 200

The Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) reflects the average ______ or size of a red blood cell.

Match the following red blood cell indices with their corresponding definitions:

Which of the following is a reagent used in manual WBC counts?

In a manual WBC count, the volume of one 'W' section is 0.4 mm3.

What is the volume correction factor when counting 4 'W' sections in a manual WBC count?

In a manual WBC count, the variation in the count from both sides of the hemocytometer should be no more than ______ cells for good distribution.

Match the following hemocytometers with their corresponding dimensions:

Which of the following factors can contribute to errors in manual WBC counts?

An absolute cell count is always the preferred method for assessing inflammation.

What is the main reason why a high eosinophil count might be observed in a patient?

The ______ is the least numerous granulocyte in peripheral circulation.

The absolute number of segmented neutrophils and bands is considered to be a more specific index of inflammation than other tests.

What is the primary reason why the total leukocyte count can drop in patients with overwhelming infection?

What does a complete blood count (CBC) NOT typically analyze?

Automated methods for cell counting completely eliminate the need for manual counts.

What is the main purpose of a hemacytometer?

In blood cell analysis, the term _________ refers to the average size of erythrocytes.

Why are lysing agents used in manual counts?

Match each measurement with its description:

RBC indices are a standard part of the CBC.

What is the backup method used for measuring hemoglobin?

In what phase of hematopoiesis does the bone marrow become the primary site of blood cell production?

Fetal hematopoiesis takes place exclusively in the bone marrow.

What are the two main types of hemoglobin found in erythrocytes during the Embryonic Phase of hematopoiesis?

The _______ is a primary site of hematopoiesis in a developing adult.

Match the following phases of hematopoiesis with their primary sites of blood cell production:

The fetal liver is the primary site of hematopoiesis throughout the entire pregnancy.

What are the two main types of cells produced during the Embryonic Phase of hematopoiesis?

Which of the following is NOT a hematopoietic organ or tissue?

Totipotent stem cells can develop into any human cell type, including a fetus.

What are the three types of stem cells mentioned in the text?

Where does erythropoiesis primarily occur?

Lymphocytes are produced in erythropoietic islands.

What is the lifespan of neutrophils once they enter peripheral circulation?

Megakaryocytes deliver __________ into the blood.

Match the following hematopoietic processes with their characteristics:

What are the main components found in the bone marrow?

Granulopoiesis produces lymphocytes and plasma cells.

How long does it take for megakaryocytes to develop?

Which hematopoietic growth factor primarily stimulates T and B lymphocytes?

Granulocytes exhibit a smooth chromatin pattern throughout their development.

What is the significance of the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (N:C Ratio) in cell identification?

IL-12 targets __________ cells.

Match the cell type with its nuclear characteristic:

What characteristic is NOT useful for the identification of stained blood cells?

The nucleus of erythrocytes continues to develop a more clumped pattern until it is lost during maturation.

Identify one important feature of the nucleus used in cell identification.

What is the primary function of interleukins?

Cytokines are immune cells that only bind to receptors on target immune cells.

How many lobes can the nuclei of mature neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils have?

What type of cells do osteoblasts resemble?

Mature blood cells generally retain visible nucleoli as they mature.

Which type of blood cell typically has one to five nucleoli?

Interleukins are a part of the __________ superfamily.

Which chromosome is associated with encoding Erythropoietin (EPO)?

Younger blood cells in the maturation process tend to be more ______, whereas mature cells are more pink to neutral-colored.

Match the following blood cell types with their nucleoli characteristics:

There are currently interleukins identified beyond number 35.

What is a normal finding in monocytes related to their cytoplasmic characteristics?

What is the main role of hematopoietic growth factors?

Granulation is solely used to identify the presence of leukocytes.

What is the significance of Auer rods in cell identification?

What is the primary function of erythropoietin (EPO)?

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is involved in the production of red blood cells.

What are the three types of stem cells present in the hematopoietic system?

The cellular elements of bone marrow can be divided into four phases: primitive, __________, precursors, and mature cells.

Which of the following hematopoietic organs is responsible for the maturation of T cells?

Match the type of stem cell with its description:

What is the M:E ratio at the mentioned stage of hematopoiesis?

Multipotential stem cells can give rise to all types of human cells.

What are the two types of cell death?

The ______ phase of the cell cycle is characterized by mitotic inactivity.

Apoptosis is a passive process that does not involve active molecular mechanisms.

Transcription factors are involved in normal protooncogene activity during growth.

What is the name of the segment of DNA that is responsible for encoding a specific protein?

What is the primary function of the p53 gene?

Match the following disorders with whether they are associated with decreased or increased apoptosis:

What is the name given to the normal counterparts of viral oncogenes in the human genome?

What type of cell is responsible for initiating the development of a hematopoietic neoplasm?

Cancer is always caused by alterations in a single oncogene.

Mutations in the p53 gene can lead to ______ cell proliferation.

Active transport processes require energy to move molecules against the concentration gradient.

What type of genetic alteration leads to sickle cell anemia?

Which of the following processes is NOT an example of adaptive cell change?

The engulfment of fluids into the cytoplasm is known as ______.

What is the main function of the sodium-potassium pump?

Match the following cell changes with their descriptions:

What is the primary role of lysosomes in phagocytosis?

Explain the importance of cell volume homeostasis.

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

The Golgi apparatus is shaped like a sphere.

Cytoplasmic organelles are structures within a cell that can be easily visualized with a light microscope.

What is the primary function of lysosomes?

Microfilaments are solid structures composed of the protein ______.

Match the following organelles with their descriptions:

Which of these is NOT present within the mitochondria?

Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.

What color does cytoplasm appear when stained with Wright stain?

What is the primary function of erythrocytes?

The normal range for erythrocytes in adults is ______ to ______ million per mm3.

What are the three subphases of interphase?

Translocation is a numerical aberration.

What is the process called where a segment of a chromosome breaks away and attaches to another chromosome?

The loss of a segment of a chromosome is called a ______.

Match the following phases of mitosis with their descriptions.

What is the primary role of clinical cytogenetics?

Trisomy is a structural aberration.

What is the name for the period of cell division where the cytoplasm divides?

Leukocytes are the smallest cells in the blood.

What is the normal range for thrombocytes in adults?

The cell membrane is a ______ barrier that separates the cellular components from the external environment.

Match the following blood components with their descriptions:

What are the three main formed elements of blood?

The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the cell membrane as a rigid, static arrangement.

What is the approximate lifespan of erythrocytes?

Which of the following is NOT a site of hematopoiesis in early embryonic development?

Active transport requires energy to move substances across a cell membrane.

What is the name of the process by which cells break down and die in a controlled manner?

The term ______ refers to a genetic alteration that can lead to uncontrolled cell growth.

Match the following hematopoietic cells with their developmental order:

Which of the following is NOT a component of a complete blood count (CBC)?

The cyanmethemoglobin assay is used to determine the concentration of hemoglobin in a blood sample.

What are the three RBC indices used to classify RBC morphology?

The principle of ______ is used in hematology analyzers to count and size cells by measuring the electrical resistance they create when passing through an aperture.

Match the following laser light scattering processes with their descriptions:

Which of the following is NOT a disorder associated with an abnormal Mean Platelet Volume (MPV)?

Flow cytometry is a technique that uses the principle of staining cells with fluorescent dyes to analyze their physical and biological properties.

Describe two basic uses of flow cytometry in hematology.