1899 Malolos Constitution Overview

1899 Malolos Constitution

• The preamble outlined the objectives of establishing justice, common defense, general welfare, and liberty, seeking divine guidance.
• Two significant wars preceded the Malolos Congress: the Philippine Revolution (August 23, 1896 – August 13, 1898) and the Spanish-American War (April 21, 1898 – August 13, 1898).
• The Constitution aimed to establish a representative government, a Bill of Rights, separation of church and state, and a single-chamber legislature.

Government Structure

• The government was to be popular, representative, alternative, and responsible.
• Three branches: Legislative (Assembly of agents), Executive (President), Judicial.
• Emilio Aguinaldo declared the Constitutional Republic of the Philippines on January 23, 1899, highlighting the difference between Philippine freedom and American influence.

Philippine Constitutions

• The Philippines has had multiple constitutions since the Malolos Congress, including provisional ones, especially during American colonization and the Japanese Occupation.
• The Philippine Organic Act of 1902 and the Jones Law of 1916 established the Philippines as part of US domain.
• The 1935 Constitution established the Philippine Commonwealth, intended as a transitional government.
• The 1943 Constitution, implemented by the Japanese, was later revoked.
• The 1987 Constitution was adopted a year after the 1986 EDSA Revolution.

1935 and 1973 Constitutions

• 1935 Constitution: Established the Commonwealth of the Philippines and defined rights for Filipino men (and later women) over 21 years old.
• 1973 Constitution: Marked by the martial law period and presidential rule. This constitution faced controversy in its implementation.

1987 Constitution

• The 1987 Constitution resulted from President Aquino's decision to create a new constitution.
• The new constitution aimed for a strong, representative government.
• The President, legislature, and judiciary were core parts of the new framework with checks and balances.
• A constitutional convention was held, influenced by the Marcos era but also with a focus on Filipino aspirations.

Constitutional Framework

• The Constitution specifies separate Legislative Houses (Senate, House of Representatives) for the legislative branch.
• The executive's powers are outlined, noting limitations during times of crisis.
• The Supreme Court and lower courts form the judicial branch, supported by the Judicial and Bar Council.
• Independent commissions were created, addressing personnel, elections, and fiscal oversight.

Explore the key elements of the 1899 Malolos Constitution, including its objectives, government structure, and historical context. Learn about the significance of the Philippine Revolution and the Spanish-American War in shaping the constituion. This quiz offers insights into the establishment of a representative government in the Philippines.