Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which method allows for the storage of platelets for up to 2 years?
Which method allows for the storage of platelets for up to 2 years?
- Adding platelet substitutes
- Freezing with synthetic media
- Lyophilization
- Cryopreservation using DMSO (correct)
What is the purpose of additive solutions in platelet preservation?
What is the purpose of additive solutions in platelet preservation?
- To reduce costs associated with platelet transfusion
- To increase the shelf life of platelets (correct)
- To enhance platelet function during storage
- To artificially recreate the blood plasma environment
Which process is NOT mentioned as a current trend in platelet preservation research?
Which process is NOT mentioned as a current trend in platelet preservation research?
- Reducing pathogen levels in platelet units
- Storing platelets at room temperature (correct)
- Improving platelet additive solutions
- Platelet substitutes through various methods
What is one of the methods proposed for storing platelets at 1°C to 6°C?
What is one of the methods proposed for storing platelets at 1°C to 6°C?
Which technique is specifically associated with the lyophilization of platelets?
Which technique is specifically associated with the lyophilization of platelets?
What is the purpose of adding glycerol to RBCs before freezing?
What is the purpose of adding glycerol to RBCs before freezing?
What temperature is recommended for storing frozen RBCs?
What temperature is recommended for storing frozen RBCs?
What process must be performed prior to the transfusion of frozen RBCs?
What process must be performed prior to the transfusion of frozen RBCs?
Which compound's levels are restored during the rejuvenation of RBCs?
Which compound's levels are restored during the rejuvenation of RBCs?
Which of the following is NOT a research focus in RBC preparation and preservation?
Which of the following is NOT a research focus in RBC preparation and preservation?
What is one of the potential benefits of RBC substitutes?
What is one of the potential benefits of RBC substitutes?
What is a critical aspect of managing platelet inventory annually in the U.S.?
What is a critical aspect of managing platelet inventory annually in the U.S.?
How are tissue-engineered RBCs produced?
How are tissue-engineered RBCs produced?
Which lipid types are found in the external layer of the RBC membrane?
Which lipid types are found in the external layer of the RBC membrane?
What happens to the RBC when ATP is lost?
What happens to the RBC when ATP is lost?
Which of the following ions is actively pumped out of the RBC?
Which of the following ions is actively pumped out of the RBC?
What metabolic pathway primarily produces ATP in RBCs?
What metabolic pathway primarily produces ATP in RBCs?
What consequence does membrane rigidity have on RBCs?
What consequence does membrane rigidity have on RBCs?
Which statement about RBC permeability is accurate?
Which statement about RBC permeability is accurate?
What is the primary challenge associated with platelet storage?
What is the primary challenge associated with platelet storage?
What percentage of ATP in RBCs is produced through the pentose pathway?
What percentage of ATP in RBCs is produced through the pentose pathway?
Which of the following quality control measurements is NOT typically required for platelet preservation?
Which of the following quality control measurements is NOT typically required for platelet preservation?
What is the correct standard pH level for maintaining satisfactory platelet viability?
What is the correct standard pH level for maintaining satisfactory platelet viability?
What is the typical duration for which platelets can be stored at 20° to 24°C?
What is the typical duration for which platelets can be stored at 20° to 24°C?
Which method is increasingly used for preparing platelet concentrates?
Which method is increasingly used for preparing platelet concentrates?
What parameter is primarily assessed to estimate the efficacy of transfused platelet concentrates?
What parameter is primarily assessed to estimate the efficacy of transfused platelet concentrates?
What is the FDA-defined expiration time for platelets stored in the United States?
What is the FDA-defined expiration time for platelets stored in the United States?
Which of the following factors is NOT a consequence of platelet storage lesion?
Which of the following factors is NOT a consequence of platelet storage lesion?
What is the main consequence of transfusing RBCs that have low levels of 2,3-DPG?
What is the main consequence of transfusing RBCs that have low levels of 2,3-DPG?
What is the purpose of adding adenine to anticoagulant preservative solutions?
What is the purpose of adding adenine to anticoagulant preservative solutions?
Which of the following factors influences the re-formation of 2,3-DPG in stored RBCs?
Which of the following factors influences the re-formation of 2,3-DPG in stored RBCs?
Which of the following is NOT a licensed additive solution for RBCs in the United States?
Which of the following is NOT a licensed additive solution for RBCs in the United States?
What is a key requirement for the plastic material used in RBC storage bags?
What is a key requirement for the plastic material used in RBC storage bags?
What is one of the historical obstacles to transfusion therapy?
What is one of the historical obstacles to transfusion therapy?
Which component is NOT part of the red blood cell biology crucial for their function?
Which component is NOT part of the red blood cell biology crucial for their function?
What effect does di(ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) have on the storage of RBCs?
What effect does di(ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) have on the storage of RBCs?
What year marks the first recorded blood transfusion?
What year marks the first recorded blood transfusion?
What is the maximum recommended storage duration for packed RBCs treated with Adsol, Nutricel, or Optisol?
What is the maximum recommended storage duration for packed RBCs treated with Adsol, Nutricel, or Optisol?
For what primary purpose is RBC freezing utilized?
For what primary purpose is RBC freezing utilized?
Which organization is mentioned as overseeing blood bank standards?
Which organization is mentioned as overseeing blood bank standards?
What is the typical lifespan of red blood cells in circulation?
What is the typical lifespan of red blood cells in circulation?
Which aspect of red blood cell biology would not influence their survival in circulation?
Which aspect of red blood cell biology would not influence their survival in circulation?
Which factor could lead to a reduced survival of red blood cells?
Which factor could lead to a reduced survival of red blood cells?
What best describes the trans position of genes?
What best describes the trans position of genes?
What is required for a female to be affected by an X-linked recessive disease?
What is required for a female to be affected by an X-linked recessive disease?
Which term describes individuals that possess different alleles at a given locus?
Which term describes individuals that possess different alleles at a given locus?
Which form of chromatin is considered more active in RNA synthesis for transcription?
Which form of chromatin is considered more active in RNA synthesis for transcription?
What does Mendel's first law indicate about alleles of genes?
What does Mendel's first law indicate about alleles of genes?
Which statement correctly describes the inheritance of X-linked dominant traits?
Which statement correctly describes the inheritance of X-linked dominant traits?
What term describes the specific location of a gene on a chromosome?
What term describes the specific location of a gene on a chromosome?
What characterizes a public antigen in population genetics?
What characterizes a public antigen in population genetics?
Which of the following statements about dosage in antibodies is accurate?
Which of the following statements about dosage in antibodies is accurate?
What must occur for a male to be affected by an X-linked recessive disease?
What must occur for a male to be affected by an X-linked recessive disease?
What term describes substances that can cause mutations in DNA?
What term describes substances that can cause mutations in DNA?
During which step of translation does the ribosome assemble proteins by linking amino acids together?
During which step of translation does the ribosome assemble proteins by linking amino acids together?
Which mutation involves the loss of a portion of a chromosome?
Which mutation involves the loss of a portion of a chromosome?
What process describes the transfer of a segment from one chromosome to a different chromosome?
What process describes the transfer of a segment from one chromosome to a different chromosome?
What is one of the primary goals of personalized medicine?
What is one of the primary goals of personalized medicine?
Which of the following steps is NOT part of the translation process?
Which of the following steps is NOT part of the translation process?
What role do small RNA molecules play in the cell?
What role do small RNA molecules play in the cell?
In the Hardy-Weinberg principle (p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1), what does the variable 'p' represent?
In the Hardy-Weinberg principle (p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1), what does the variable 'p' represent?
Which of the following statements correctly describes Mendel's second law?
Which of the following statements correctly describes Mendel's second law?
What genetic composition do the offspring exhibit when two plants with parental genotypes RRYY (round/yellow) and rryy (wrinkled/green) are crossed?
What genetic composition do the offspring exhibit when two plants with parental genotypes RRYY (round/yellow) and rryy (wrinkled/green) are crossed?
In the MNS blood group system, what is the phenotype of a heterozygous MN individual?
In the MNS blood group system, what is the phenotype of a heterozygous MN individual?
What describes the term codominant in genetics?
What describes the term codominant in genetics?
In genetics, what is an amorph?
In genetics, what is an amorph?
What does the term genotype refer to?
What does the term genotype refer to?
Which statement regarding codominance is true?
Which statement regarding codominance is true?
What is meant by the cis position of alleles?
What is meant by the cis position of alleles?
What does the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium allow scientists to analyze?
What does the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium allow scientists to analyze?
Which of the following statements about phenotypes is accurate?
Which of the following statements about phenotypes is accurate?
What best defines an allele?
What best defines an allele?
Which statement about genetic information is true?
Which statement about genetic information is true?
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, how is q calculated? p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, how is q calculated? p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
What inheritance pattern requires two copies of a disease allele for an individual to show the phenotype?
What inheritance pattern requires two copies of a disease allele for an individual to show the phenotype?
Which statement about autosomal dominant inheritance is accurate?
Which statement about autosomal dominant inheritance is accurate?
What does 2pq represent in the context of the Hardy-Weinberg principle?
What does 2pq represent in the context of the Hardy-Weinberg principle?
How do inheritance patterns assist in predicting genetic disease transmission?
How do inheritance patterns assist in predicting genetic disease transmission?
In autosomal recessive inheritance, the parents of an affected individual are typically characterized as being:
In autosomal recessive inheritance, the parents of an affected individual are typically characterized as being:
What are alloantibodies primarily produced in response to?
What are alloantibodies primarily produced in response to?
Which type of antibodies is associated with autoimmune diseases?
Which type of antibodies is associated with autoimmune diseases?
Which component obstructs complement activation in plasma during testing?
Which component obstructs complement activation in plasma during testing?
What does a non-agglutination result indicate in agglutination inhibition testing?
What does a non-agglutination result indicate in agglutination inhibition testing?
Which blood group system is associated with resistance to malaria?
Which blood group system is associated with resistance to malaria?
Which characteristic is used to describe the strength of binding in antibodies?
Which characteristic is used to describe the strength of binding in antibodies?
Which traditional laboratory method involves red cell agglutination reactions?
Which traditional laboratory method involves red cell agglutination reactions?
What is the primary effect of centrifugation on agglutination reactions?
What is the primary effect of centrifugation on agglutination reactions?
At which pH level do antigen-antibody complexes function optimally?
At which pH level do antigen-antibody complexes function optimally?
Which immunoglobulin type reacts best at 37°C and requires incubation?
Which immunoglobulin type reacts best at 37°C and requires incubation?
What is the role of enhancement media in agglutination reactions?
What is the role of enhancement media in agglutination reactions?
What consequence does transfusion-related immunomodulation (TRIM) have on the immune system?
What consequence does transfusion-related immunomodulation (TRIM) have on the immune system?
What is a disadvantage of using monoclonal reagents in serologic testing?
What is a disadvantage of using monoclonal reagents in serologic testing?
Which of the following is true concerning IgM antibodies in agglutination reactions?
Which of the following is true concerning IgM antibodies in agglutination reactions?
In blood bank serologic testing, which condition is NOT commonly associated?
In blood bank serologic testing, which condition is NOT commonly associated?
What is the primary function of Low Ionic Strength Media (LISS) in agglutination testing?
What is the primary function of Low Ionic Strength Media (LISS) in agglutination testing?
What is the primary role of B cells in the immune system?
What is the primary role of B cells in the immune system?
Which immunoglobulin is most significant for blood banking?
Which immunoglobulin is most significant for blood banking?
What type of antibodies are directed against self antigens?
What type of antibodies are directed against self antigens?
Which factors influence antigen-antibody reactions?
Which factors influence antigen-antibody reactions?
What is the role of MHC Class I molecules in the immune response?
What is the role of MHC Class I molecules in the immune response?
Which immunoglobulin primarily reacts at body temperature?
Which immunoglobulin primarily reacts at body temperature?
What is the main consequence of IgM's pentamer form?
What is the main consequence of IgM's pentamer form?
What is an important characteristic of the complement system?
What is an important characteristic of the complement system?
What do cytokines primarily function as in the immune system?
What do cytokines primarily function as in the immune system?
Which type of T cell is responsible for turning off the immune response?
Which type of T cell is responsible for turning off the immune response?
What defines the structure of immunoglobulins?
What defines the structure of immunoglobulins?
Which characteristic is NOT true about IgE?
Which characteristic is NOT true about IgE?
What type of antibodies are produced without transfusion or pregnancy?
What type of antibodies are produced without transfusion or pregnancy?
What is the correct storage condition for blood bank tubes if there is a delay in testing?
What is the correct storage condition for blood bank tubes if there is a delay in testing?
Which of the following is NOT a cause for the rejection of blood specimens?
Which of the following is NOT a cause for the rejection of blood specimens?
What phase involves interpreting testing results in laboratory testing?
What phase involves interpreting testing results in laboratory testing?
What is the specimen requirement for blood collection in a blood bank?
What is the specimen requirement for blood collection in a blood bank?
Which of the following steps is included in the pre-analytical phase of laboratory testing?
Which of the following steps is included in the pre-analytical phase of laboratory testing?
What is the primary purpose of the Indirect Antiglobulin Test (IAT)?
What is the primary purpose of the Indirect Antiglobulin Test (IAT)?
Which step is crucial in the IAT process to remove unbound antibodies?
Which step is crucial in the IAT process to remove unbound antibodies?
How is agglutination interpreted in the IAT?
How is agglutination interpreted in the IAT?
What is added to negative reactions in the IAT to verify results?
What is added to negative reactions in the IAT to verify results?
What can improper washing of cells lead to in a laboratory setting?
What can improper washing of cells lead to in a laboratory setting?
Which of the following is a common cause of false negative results in immunohematological tests?
Which of the following is a common cause of false negative results in immunohematological tests?
What is a characteristic of the Gel Test method?
What is a characteristic of the Gel Test method?
What can result from the contamination of AHG reagent?
What can result from the contamination of AHG reagent?
In the Antiglobulin Test, what may result if the cell suspension is too weak or too heavy?
In the Antiglobulin Test, what may result if the cell suspension is too weak or too heavy?
Which error type involves the incorrect identification of a patient?
Which error type involves the incorrect identification of a patient?
What component is crucial in the Coombs’ Test for agglutinating sensitized RBCs?
What component is crucial in the Coombs’ Test for agglutinating sensitized RBCs?
Which type of error occurs when results are reported with control results out of range?
Which type of error occurs when results are reported with control results out of range?
What is one purpose of using Coombs’ Test in clinical settings?
What is one purpose of using Coombs’ Test in clinical settings?
What significant advancement occurred in 1945 related to antibody detection?
What significant advancement occurred in 1945 related to antibody detection?
Which post analytic error can result from sending reports to incorrect locations?
Which post analytic error can result from sending reports to incorrect locations?
Which antibody type is associated with binding complement to the RBC membrane?
Which antibody type is associated with binding complement to the RBC membrane?
Which procedure is a potential source of pre-analytic errors?
Which procedure is a potential source of pre-analytic errors?
What is the minimum serum to cell ratio required to increase sensitivity in the antiglobulin test?
What is the minimum serum to cell ratio required to increase sensitivity in the antiglobulin test?
In the Antiglobulin Test, which addition to the reaction medium helps enhance antibody uptake? Select all that apply.
In the Antiglobulin Test, which addition to the reaction medium helps enhance antibody uptake? Select all that apply.
What is the optimal temperature for conducting the antiglobulin test for IgG reactions?
What is the optimal temperature for conducting the antiglobulin test for IgG reactions?
How many saline washings are required at minimum for the DAT and IAT to ensure accurate results?
How many saline washings are required at minimum for the DAT and IAT to ensure accurate results?
What can bacterial contamination in saline lead to during the antiglobulin test?
What can bacterial contamination in saline lead to during the antiglobulin test?
What is the preferred amount of antihuman globulin (AHG) added to the cells after washing?
What is the preferred amount of antihuman globulin (AHG) added to the cells after washing?
What is the effect of inadequately resuspending cells after centrifugation in the antiglobulin test?
What is the effect of inadequately resuspending cells after centrifugation in the antiglobulin test?
Which centrifugation speed range is recommended for the antiglobulin test to improve sensitivity?
Which centrifugation speed range is recommended for the antiglobulin test to improve sensitivity?
Which component is not present in polyspecific AHG?
Which component is not present in polyspecific AHG?
What is the primary role of anti-IgG in AHG?
What is the primary role of anti-IgG in AHG?
What is true regarding the preparation of monospecific AHG?
What is true regarding the preparation of monospecific AHG?
Which of the following conditions is detected by the Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT)?
Which of the following conditions is detected by the Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT)?
What conclusion can be drawn from a positive DAT in a patient?
What conclusion can be drawn from a positive DAT in a patient?
How is monoclonal AHG made?
How is monoclonal AHG made?
Anti-complement is reactive against which substances?
Anti-complement is reactive against which substances?
Which type of antibodies is predominantly present in AHG preparations?
Which type of antibodies is predominantly present in AHG preparations?
What does the test with monospecific AHG differentiate among?
What does the test with monospecific AHG differentiate among?
Which of the following statements is correct regarding polyspecific AHG?
Which of the following statements is correct regarding polyspecific AHG?
Which of the following is not a clinical condition detectable by DAT?
Which of the following is not a clinical condition detectable by DAT?
Which antibody is NOT typically associated with significant clinical effects?
Which antibody is NOT typically associated with significant clinical effects?
In the context of direct antiglobulin tests, what does a positive result imply?
In the context of direct antiglobulin tests, what does a positive result imply?
What distinguishes Group A1 from Group A2 in terms of antigens present on the RBC surface?
What distinguishes Group A1 from Group A2 in terms of antigens present on the RBC surface?
Which of the following best describes the Bombay phenotype?
Which of the following best describes the Bombay phenotype?
Which Weak A subgroup demonstrates a mixed field pattern with anti-A and most of anti-B?
Which Weak A subgroup demonstrates a mixed field pattern with anti-A and most of anti-B?
What is a key characteristic of weak B subgroups?
What is a key characteristic of weak B subgroups?
How does A2 react with Anti-A sera during blood typing?
How does A2 react with Anti-A sera during blood typing?
In blood typing, what is ABO discrepancy?
In blood typing, what is ABO discrepancy?
What percentage of all Group A individuals are typically A1 or A1B?
What percentage of all Group A individuals are typically A1 or A1B?
In terms of reactivity with anti-H antisera or anti-H lectin, which blood group shows the strongest reactivity?
In terms of reactivity with anti-H antisera or anti-H lectin, which blood group shows the strongest reactivity?
What defines the blood group of an individual?
What defines the blood group of an individual?
What antigen is present when neither the A nor B gene is expressed?
What antigen is present when neither the A nor B gene is expressed?
When the B gene is present, which sugar is added to the blood group antigen?
When the B gene is present, which sugar is added to the blood group antigen?
What is the role of the Se gene in the formation of soluble antigens?
What is the role of the Se gene in the formation of soluble antigens?
Individuals who are non-secretors of ABH soluble antigens typically have which genotype?
Individuals who are non-secretors of ABH soluble antigens typically have which genotype?
Which terminal sugar is added when the A gene is present?
Which terminal sugar is added when the A gene is present?
What antigen is present in saliva for individuals with blood group AB?
What antigen is present in saliva for individuals with blood group AB?
What minimal determinant structure is associated with individuals who lack both A and B antigens?
What minimal determinant structure is associated with individuals who lack both A and B antigens?
What is the primary cause of Group 1 discrepancies in ABO typing?
What is the primary cause of Group 1 discrepancies in ABO typing?
Which of the following factors can contribute to discrepancies in ABO typing?
Which of the following factors can contribute to discrepancies in ABO typing?
Which method is recommended to resolve Group I discrepancies effectively? (Group I: unexpected reaction in reverse grouping due to weak or missing antibodies)
Which method is recommended to resolve Group I discrepancies effectively? (Group I: unexpected reaction in reverse grouping due to weak or missing antibodies)
What abnormality in plasma can lead to Group 3 discrepancies in ABO typing?
What abnormality in plasma can lead to Group 3 discrepancies in ABO typing?
Which of the following is NOT a technical error that could cause discrepancies in ABO grouping?
Which of the following is NOT a technical error that could cause discrepancies in ABO grouping?
What condition in elderly patients can lead to Group I discrepancies?
What condition in elderly patients can lead to Group I discrepancies?
Which of the following medications can potentially lead to discrepancies in ABO typing?
Which of the following medications can potentially lead to discrepancies in ABO typing?
Which group of discrepancies is associated with unexpected reactions in the forward grouping due to weakly reacting or missing antigens?
Which group of discrepancies is associated with unexpected reactions in the forward grouping due to weakly reacting or missing antigens?
What is the primary goal when resolving Group II discrepancies?
What is the primary goal when resolving Group II discrepancies?
Which of the following conditions is associated with weakened A or B antigens? Select all that apply.
Which of the following conditions is associated with weakened A or B antigens? Select all that apply.
What treatment can be applied to RBCs in suspected cases of 'Acquired B' phenomenon?
What treatment can be applied to RBCs in suspected cases of 'Acquired B' phenomenon?
Which statement reflects the primary goal when addressing Group III discrepancies?
Which statement reflects the primary goal when addressing Group III discrepancies?
Which types of elevated levels can lead to Group III discrepancies?
Which types of elevated levels can lead to Group III discrepancies?
What is indicated if a patient serum agglutinates when mixed with O cells?
What is indicated if a patient serum agglutinates when mixed with O cells?
Which blood type is considered a universal donor?
Which blood type is considered a universal donor?
At what age does ABO antibody production typically peak?
At what age does ABO antibody production typically peak?
What type of antibodies do group O individuals produce more commonly?
What type of antibodies do group O individuals produce more commonly?
Which gene is associated with the normal expression of ABH antigens?
Which gene is associated with the normal expression of ABH antigens?
The Bombay phenotype is characterized by a lack of which antigen?
The Bombay phenotype is characterized by a lack of which antigen?
What is the most common immunoglobulin type found in ABO antibodies?
What is the most common immunoglobulin type found in ABO antibodies?
How does auto-control testing confirm the absence of autoantibodies?
How does auto-control testing confirm the absence of autoantibodies?
Which of the following groups typically shows the highest percentage of blood type O?
Which of the following groups typically shows the highest percentage of blood type O?
What is a significant consequence of administering the wrong ABO blood group?
What is a significant consequence of administering the wrong ABO blood group?
Which of the following is an incorrect statement about naturally occurring ABO antibodies?
Which of the following is an incorrect statement about naturally occurring ABO antibodies?
What role does the H gene play in the blood group system?
What role does the H gene play in the blood group system?
What is the typical outcome when autoantibodies are present?
What is the typical outcome when autoantibodies are present?
What is a method to resolve Group IV discrepancies when dealing with cold reactive autoantibodies?
What is a method to resolve Group IV discrepancies when dealing with cold reactive autoantibodies?
In resolving a Group III discrepancy, why is it necessary to wash cells 6-8 times with saline?
In resolving a Group III discrepancy, why is it necessary to wash cells 6-8 times with saline?
What is the ultimate goal in resolving Group IV discrepancies?
What is the ultimate goal in resolving Group IV discrepancies?
When resolving a Group IV discrepancy, what does treatment with DTT aim to achieve?
When resolving a Group IV discrepancy, what does treatment with DTT aim to achieve?
What should be done during reverse typing if the standard method does not resolve discrepancies?
What should be done during reverse typing if the standard method does not resolve discrepancies?
During investigation of Group IV discrepancies, unexpected isoagglutinins can indicate what issue?
During investigation of Group IV discrepancies, unexpected isoagglutinins can indicate what issue?
What is the purpose of washing the cell suspensions after the initial treatment during typing?
What is the purpose of washing the cell suspensions after the initial treatment during typing?
What causes Group IV discrepancies primarily linked to multiple ABO groups present in a patient's sample?
What causes Group IV discrepancies primarily linked to multiple ABO groups present in a patient's sample?
What type of antibody is primarily produced after exposure to Rh antigens in a Rh negative individual?
What type of antibody is primarily produced after exposure to Rh antigens in a Rh negative individual?
What is the primary mechanism of red blood cell destruction due to Rh antibodies?
What is the primary mechanism of red blood cell destruction due to Rh antibodies?
Why must antigen negative blood be given to patients with a history of Rh sensitization?
Why must antigen negative blood be given to patients with a history of Rh sensitization?
What are the main components present in monoclonal Rh Antigen Typing Reagents?
What are the main components present in monoclonal Rh Antigen Typing Reagents?
Which IgG subclass is predominantly significant in Rh antibody responses?
Which IgG subclass is predominantly significant in Rh antibody responses?
What is a characteristic symptom of Rh HTR? (Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction)
What is a characteristic symptom of Rh HTR? (Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction)
In Rh-null syndrome, which of the following conditions is commonly observed?
In Rh-null syndrome, which of the following conditions is commonly observed?
What was Landsteiner's contribution to the understanding of blood antigens?
What was Landsteiner's contribution to the understanding of blood antigens?
Which of the following features is associated with Rhmod phenotype?
Which of the following features is associated with Rhmod phenotype?
Which classification system is used to describe only the presence or absence of antigens?
Which classification system is used to describe only the presence or absence of antigens?
What condition is characterized by elevated bilirubin levels and reticulocytosis?
What condition is characterized by elevated bilirubin levels and reticulocytosis?
How is the phenotype defined in relation to Rh antigens?
How is the phenotype defined in relation to Rh antigens?
In phenotyping for blood groups, which outcome is NOT a purpose of the process?
In phenotyping for blood groups, which outcome is NOT a purpose of the process?
What does Rhnull phenotype signify?
What does Rhnull phenotype signify?
What is the expected bilirubin level in individuals with Rhnull syndrome?
What is the expected bilirubin level in individuals with Rhnull syndrome?
What is the primary method used by Weiner to classify Rh antigens?
What is the primary method used by Weiner to classify Rh antigens?
LW antigen reacts strongly with most D+ cells. What can cause a weak reaction with Anti LW in blood typing?
LW antigen reacts strongly with most D+ cells. What can cause a weak reaction with Anti LW in blood typing?
Which statement about codominant expression of Rh antigens is accurate?
Which statement about codominant expression of Rh antigens is accurate?
What is the primary distinction between the genetic representation of D and d antigens?
What is the primary distinction between the genetic representation of D and d antigens?
What does a minus sign preceding a number signify in the Fisher-Race nomenclature?
What does a minus sign preceding a number signify in the Fisher-Race nomenclature?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the Rh gene?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the Rh gene?
What is the typical process for assessing Rh status in blood donation?
What is the typical process for assessing Rh status in blood donation?
In the ISBT Numeric System, what is the significance of the six-digit number for each blood group?
In the ISBT Numeric System, what is the significance of the six-digit number for each blood group?
What describes the 'Weak D' phenomenon?
What describes the 'Weak D' phenomenon?
How are individuals with weak D classified in blood banks?
How are individuals with weak D classified in blood banks?
What role does an Elution test serve when assessing Rh type in newborns?
What role does an Elution test serve when assessing Rh type in newborns?
What genetic effect can cause a weakened expression of D antigen?
What genetic effect can cause a weakened expression of D antigen?
What characterizes the difference between D-positive and D-negative results?
What characterizes the difference between D-positive and D-negative results?
What is a risk associated with D-mosaic individuals concerning Rh status?
What is a risk associated with D-mosaic individuals concerning Rh status?
What happens in the case of a 'Blocking Phenomenon' during Rh typing of newborns?
What happens in the case of a 'Blocking Phenomenon' during Rh typing of newborns?
What is the inheritance pattern of Rh genes?
What is the inheritance pattern of Rh genes?
What action should be taken if Rh hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) is suspected?
What action should be taken if Rh hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) is suspected?
Flashcards
Red Blood Cell Preservation
Red Blood Cell Preservation
The preservation of red blood cells (RBCs) involves maintaining their functionality and lifespan. It's crucial for blood transfusions and storage.
RBC Survival
RBC Survival
The ability of red blood cells (RBCs) to survive for around 120 days within the circulatory system. It's a critical factor in blood preservation.
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin
A vital part of red blood cells (RBCs) that allows them to carry oxygen in the body. It's a key player in RBC functionality.
RBC Metabolism
RBC Metabolism
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RBC Membrane
RBC Membrane
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Component Therapy
Component Therapy
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American Association of Blood Banks (AABB)
American Association of Blood Banks (AABB)
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Blood Donation Process
Blood Donation Process
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RBC Membrane Structure
RBC Membrane Structure
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RBC Membrane Asymmetry
RBC Membrane Asymmetry
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RBC Membrane Composition
RBC Membrane Composition
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RBC Deformability
RBC Deformability
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Factors Affecting Deformability
Factors Affecting Deformability
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Deformability and RBC Lifespan
Deformability and RBC Lifespan
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RBC Membrane Permeability
RBC Membrane Permeability
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RBC Ion Transport
RBC Ion Transport
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Anticoagulant Preservative Solution
Anticoagulant Preservative Solution
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Platelet Storage Challenges
Platelet Storage Challenges
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Adenine
Adenine
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Platelet Storage Lesion
Platelet Storage Lesion
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What is RBC freezing?
What is RBC freezing?
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Platelet Quality Control
Platelet Quality Control
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What is RBC rejuvenation?
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2,3-DPG and Oxygen Affinity
2,3-DPG and Oxygen Affinity
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What is an additive solution?
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Permeable Plastic for Storage Bags
Permeable Plastic for Storage Bags
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Corrected Count Increment (CCI)
Corrected Count Increment (CCI)
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DEHP (Di(ethylhexyl) Phthalate)
DEHP (Di(ethylhexyl) Phthalate)
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How can you convert blood types?
How can you convert blood types?
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Platelet Storage Conditions
Platelet Storage Conditions
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Additive Solutions (AS)
Additive Solutions (AS)
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Platelet Expiration
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What is bioengineering of RBCs?
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What are RBC substitutes?
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Platelet Storage Media
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RBC Freezing
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Platelet pH Importance
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Cryoprotective Agents
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What are perfluorocarbons?
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Platelet Additive Solutions
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Platelet Pathogen Reduction
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Platelet Substitutes
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Lyophilization of Platelets
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Cryopreservation of Platelets
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Trans Position
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What is the Indirect Antiglobulin Test (IAT)?
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Serum to cell ratio
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Timing of AHG addition
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Principle of AHG Test
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What are the four major groups of ABO discrepancies?
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What causes ABO Discrepancies in Group 1?
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How to resolve Group I discrepancies?
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What's the main goal when resolving Group I discrepancies?
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O Cell Testing
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What happens in the presence of the A gene?
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Subgroups of A OR B
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Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction
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Study Notes
Introduction
- Blood and historical events leading to current blood storage techniques will be discussed.
- Red blood cell (RBC) biology will be reviewed as a foundation for RBC preservation.
- Platelet metabolism will be examined to understand the platelet storage lesion.
Historical Overview
- 1492: First recorded blood transfusion involving Pope Innocent VII.
- Transfusion therapy challenges:
- Non-toxic anticoagulants.
- Appropriate devices.
- Preservative solutions.
- Circulatory overload.
Current Status
- Efforts and standards of the American Association of Blood Banks (AABB).
- General requirements for collecting blood from volunteer donors.
- Blood components prepared from donated whole blood.
The Donation Process
- Educational materials.
- Donor health history questionnaire.
- Abbreviated physical examination.
RBC Biology and Preservation
- Three crucial areas in RBC biology for normal survival and function: membrane, hemoglobin structure/function, and metabolism.
- Defects in any of these areas lead to reduced RBC survival (less than the normal 120 days).
RBC Membrane
- A semipermeable lipid bilayer.
- Supported by a protein meshlike cytoskeleton.
- Phospholipids and their orientation.
- Integral and peripheral proteins.
- Membrane deformability.
- Composition: 52% protein, 40% lipid, 8% carbohydrate.
- Asymmetrical organization: external layer with glycolipids and choline phospholipids, internal layer with amino phospholipids.
Deformability
- Loss of ATP decreases phosphorylation of spectrin, leading to reduced deformability.
- Increased membrane calcium causes rigidity and splenic sequestration.
Permeability
- The RBC membrane is permeable to water and anions (e.g., Cl-, HCO3-), and impermeable to cations (e.g., Na+, K+).
- Crucial for maintaining proper RBC volume.
- Calcium (Ca2+) is actively pumped out.
- ATP is needed to maintain ion balance.
Metabolic Pathways
- RBC metabolism is mainly anaerobic, involving glycolysis as the primary ATP source.
- Importance of the anaerobic glycolytic pathway accounts for 90% of ATP production.
- Three ancillary pathways support hemoglobin structure and function: pentose pathway, methemoglobin pathway, and Luebering-Rapaport pathway, which produces 2,3-DPG.
Hemoglobin Oxygen Dissociation Curve
- Hemoglobin's role in oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide excretion.
- The relationship is a sigmoid curve, depicting cooperative oxygen binding.
Hemoglobin Oxygen Dissociation Curve (Cont'd)
- Allosteric changes (e.g., pH, temperature, 2,3-DPG) modulate hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, affecting the curve position (left or right shift).
- 2,3-DPG plays a critical role in the oxygen dissociation curve, influencing oxygen release to tissues.
- Shifts in the curve (left or right) are related to hypoxia or alkalosis, affecting oxygen release.
RBC Preservation
- Maintaining RBC viability during storage is crucial for effective transfusion.
- FDA requirements for average 24-hour post-transfusion RBC survival are over 75%.
- Hemoglobin levels in the stored blood are less than 1% of the total.
RBC Preservation (Cont'd)
- Loss of RBC viability correlates with the "storage lesion" and associated biochemical changes (e.g., decrease in 2,3-DPG).
- 2,3-DPG (2,3-diphosphoglycerate) levels decrease significantly during storage, impacting oxygen delivery.
- Pathophysiologic impacts of low 2,3-DPG include increased cardiac output and decreased mixed venous (pO2) tension, potentially affecting patient outcomes.
Anticoagulant Preservative Solutions
- Adenine incorporation increases ADP/ATP levels for sustained glycolysis.
- Storage at 1-6°C for up to 21 days is possible, promoting stability and extending the useful life of RBCs, maintaining high pH.
- PVC bags and plasticizers (DEHP) affect pH and RBC stability during storage, needing to be considered.
Additive Solutions
- Additive solutions (AS) are added to RBCs after plasma removal to improve RBC viability during storage and extend the shelf life beyond 21 days to 42 days.
- Currently, three additive solutions (Adsol, Nutricel, Optisol) are licensed in the US for extended (42 days) storage of packed RBCs.
- None maintain 2,3-DPG levels throughout the entire storage period, potentially affecting oxygen delivery.
RBC Freezing
- Primarily for autologous units and rare blood types.
- Glycerol (40% or 20% w/v) cryoprotective agent is used to protect RBCs during freezing.
- Storage is typically at -65°C.
- The FDA specifies 10-year storage from the freezing date.
- Deglycerolization is essential before transfusion, removing glycerol, and closely monitoring osmolality to prevent hemolysis.
RBC Rejuvenation
- Rejuvenation attempts to restore or enhance ATP and 2,3-DPG levels in stored RBCs to improve function and viability, but may not always be successful.
- Stored RBCs may be rejuvenated under specific conditions, but not reliably after long-term storage.
Research and Development in RBC Preparation and Preservation
- Improved additive solutions are being developed to enhance RBC storage and function.
- Procedures to reduce pathogens are implemented to ensure safety.
- Conversion of blood types (A, B, AB to O) is being explored for wider compatibility.
- Bioengineering methods for RBC production offer alternative solutions, like blood pharming.
Research and Development in RBC Preparation and Preservation (Cont'd)
- Tissue engineering of RBCs (stem cell-based) is under research to develop RBCs from other sources in a lab.
- Research and development are underway to develop better platelet substitutes, and new methods of preserving platelets (e.g., longer storage periods).
Platelet Preservation
- Platelet units are distributed and transfused annually in large numbers.
- Challenges include inventory management issues, financial impacts of wasted units, storage limitations (5-day shelf life), risks of bacterial contamination, and leading to adverse events and requires screening.
- Ensuring proper storage and reducing contamination are significant factors, including implementing pathogen-reduction techniques.
Platelet Preservation (Cont'd)
- Quality control measures, including platelet concentrate volume, platelet count, pH, residual leukocyte count, and platelet swirl assessment, are important for maintaining quality, monitoring platelet viability, and avoiding contamination.
Clinical Use of Platelets
- Platelet concentrates are used for treating thrombocytopenia and preventing or treating bleeding complications associated with hematological disorders.
- Platelet concentrates can be prepared from whole blood or apheresis and are typically stored at 20-24°C with continuous agitation for a maximum 5-day life span according to FDA standards.
- Efficacy of the transfusion is assessed by monitoring corrected count increments after transfusion, considering factors influencing platelet viability.
Clinical Use of Platelets (Cont'd)
- Platelet concentrates are typically stored at 20-24°C, with a typical storage period of 5 days as per FDA standards.
Platelet Testing and Quality Control Monitoring
- Actual platelet yield is assessed for each collection.
- Weight/volume conversion is necessary for precise platelet volume determination.
- Bacterial contamination testing is conducted.
- Platelet viability is assessed by comparing platelet counts before and after transfusion, ensuring viability during and after transfusion. This usually includes assessing counts at specific timepoints or using methods to estimate their functional capacity.
Platelet Storage and Bacterial Contamination
- Storage at 20-24°C poses contamination risks and requires vigilant maintenance to prevent microbial growth and sepsis in platelet storage.
- Bacterial contamination in platelets has significant implications including severe complications, and sepsis, and requires screening procedures.
- Prevention and control strategies like pathogen reduction systems and improved storage methods are implemented to reduce risks.
Pathogen Reduction for Platelets
- Pathogen inactivation (PI) is crucial/essential to reducing the risk of transfusion-related infections in platelets.
Current Trends in Platelet Preservation Research
- Platelet additive solutions for improved viability and longer storage.
- Procedures to inactivate pathogens, ensuring safety in stored platelets.
- Platelet substitutes. Development of storage methods for longer periods, and new storage approaches like cryopreservation.
Current Trends in Platelet Preservation Research (Cont'd)
- Advances, including lyophilization (freeze-drying), frozen platelets (with cryopreservation using cryoprotectants like DMSO), new storage approaches now being investigated, including tissue engineering to create platelets.
Postamble
- Students should read the textbook thoroughly for detailed unit objectives to answer all possible exam questions.
- The unit objectives are to guide study and act as a comprehensive study guide for the required unit material, with detailed aspects for both blood and platelet preservation.
- Testing material stems from/relates to the unit objective details within the textbook, but do not rely on the slides for exam preparation.
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Description
Preservation of platelets and red blood cells (RBCs). Storage techniques, additive solutions, and current trends in blood preservation research.
