教育理论与原则

Study Notes

Education is a social science that investigates educational phenomena and problems, and elucidates educational principles.
The earliest work specifically discussing education is The Doctrine of Education.
The work that marked education as an independent discipline is Common Pedagogy.
The beginning of modern scientific pedagogy is marked by Common Pedagogy.
The earliest schools in China were called Schools.
Naturalistic education is the viewpoint of Rousseau.
Curriculum plans, standards, and textbooks are part of the school level of curriculum, according to curriculum theorist Goodlad.
Textbooks are important carriers of curriculum.
Persuasive education is a method that raises students' understanding and forms correct viewpoints through facts and reasoning.
A democratic authoritative leadership style is when a teacher works with students to make plans and decisions.

Moral knowledge education and practical training should be used together in moral education.
Moral education should combine raising moral awareness and cultivating good moral conduct.
Ethical education should balance respecting students with holding them to high standards.
Ethical education requires taking into account students' age and individual differences.
The main contradiction in moral education is between the moral demands put forth by society through teachers and students' existing moral level.
Practical experience is the center of the curriculum. The curriculum should also consider students' interests and motivations.
Teachers should conduct educational activities under the guidance of appropriate educational goals and environments.
Teachers must be leaders in students' development.
The education of teachers, who are the "guides," is necessary.
Teachers should use environmental and personal education factors to subtly influence students.
Teachers must understand the importance of professional development.
Teachers should be educators, researchers, and learners.

Demonstration methods are used to give students knowledge through showing real objects, teaching aids, or demonstrating experiments.
Experimental methods guide students in independent work using equipment to gain knowledge.
Exercise methods use tools and equipment for independent work to observe things or phenomena.
Formative assessment is done during curriculum development or implementation to assess its effectiveness.
Curriculum reforms in China focus on quality education.
Core curriculum is based on cultural knowledge (science, morality, art) and curriculum design considers age and cognitive level of the students.

Curriculum development's first step, according to Tyler, is defining educational goals.
The core of contemporary educational reform is curriculum reform.
Integrated curriculum has a flexible curriculum design, based on student interests.
Teaching methods should combine theory and practice, and group and individual activities.
Educational activities are central to education.
Teaching methods are the way teachers instruct students and students are guided to learn.
Diagnostic assessment evaluates the present situation during curriculum development.
The purpose of formative evaluation is to obtain data on the strengths and weaknesses of curriculum development or implementation processes.
Teaching should be student-centered and adaptable to student needs.
Evaluation of teaching and learning is a system that observes the dynamic situations in teaching and learning.