1899 Malolos Constitution and Government Structure

Republic Act 10066

• Republic Act 10066 focuses on cultural heritage and its preservation
• This act emphasizes safeguarding both tangible and intangible heritage for future generations

Election Laws and Regulations

• The Commission on Elections (COMELEC) is responsible for overseeing election laws and regulations under the 1987 Constitution

Tangible Heritage

• Tangible heritage encompasses physical objects such as:
  • Historical buildings
  • Archaeological sites
  • Artifacts
  • Artwork

Artistic Expression

• Section 18 of Republic Act 10066 stresses the importance of free artistic expression as a cornerstone of cultural heritage

Key Attribute of Cultural Heritage

• The World Heritage Commission defines a key attribute of cultural heritage as its uniqueness and irreplaceable value

Role of Cultural Heritage

• Cultural heritage plays a critical role in shaping identity, preserving history, and fostering community

Intangible Heritage

• Intangible heritage does not include physical objects but rather encompasses:
  • Traditions
  • Customs
  • Rituals
  • Language
  • Folklore

Examination of Government Funds

• The Commission on Audit (COA) is responsible for examining the funds and transactions of government bodies

Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park

• The primary natural feature of Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park is its extensive coral reefs

Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary

• The Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary received UNESCO World Heritage Site recognition in 2014

US Colonization Approach

• President McKinley described the US colonization approach toward the Philippines as "benevolent assimilation," implying a positive and helpful takeover

Aftermath of the Balangiga Massacre

• The Balangiga Massacre in 1901 led to retaliation by US forces, involving the destruction of the town and the seizure of church bells

First American Teachers

• The "Thomasites" were the first American teachers sent to the Philippines to teach English

US Liberation of Manila

• The US liberation of Manila during World War II resulted in significant destruction and civilian casualties

US Military Role in the Philippines

• The US military claimed to fulfill a "protectorate" role in the Philippines under McKinley's administration

Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park Islands

• Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park is distinguished by its lack of permanent human settlements on its islands

Mutual Defense Treaty

• The Mutual Defense Treaty, established in 1951, aimed to strengthen military cooperation between the US and the Philippines in case of attack

Enhanced Military Cooperation

• The Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA), implemented in 1999, enhanced military cooperation between the US and the Philippines

US Military Role in Huk Rebellion

• The US military provided training and logistical support to the Philippine government during the Huk Rebellion

US Military Action during War on Terror

• A significant military action taken by the US in the Philippines during the War on Terror was the deployment of troops to support counterterrorism operations

Filipino- American Relations

• Filipino-American relations prior to the 1990s often focused on economic and military cooperation

Jones Law

• The Jones Law, or the Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916, stipulated that the Philippines would eventually gain independence from the US

Treaty of Paris Cost

• The financial cost of the Treaty of Paris, which transferred ownership of the Philippines from Spain to the US, was $20 million

CIA Strategy against Huk Rebels

• The CIA employed a strategy of "psychological warfare" against the Huk rebels, aiming to undermine their support

Conservation Definition

• According to the Heritage Conservation Society, conservation encompasses the preservation, protection, and management of heritage sites for future generations

Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park

• The Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park is located in Palawan, Philippines

Subterranean River Length

• The Subterranean River in the Puerto Princesa National Park is approximately 8.2 kilometers long

Vigan City Historical Significance

• During the Spanish colonial era, Vigan City served as a major trading center and administrative hub in the northern Philippines

Banaue Rice Terraces Feature

• One notable feature of the Banaue Rice Terraces is their remarkable engineering and agricultural ingenuity, carved into the mountain slopes by ancient Filipinos

Baroque Churches in the Philippines

• Baroque churches in the Philippines are known for their ornate facades, intricate designs, and fusion of European and Asian architectural styles

San Agustin Church

• The San Agustin Church in Manila is a prominent example of a Baroque church in the Philippines

Vigan Architecture

• Vigan's architecture is characterized by its distinctive Spanish colonial-era buildings, with wooden balconies and vibrant colors, reflecting a blend of Asian and European influences