教育理论与原则

Education Theory

• Education is a social science that investigates educational phenomena and problems, and elucidates educational principles.
• The earliest work specifically discussing education is The Doctrine of Education.
• The work that marked education as an independent discipline is Common Pedagogy.
• The beginning of modern scientific pedagogy is marked by Common Pedagogy.
• The earliest schools in China were called Schools.
• Naturalistic education is the viewpoint of Rousseau.
• Curriculum plans, standards, and textbooks are part of the school level of curriculum, according to curriculum theorist Goodlad.
• Textbooks are important carriers of curriculum.
• Persuasive education is a method that raises students' understanding and forms correct viewpoints through facts and reasoning.
• A democratic authoritative leadership style is when a teacher works with students to make plans and decisions.

Educational Principles

• Moral knowledge education and practical training should be used together in moral education.
• Moral education should combine raising moral awareness and cultivating good moral conduct.
• Ethical education should balance respecting students with holding them to high standards.
• Ethical education requires taking into account students' age and individual differences.
• The main contradiction in moral education is between the moral demands put forth by society through teachers and students' existing moral level.
• Practical experience is the center of the curriculum. The curriculum should also consider students' interests and motivations.
• Teachers should conduct educational activities under the guidance of appropriate educational goals and environments.
• Teachers must be leaders in students' development.
• The education of teachers, who are the "guides," is necessary.
• Teachers should use environmental and personal education factors to subtly influence students.
• Teachers must understand the importance of professional development.
• Teachers should be educators, researchers, and learners.

Teaching Methods and Evaluation

• Demonstration methods are used to give students knowledge through showing real objects, teaching aids, or demonstrating experiments.
• Experimental methods guide students in independent work using equipment to gain knowledge.
• Exercise methods use tools and equipment for independent work to observe things or phenomena.
• Formative assessment is done during curriculum development or implementation to assess its effectiveness.
• Curriculum reforms in China focus on quality education.
• Core curriculum is based on cultural knowledge (science, morality, art) and curriculum design considers age and cognitive level of the students.

Other Key Concepts

• Curriculum development's first step, according to Tyler, is defining educational goals.
• The core of contemporary educational reform is curriculum reform.
• Integrated curriculum has a flexible curriculum design, based on student interests.
• Teaching methods should combine theory and practice, and group and individual activities.
• Educational activities are central to education.
• Teaching methods are the way teachers instruct students and students are guided to learn.
• Diagnostic assessment evaluates the present situation during curriculum development.
• The purpose of formative evaluation is to obtain data on the strengths and weaknesses of curriculum development or implementation processes.
• Teaching should be student-centered and adaptable to student needs.
• Evaluation of teaching and learning is a system that observes the dynamic situations in teaching and learning.