1040 Unit 2

What morphological characteristic defines a mature erythrocyte?

What process is defined as the production of erythrocytes?

Where does erythropoiesis primarily occur?

What role does the macrophage play within the erythroblastic island?

What is the typical lifespan of a mature erythrocyte in circulation?

Which of the following best describes the primary function of hemoglobin within a mature erythrocyte?

A newborn infant has a reticulocyte count of 5%. How does this compare to adult levels?

Why is it necessary to correct the reticulocyte count in patients with anemia?

Which of the following trace minerals are required for normal erythropoiesis?

What is a primary function of mature erythrocytes?

What metabolic change occurs in erythrocytes as they age?

What is the range of normal reticulocyte count in adults?

What is the average diameter of a mature erythrocyte?

Which metabolic process is used by erythrocytes to metabolize glucose?

What is the purpose of calculating the Reticulocyte Production Index (RPI)?

Which of the following conditions is associated with an increase in erythropoietin production?

Besides the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway (anaerobic glycolysis), which of the following is a supplementary pathway involved in erythrocyte metabolism?

What is the primary factor that causes the appearance of an elevated hematocrit in RELATIVE polycythemia?

Which process leads to a loss of surface area in a maturing reticulocyte?

Defective DNA synthesis in megaloblastic maturation primarily affects which cellular process?

In the maturation defect called megaloblastic maturation, how does the development of the nucleus compare to that of the cytoplasm?

What happens to the amount of tubulin and actin within the membrane as a reticulocyte matures into an erythrocyte?

Which of the following is not a major change that occurs as a reticulocyte matures into an erythrocyte?

A patient residing at a high altitude is found to have an elevated red blood cell count. Which mechanism is most likely responsible for this increase?

Which hematological condition is characterized by an increased concentration of erythrocytes in circulating blood beyond normal levels for gender and age?

What is the primary structure of the erythrocyte cellular membrane?

Which of the following is a potential cause of secondary polycythemia?

What factor does not affect the shape changes of a mature red blood cell?

What is the most significant factor leading to prolonged interphase and mitotic division phases in cells with megaloblastic maturation?

Which of the following is NOT a major component of a mature erythrocyte cytoskeleton?

Which of the following describes a change that occurs in the RBC membrane as it ages?

In early erythrocyte development, what is an important role of cytoplasmic enzymes regarding intracellular ion concentrations?

What is the consequence if metabolic pathways in erythrocytes are blocked or functioning inadequately?

Which function is NOT critical for maintaining the integrity and function of erythrocytes?

What is the primary function of REDUCED glutathione in erythrocytes?

Deficiencies in which of the following coenzymes can be classified as a metabolic defect in erythrocytes?

Which enzyme deficiency directly impairs the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) to 6-phosphogluconate (6PG)?

What is the primary outcome of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway in erythrocytes?

Failure to reduce glutathione leads to which of the following consequences in erythrocytes?

Which pathway is responsible for maintaining hemoglobin in a reduced state to prevent its oxidation?

Under which conditions does the Luebering-Rapoport pathway become particularly important for optimal oxygen transport?

What is the role of Pyruvate Kinase (PK) in the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas glycolytic pathway?

Which of the following is a potential cause of sideroblastic anemia?

In disorders of globin synthesis, what happens when porphyrin synthesis is impaired?

What accumulates in the cytoplasm of cells when globin production is deficient?

Which of the following is an embryonic hemoglobin?

Until approximately how many weeks of gestation do embryonic hemoglobins persist?

A defect in the rate of synthesis of one or more globulin polypeptide chains in the hemoglobin molecule can lead to what class of diseases?

In sideroblastic anemia associated with malignant marrow disorders, which of the following is a possible condition?

What is the primary consequence of sulfhemoglobin formation?

At what percentage of methemoglobin level does cyanosis typically occur?

In sickle cell anemia Hemoglobin S, what amino acid substitution occurs at the 6th position of the β chain of the hemoglobin molecule?

Which of the following hemoglobins is NOT typically separated using alkaline electrophoresis?

What is the underlying principle of alkaline electrophoresis in separating hemoglobin molecules?

Which of the following is a characteristic of 'fast hemoglobins' in alkaline electrophoresis?

What is a common feature of 'slow hemoglobins' during alkaline electrophoresis?

A patient with sickle cell trait has the genotype SA. What does this indicate?

When an erythrocyte is phagocytized by macrophages in the spleen, what components result from the disassembly of its hemoglobin molecules?

What is the role of transferrin in the extravascular catabolism of erythrocytes?

What typically happens to globin after extravascular catabolism of erythrocytes?

What is the immediate fate of hemoglobin released directly into the bloodstream during intravascular destruction?

What is the primary purpose of MOLECULAR testing in the analysis of hemoglobin?

What change occurs to the erythrocyte membrane as it ages?

In aged erythrocytes, what happens to the activity of glycolytic enzymes?

What proportion of erythrocytic destruction is normally attributed to intravascular destruction?

Which chromosome contains the Alpha Globin Locus which governs alpha chain production in adults?

Which type of hemoglobin comprises two alpha and two beta globin chains?

What are porphyrias associated with?

Which of these globin chains are produced by the Beta Globin Locus on chromosome 11? (Two answers)

Which of the following hemoglobin types is characterized by its composition of polypeptide chains?

During the chloride shift, what happens to free bicarbonate in RBCs?

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

Where is heme primarily formed in the body?

What role does transferrin play in hemoglobin synthesis?

What is the primary outcome of iron entry into immature erythrocytes?

What process converts bicarbonate back into carbon dioxide in the lungs?

Excess non-heme iron accumulates in the cytoplasm of immature erythrocytes as what?

What governs the structure and production of globin in erythrocytes?

What is the effect of 2,3-DPG binding to deoxyhemoglobin?

What occurs in the lungs when hemoglobin binds to oxygen?

What happens to 2,3-DPG levels in red blood cells during persistent tissue hypoxia?

What does a shift to the left on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve indicate?

What does the $P_{50}$ value represent in the context of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

Apart from direct and indirect transport by erythrocytes, how else is carbon dioxide carried to the lungs?

In the indirect erythrocyte mechanism of carbon dioxide transport, what enzyme catalyzes the transformation of carbon dioxide into carbonic acid?

Approximately what proportion of carbon dioxide is removed via the indirect erythrocyte mechanism?

How do changes in the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin facilitate oxygen transport?

A shift to the right on the oxygen dissociation curve indicates what?

Which of the following erythrocyte inclusions can ONLY be visualized using a supravital stain?

Fine basophilic stippling is characterized by which of the following features?

Coarse basophilic stippling (sometimes called "punctate" stippling) is considered more serious than fine basophilic stippling due to its association with:

What are the granules found in basophilic stippling composed of?

Which clinical condition is least likely to be associated with basophilic stippling?

What does the Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) express?

What is the normal range for Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) in femtoliters (fL)?

If a patient's Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) is reported as 30%, how would this be interpreted in relation to the normal range?

Which formula correctly calculates the Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)?

What is the term used to describe a normal erythrocyte size, as defined by both diameter and MCV?

What term describes the NORMAL variation in the color of erythrocytes, which you would report-out as "normochromic?"

What term is used when the central pallor of an erythrocyte exceeds one third of the cell's diameter?

Which condition is associated with microcytic hypochromic erythrocytes?

When stained with Wright's stain, what color change is associated with erythrocyte polychromatophilia?

Which cellular component is responsible for the blue color observed in polychromatophilic erythrocytes?

What does the term 'normochromic' refer to in the context of erythrocyte color?

In what type of cell would polychromatophilia be observed?

What is indicated by the presence of polychromatophilia in a blood smear?

What term describes the variation in SIZE observed in erythrocytes? For instance, when you could fit 1 or 2 small cells inside the outline of another, larger cell?

Which of the following suffixes is used to denote alterations in the color of erythrocytes?

What is the typical shape of a normal, mature erythrocyte (discocyte)?

Which term is used to describe the general variations observed in the shape of erythrocytes, but not enough of any one variation to report on its own?

Which of the following is TRUE regarding normal, mature erythrocytes?

Which of the following erythrocyte indices is used to express the average volume (size) of an erythrocyte?

What is indicated by performing an examination of erythrocyte distribution on a peripheral blood smear?

Which of the following erythrocyte indices measures the concentration of hemoglobin within the cell?

Which of the following is NOT a type of Plasmodium that causes malaria?

What characteristic distinguishes Plasmodium vivax from other malaria-causing Plasmodium species?

Which of the following takes precedence in the categorization of Plasmodium species that cause malaria?

Which malaria-like disease is associated with Babesia microti?

What term describes mature erythrocytes that exhibit shapes other than the normal round, biconcave appearance?

Which of the following erythrocytes are classified as macrocytic?

Which variation in erythrocyte shape resembles a cell with pointy projections that are unevenly dispersed?

What do schistocytes indicate about the erythrocyte's integrity?

Which characteristic is true of spherocytes?

Which erythrocyte shape is known for having rounded projections evenly dispersed around the cell?

What type of blood cell is classified as target cells?

What describes the appearance of keratocytes in a blood smear?

Which type of erythrocytes can indicate a process of fragmentation?

What do polychromatic erythrocytes indicate when observed under a microscope? (note * marking near top-right)

Which cell morphology is characterized by a tear drop shape?

Elliptocytes can be most accurately described as what shape?

In what condition would you likely observe an increased number of target cells?

What is the genetic requirement for an individual to express sickle cell anemia (Hb SS)?

Which of the following is the only potential cure for sickle cell anemia?

Which nucleotide change in the DNA leads to the production of Hb S?

Which medication, available over the counter, may help mitigate sickle formation by preventing water loss?

What direct effect does Hb S have on red blood cells (RBCs) under deoxygenated conditions?

What is the purpose of Splenectomy in Sickle Cell Disease?

What is the primary mechanism by which red blood cells affected by Hb S are removed from circulation?

The sickle cell carrier state provides a selective advantage against which disease?

Which of the following experimental treatments for sickle cell disease involves inserting a normal gene to replace the defective one?

What is the primary action attributed to nitric oxide in the context of managing vasoocclusive crises in sickle cell disease?

Which factor does not promote the sickling of red blood cells?

Which of the following hemoglobins retards the sickling process?

In the US, newborns are screened for sickle cell anemia via heelstick onto filter paper. What is one of the two screening tests used most often?

What happens to the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) when sickling occurs?

What is an effect of decreased beta-globin production? (Decreased β-globin production = "β Thalassemia." So a decrease in β-globin must be compensated-for by an INCREASE in what?)

Which of the following is a typical hematological finding in beta thalassemia?

What is observed on peripheral blood smears in patients with β thalassemia?

Which of the following red cell indices is typically increased in β thalassemia?

Which laboratory finding is associated with β thalassemia?

Which hemoglobin is characteristically INCREASED in hemoglobin electrophoresis of a patient with β thalassemia?

What is a key characteristic of a particularly severe form of homozygous α thalassemia?

Heterozygous β thalassemia can be mistaken for what condition on a peripheral blood smear?

Which of the following mutations is LEAST likely to be seen in thalassemia?

Why do alpha thalassemias typically have higher severity than beta thalassemias?

In beta thalassemias, overall quantity of A1 globin is diminished along with beta globin. How is this lack of A1 and B globins compensated for?

What causes accelerated red cell destruction in alpha thalassemia?

Studies of RNA metabolism in erythroid cells have suggested that many patients with α thalassemia have a defect in what?

What is a common outcome of mutations at the termination of a globin gene?

Beta thalassemia is described by which of the following?

What distinguishes a hemoglobinopathy disease from a hemoglobinopathy trait?

Why are sickle cell disease (SCD) and beta-thalassemias prevalent in regions within the 'malaria belt'?

In the context of hemoglobinopathies, what is a 'trait' specifically defined as?

Which genetic inheritance pattern must occur for sickle cell anemia to manifest as a disease?

What causes hemoglobinopathies like sickle cell disease?

Regarding hemoglobin defects, what determines the overall ZYGOSITY and quantity of hemoglobin produced?

In the context of hemoglobinopathies, what does the term 'qualitative protein changes' refer to?

What specific advantage do heterozygotes for hemoglobin mutations in the 'malaria belt' regions gain?

What is the preferred method for prenatal diagnosis of β thalassemia during the first trimester?

Which technique is most commonly used in newborn screening programs for hemoglobinopathies?

What is the primary treatment method for severe anemia in patients with thalassemia?

What is a major cause of α thalassemia?

In thalassemia, frequent blood transfusions can cause iron overload. What can be used to address the overload problem? (3 answers)

How can genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis impact the incidence of homozygous β thalassemia?

In newborn screening for hemoglobinopathies, what additional information can guide the diagnostic process after an abnormal result?

What is a significant impact of frequent blood transfusions in thalassemia treatment?

What does a positive result in a solubility test indicate?

If fetal hemoglobin is detected in an older person, what could this potentially indicate?

An individual inherits hemoglobin E gene from one parent and S gene from the other. What condition does this result in?

Why might a specimen be sent to the CDC for hemoglobin analysis?

What is the purpose of the Georgia General Assembly passing laws requiring sickle cell testing?

In cellulose acetate electrophoresis at an alkaline pH, what determines the movement of hemoglobin molecules?

During electrophoresis, if a hemoglobin molecule is placed in an ACID buffer solution, it will move towards which electrode?

In electrophoresis, assuming other factors are constant, which of the following hemoglobin types would migrate the furthest from the origin towards the anode?

Which component in a electrophoresis sample acts as a known reference point to compare patient hemoglobin types?

What is the genetic composition of an asymptomatic sickle cell trait carrier?

How are hemoglobin molecules released from red blood cells (RBCs) prior to electrophoretic separation?

Match the hemoglobin polypeptide chain combinations with their respective hemoglobin types: