Zoology 03 Animal Architecture - PDF

Wikipedia General Zoology IIS2024 Animal architecture Esta presentación está protegida Diego Tirira por una licencia: Licencia...

Wikipedia General Zoology IIS2024 Animal architecture Esta presentación está protegida Diego Tirira por una licencia: Licencia Este presentación está protegida por una licencia Creative Commons CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.es Usted es libre de: Compartir (copiar y redistribuir el material en cualquier medio o formato) y adaptar (remezclar, transformar y construir a partir del material), bajo los siguientes términos: Atribución: Usted debe dar crédito de manera adecuada. Puede hacerlo en cualquier forma razonable, pero no de forma tal que sugiera que usted o su uso tienen el apoyo del licenciante. No Comercial: Usted no puede hacer uso del material con propósitos comerciales. Compartir Igual: Si remezcla, transforma o crea a partir del material, debe distribuir su contribución bajo la misma licencia del original. No hay restricciones adicionales. El licenciante no puede revocar estas libertades en tanto usted siga los términos de la licencia. Animal architecture Animal architecture: principles and features Animal complexity Animal symmetry Animal embryonic development Architectural patterns Complexity and body size  Diego Tirira What is an animal? www.elagoradiario.com Public domain What is an animal? Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular. Animals are heterotrophic, feeding on organic material and digesting it internally. Plants and algae produce their own nutrients (autotrophic). With very few exceptions, animals respire aerobically. Wikipedia What is an animal? Morula All animals are motile (able to spontaneously move their bodies) during at least part of their life cycle; some animals later become sessile. The blastula is a stage in embryonic development that is unique to animals, allowing cells to be differentiated into specialized tissues and organs. Blastula Wikipedia  Early development Pearson Education Inc. Early development Blastocoel FD  What is an animal? Feature Animalia Fungi Plantae Monera Protista Cell with Yes Yes Yes No Yes nucleus Multicellular Yes Yes/No Yes No No Heterotroph Yes Yes No No Yes/No Yes (few Aerobic Yes/No Yes Yes/No Yes exceptions) Motile Yes No No No Yes/No Blastula Yes No No No No Where are the animals in life context? Phylogenetic tree 2009–2013 Monera 1.Monera 2.Plantae Cavalier-Smith (2013) 3.Protista 4.Fungi 5.Animalia Plantae  Hehenberger et al. (2017) Where are the animals in life context? Phylogenetic tree 2017 1.Protista 2.Fungi 3.Animalia Where are the animals in life context? Protista Phylogenetic tree Wikipedia 2017 Zoology (zoon = animal) Para = near Parazoa Eu = true Protozoa = Protista (in part). Metazoa = Animalia Parazoa = Porifera Eumetazoa = Animals that have tissues. Include all metazoans, with the exception of Wikipedia Porifera (sponges) and Placozoa. Archetype and animal architecture Archetype Archetype: exemplary pattern from which other objects, ideas or concepts are derived. Prototype: a statement, pattern of behavior, "first" form, or a main model that other statements. The vertebrate archetype according to Richard Owen (1847)  Depositphotos.com Archetype (in biology: body plan) Archetype is an ancient trait. Once an archetype is formed, it becomes a limiting factor of body shape for the descendants of that evolutionary line. Mollusks give mollusks, and fishes give fishes... The vertebrate archetype according to Richard Owen (1847)  AI Instagrame Archetype The new evolutionary forms are framed within the structural and functional limits of their original archetypes. For this reason, is Babadecaracoldechile impossible see flying Artesaniashellen mollusks or birds with shells. Animal architecture Each phylum is AI Instagrame characterized by its own archetype or organization model, as well as a set of biological properties that distinguishes it from the other phyla. The possibilities of different designs for life are limited Pinterest by ancestral heritage. Animal architecture Around 100 phyla of animals developed on the history of the planet, but only 32 have survived to present. Most phyla appeared about 540 Mya, during the Cambrian explosion, the most important evolutionary event in the history of animal life. Within a short space of time Early Cambrian period (a few million years) most of the archetypes we know today were established, along with many others we know only by fossil record. Wikipedia Animal architecture These new forms of life (in a literal sense) upon finding an environment with little diversity and little or no competition began to "experiment" intensely, producing new designs in animal architecture. Since then, there has not been a similar event on the planet. Wikipedia Animal architecture The subsequent speciation events that followed the extinction process only produced variations of existing patterns. While there are vast differences in the structural complexity of organisms (from a protozoan to humans) they all share an intrinsic material design and fundamental functional model.  Platyhelminthes: flatworms (planarians, tapeworms) Animal architecture The animals are shaped (conditioned) by their habitat and way of life that they develop. A worm that takes up a parasitic existence in the intestine of a vertebrate will look and behave differently from other free-living Wikipedia (both) members of the same group. However, both will share the distinctive characters of the phylum. Animal complexity Animal complexity Animal complexity shows a hierarchical organization, where each level is more complex compared to the previous one. Five levels of complexity of organisms are recognized, between protozoa (unicellular organisms) and metazoans: Wikipedia Complexity levels 1. Protoplasmic 2. Cell 3. Cellular-tissue 4. Tissue-organ 5. Organ-system Wikipedia  Level Complexity levels 1 1. Protoplasmic organization It is observed in protozoa and other unicellular organisms. www.definicionabc.com/ciencia/amebas.php All vital functions are carried out by a single cell (the fundamental unit of life). Protoplasm contains organelles capable of carrying out specialized functions. Protozoa are the simplest organisms close to animals. Where are the Protozoa in life Protozoa context? Cavalier-Smith (2013)  Level Complexity levels 1 1. Protoplasmic organization Protozoa (unicellular) are complete organisms that fulfill all the functions they require to develop their life cycle. www.definicionabc.com/ciencia/amebas.php Within their limits they present a complex organization with division of functions, locomotor mechanisms, fibrils, and simple sensory structures. Their diversity is based on the variation in subcellular structures, organelles, and the cell as a whole.  Level Complexity levels 1 1. Protoplasmic organization Basically, the protoplasm of any animal cell or protozoan has three fundamental physiological properties: Irritability: is the ability to respond to a stimulus and determines your ability to adapt to the environment. Metabolism: is the fundamental process for life. It includes all the chemical reactions that take place in the cell and a series of functional processes (digestion, respiration, absorption, and excretion). Reproduction: it is the ability to form new cells similar to the original through division mechanisms (mitosis).  Level Complexity levels 2 2. Cell organization In metazoans (= Animalia), a cell is a specialized part of the whole (organism), but, unlike protozoans, it cannot be free-living. The cells are specialized to fulfill the different objectives carried out by the different cell organelles of the protozoa. It is an aggregation functionally differentiated and specialized cells. Some in nutrition, others in reproduction, etc.  Level Complexity levels 2 2. Cell organization In this level, the organization of tissues is null or limited (tissue: set of similar and organized cells that fulfill a function). Cells have division of functions, but there are not associated with others to carry out collective actions.  Level Complexity levels 2 2. Cell organization Phylum Placozoa is an Wikipedia example at this level of organization. Also, some sponges (Porifera) are usually https://2.bp.blogspot.com placed in this category.  Level Complexity levels 2 2. Cell organization Volvox is a free-living alga (close to Plantae) that forms aggregations of cells with clearly differentiated functions, some somatic and others reproductive. It is considered as a level of cellular organization. Wikipedia FD  Level Complexity levels 3 3. Cellular-tissues organization It consists of the aggregation of similar cells according to defined patterns (tissues appear). Many cells in these groups maintain only a degree of cellular organization (level 2), with many of their cells disperse, not organized into tissues. Several sponges are placed at this level. Diego Tirira  Level Complexity levels 3 3. Cellular-tissues organization Cnidarians (jellyfish and relatives) clearly present a tissue organization. Tissue in cnidarians is a nervous network, whose cells have true coordinated tissue function. Diego Tirira Jellyfish  Level Complexity levels 4 4. Tissues-organs organization Tissues are arranged into larger functional units, called organs. Organs usually require more than one type of tissue and have more specialized functions than they do. In general, a specific tissue carries the weight of the primary function of the organ to which it belongs, while other tissues of that organ have supporting functions.  Level Complexity levels 4 4. Tissues-organs organization The fundamental functional cells Stroma of an organ are called parenchyma. Parenchyma The supporting cells are called: stroma, usually made up of connective tissue. www.biologyonline.com For example, in the pancreas, the secretory cells are the parenchyma, the connective tissue structure that forms it is the stroma.  Level Complexity levels 4 4. Tissues-organs organization The first to occupy this organization level were flatworms (Platyhelminthes). They have a certain number of well-defined organs, such as photosensitive pits, proboscides, and reproductive organs. Furthermore, in these worms the reproductive organs already have an organization that matches the higher Wikipedia level (as a system).  Level Alfredo Redondo Complexity levels 5 5. Organs-systems organization It is the highest level and most phyla have this type of organization. Several organs work together to fulfill basic and specific functions that the organism requires, such as organ systems. 11 organ systems are recognized: skeletal, muscular, integumentary, digestive, Diego Tirira respiratory, circulatory, excretory, nervous, endocrine, immune, and reproductive.  Level Complexity levels 5 5. Organs-systems organization Nemertean (phylum Nemertea) are the simplest animals with this level. They have a complete digestive system independent of the circulatory system. Wikipedia Germ layers Blastula Morula From the Greek ‘little germ’. This is the second stage of embryonic development in animals. This is exclusive for almost all animals (eumetazoans). The zygote forms a morula, that precedes the blastula; the blastula gives rise to the gastrula in the normal developmental sequence Blastula Wikipedia of any animal.  Early development Pearson Education Inc. Blastula Morula The organism is considered in blastula when it presents more than 64 cells. The blastula is the end of the process called segmentation, in which the zygote (egg), once activated, divides by mitosis into numerous united cells called blastomeres. The cavity formed in the blastula is the blastocoel, which will form the Wikipedia coelom in most animals. Blastula Coelom The coelom (or celom) is the main body cavity in most animals and is positioned inside the body to surround and contain the digestive tract Wikipedia and other organs. Ectoderm Mesoderm Coelom Gut Endoderm www.toppr.com  1. Ectoderm Germ layers 2. Mesoderm 3. Endoderm 3 A germ layer is a primary layer 1 of cells that forms during embryonic development. Germ layers give rise to all of an animal’s tissues and organs through the process of organogenesis. All animals (eumetazoans) (excluding sponges and placozoans) produce www.toppr.com two or three germ layers. Bilaterians produce three germ 2 layers: Ectoderm Ectoderm One of the three primary germ layers formed in early embryonic development. It is the outermost layer. Ectoderm form epithelial and neural tissues (spinal cord, peripheral nerves and brain). www.toppr.com Also form the skin, sweat glands, hair, and nails, and tooth enamel. Mesoderm Mesoderm The middle layer of the three germ layers. Mesothelium lines the coelom. Mesoderm forms the muscle, bone, connective tissue, cartilage, blood, kidneys, and lining gonads. www.toppr.com Endoderm Endoderm Endoderm is the innermost of the three primary germ layers. Endoderm forms digestive system (except mouth and anus), and several glands (digestive, endocrines). Also, it forms the epithelial lining of www.toppr.com multiple systems. Architectural patterns Architectural patterns Basic archetypes have been variously modified throughout evolution to adapt animals to a wide variety of habitats. The main developments in body architecture are, in order: Level 1: Multicellularity (without germ layers). Level 2: Diploblastic organisms (only two germ layers). Level 3: Bilateral symmetry (acoelomate). Level 4: Basic coelom (pseudocoelomate). Level 5: True coelomates (eucoelomate).  Wikipedia Types of coeloms  Level Architectural patterns 1 Multicellularity (without germ layers) (sponges). Blastula https://2.bp.blogspot.com Wikipedia  Level Architectural patterns 2 Diploblastic organisms (two germ layers) (cnidarians, ctenophores) Diego Tirira Wikipedia  Level Architectural patterns 3 Acoelomate: Bilateral symmetry (flatworms, Platyhelmyntes). Triplobast Wikipedia  Level Architectural patterns 4 Pseudocoelomate: Basic coelom (nematodes). Triplobast Wikipedia  Level Architectural patterns 5 Eucoelomate: True coelomates (remaining metazoans). Triplobast Wikipedia  Architectural patterns Level 1: Hickman et al. (2000) Multicellularity Level 2: Diploblastic All organisms Porifera other Cnidaria phyla  Architectural patterns Level 4: Level 3: Pseudocoelomate Acoelomate Nemertino Platyhelminthes Nematoda Rotifera All other Hickman et al. (2000) phyla  Level 5: Architectural patterns Eucoelomate Mollusca Chordata Annelida Arthropoda Echinodermata Hickman et al. (2000) Complexity and body size Complexity and body size The more complex levels in the organization of the metazoans have allowed the evolution of large body sizes. A large size has consequences, both physical and ecological, for the organism. As organisms increase in size, the body surface area grows more slowly than the body volume. Hickman et al. (2000) Complexity and body size This is because the body surface area increases with the square of the length (length2), while the volume (and with it the mass) increases with the cube of the length (lenght3). This problem has been solved, in the course of evolution, with the development of internal transport systems to accumulate nutrients, gases, and waste products between cells and the external environment. A larger size allows more efficient utilization of metabolic energy. Complexity and body size A large mammal consumes more oxygen than a small one, but the cost of maintaining body temperature is less, per gram of weight, for the large mammal than for the small one. Tirira (2011) Complexity and body size Small mammals have higher metabolic rates, this is due to their higher surface area/volume ratio. Biología de Curtis Complexity and body size O2 < larger size Other example is net cost of moving animals of various sizes. In mammals, the rate of oxygen consumption decreases with increasing size. In the graph, each point represents the cost oxygen consumption of moving 1 g of body weight over 1 km. Hickman et al. (2000) Complexity and body size Another important Carlos E. Boada consequence of the increase in size is the greater protection against predators. For all these reasons, the ecological opportunities of large animals are different Santiago Espinosa from those of small ones.