Zoology: Cartilaginous Fishes PDF

IQUIN,J.R. PSYCH2 ZOOL PS. PLS REFER TO OTHER SOUIRCES; REANA, NICOLE, SHANTAL CARTILAGINOUS FISHES Other source: -Cartilaginous fishes, or Chondrichthyes, include Summary of Cartilaginous Fishes sharks, ray...

IQUIN,J.R. PSYCH2 ZOOL PS. PLS REFER TO OTHER SOUIRCES; REANA, NICOLE, SHANTAL CARTILAGINOUS FISHES Other source: -Cartilaginous fishes, or Chondrichthyes, include Summary of Cartilaginous Fishes sharks, rays, skates, and chimaeras. Unlike bony Definition: fish, their skeletons are made entirely of cartilage, making them lightweight, flexible, and highly Fishes with skeletons made of cartilage efficient swimmers. instead of bones. -They’ve existed for over 400 million years, Includes sharks, rays, and skates. showcasing remarkable adaptations like electroreception to sense prey, tooth-like scales for smoother movement, and diverse reproductive Lateral Line System: strategies. Function: Detects water movement and -As apex predators and vital ecosystem players, vibrations for navigation, prey detection, these ancient creatures continue to fascinate, and predator avoidance. blending evolution, efficiency, and survival beneath the waves. Structure: Composed of neuromasts within canals and on the skin, containing hair cells Lateral Line System: This sensory system allows sensitive to water movement. cartilaginous fishes to detect vibrations and pressure changes in the water, aiding in navigation Adaptations: Works with other sensory and hunting systems, like electroreception, for precise environmental awareness. Tail and Fins: They possess a heterocercal tail, meaning the upper lobe is longer than the lower lobe. This tail structure aids in propulsion and Buoyancy System: maneuverability in water No Swim Bladder: They lack a gas-filled Buoyancy Mechanism: Unlike bony fishes that use organ like bony fishes. swim bladders, cartilaginous fishes maintain buoyancy through large livers filled with oil, Key Adaptations: allowing them to stay afloat without expending much energy. Large, oily liver with squalene for buoyancy. Cartilaginous skeleton, lighter than bone. Pectoral fins and heterocercal tail generate lift during swimming. Reduced body density supports buoyancy. Ecology: Continuous swimming prevents sinking; suited for active, predatory EXTERNAL ANATOMY lifestyles. External Anatomy: Body Shape: Streamlined for fast swimming. Flattened bodies in rays and skates for bottom-dwelling. Skin: IQUIN,J.R. PSYCH2 ZOOL PS. PLS REFER TO OTHER SOUIRCES; REANA, NICOLE, SHANTAL Covered in placoid scales for protection and reduced drag. Fins: Pectoral fins: Lift and maneuvering. Pelvic fins: Stability; males have claspers for reproduction. Dorsal fins: Stability. Caudal fin: Thrust and lift (heterocercal shape). Fins- Pectoral and pelvic fins are paired, used Head: individually and together as brakes. Fish also have single fins along the center line: dorsal, anal, and Eyes: Well-adapted for vision. caudal. Most bony fish's fins can be folded flat Nares: Detect chemical cues. against the body, unlike sharks' rigid fins. Mouth: Ventral, with replaceable rows Swim bladder- The swim bladder is a gas-filled sac of teeth. that helps keep bony fish buoyant. Spiracles: Water intake for breathing. Gill slits: 5–7 pairs for respiration. Operculum- The operculum is a bony flap of skin over their gills that protects the gills. Lateral Line System: Detects vibrations and water movements. SCALES Ganoid- are similar to placoid scales but are covered with a peculiar enamel-like substance Cloaca: called ganoin. Definition: A single opening for excretion Cycloid- appear to be the inner layer of ganoid or and reproduction. cosmoid scales Functions: Ctenoid- are large, thin, and round or oval in shape, Eliminates waste from the digestive and they exhibit growth rings and urinary systems. Serves as the reproductive opening Other sources: in both males and females. Summary of Bony Fishes (Osteichthyes) Reproductive Role: External Anatomy: Males use claspers to deliver sperm into the female's cloaca. Body Shape: Typically streamlined for efficient swimming; variations exist for Fertilization is usually internal. specific habitats (e.g., elongated, flat, or Ecology: Simplifies bodily functions and rounded). maintains a streamlined shape for Head: Contains the eyes, mouth, nostrils, swimming. and gill covers (opercula) that protect the OSTEICHTHYES (BONY FISHES) gills. -bony fish, (superclass Osteichthyes), any member Fins: Paired fins (pectoral and pelvic) for of the superclass Osteichthyes, a group made up of steering, dorsal and anal fins for stability, the classes Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) and and a caudal fin (tail) for propulsion. Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) in the subphylum Mouth Position: Adapted based on feeding Vertebrata, including the great majority of living habits (e.g., upward-facing for surface fishes and virtually all the world’s sport and feeding, terminal for chasing prey). commercial fishes. ANATOMY IQUIN,J.R. PSYCH2 ZOOL PS. PLS REFER TO OTHER SOUIRCES; REANA, NICOLE, SHANTAL Lateral Line: A sensory organ running but are equally fascinating. Caecilians resemble along the body, detecting water movements worms or snakes due to their elongated, cylindrical, and vibrations. and limbless bodies. Other source: Swim Bladder: -Amphibians are a diverse class of ectothermic (cold-blooded) vertebrates that include a variety of Structure: A gas-filled organ located in the orders. They are known for their dual life phases, body cavity. typically involving aquatic larval stages and Function: Helps maintain buoyancy, terrestrial adult stages allowing the fish to stay at a desired depth Class Amphibia without constant swimming. Characteristics: Ectothermic, permeable Mechanism: Gas exchange with blood skin for gas exchange, unshelled eggs often regulates the volume, adjusting buoyancy. laid in water. Additional Roles: Some species use it for Habitat: Amphibians are found in sound production or respiration. freshwater or moist terrestrial Scales: environments. Types: Orders of Amphibians Cycloid: Smooth edges, common in 1. Order Anura (Frogs and Toads) soft-rayed fishes (e.g., salmon). Key Features: Ctenoid: Toothed edges, found in Tailless as adults. spiny-rayed fishes (e.g., perch). Strong hind legs adapted for Ganoid: Hard and shiny, present in jumping. primitive species (e.g., gar). Smooth or warty skin. Functions: Provide protection, reduce drag during swimming, and act as a barrier Examples: Frogs (Rana spp.), Toads (Bufo against infections. spp.). Structure: Overlap like roof shingles, Diversity: Around 7,400 species, the largest offering flexibility and durability. order. Habitat: Aquatic, semi-aquatic, or terrestrial environments. AMPHIBIANS 2. Order Caudata (or Urodela) (Salamanders Orders & Technical Names: and Newts) A poison frog, also known as a poison dart frog, is a Key Features: small, brightly colored amphibian belonging to the family Dendrobatidae. These frogs are native to Possess tails throughout life. Central and South America and are famous for their vibrant hues and toxic secretions. Elongated bodies with four limbs of roughly equal size. A salamander is an amphibian belonging to the order Caudata. These creatures are known for their Some species have the ability to slender, lizard-like bodies, long tails, and moist, regenerate limbs. permeable skin. Despite their resemblance to Examples: Salamanders (Ambystoma spp.), lizards, salamanders are more closely related to Newts (Triturus spp.). frogs and toads. Diversity: Approximately 740 species. Caecilians are unique, legless amphibians that belong to the order Gymnophiona. They are lesser- Habitat: Typically moist environments like known compared to frogs, toads, and salamanders forests, wetlands, or streams. IQUIN,J.R. PSYCH2 ZOOL PS. PLS REFER TO OTHER SOUIRCES; REANA, NICOLE, SHANTAL Squamata: Lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians (worm lizards). 3. Order Gymnophiona (or Apoda) (Caecilians) Crocodilia: Crocodiles, alligators, Key Features: caimans, and gharials. Limbless, worm-like appearance. Rhynchocephalia: Tuataras, found Burrowing lifestyle; some are only in New Zealand. aquatic. 4. Parthenogenesis Reduced or absent eyesight. Some reptiles (e.g., certain lizards) Examples: Caecilians (Ichthyophis spp., can reproduce without fertilization, Caecilia spp.). producing clones of the mother. Diversity: About 200 species, the least 5. Internal Anatomy diverse order. Reptiles have lungs for breathing, a Habitat: Found in tropical regions, often three-chambered heart (except underground or near water. crocodilians with four chambers), and a cloaca for excretion and reproduction. REPTILES 6. Carapace vs. Plastron PPT REPORTS (PS. Pls refer to the reviewer guide of Carapace: The dorsal (top) shell of Nicole’s reviewer about this for other info.) a turtle or tortoise. Other sources: Plastron: The ventral (bottom) REPTILES shell. -are cold-blooded, vertebrate animals in the class Reptilia. They have dry, scaly skin and typically lay BIRDS eggs with leathery shells. Reptiles breathe air through lungs, and most are ectothermic, meaning PPT REPORTS (PS. Pls refer to the reviewer guide of they rely on external heat sources to regulate their Shantal’s reviewer about this for other info.) body temperature. Other Sources: 1. Types of Fertilization BIRDS Reptiles use internal fertilization. - Birds are warm-blooded, feathered vertebrates Males transfer sperm into the characterized by beaks, wings, and the ability to lay female's reproductive tract using a hard-shelled eggs. They belong to the class Aves copulatory organ (e.g., hemipenes in and are known for their ability to fly, though some lizards/snakes). species are flightless. Birds have a unique skeletal 2. Birth Methods structure, lightweight bones, and a high metabolic rate, which help support flight.Birds are found in Oviparous: Most reptiles lay eggs diverse habitats around the world and are known (e.g., turtles, many lizards). for their diverse behaviors, diets, and adaptations. Ovoviviparous: Some retain eggs inside the body until they hatch (e.g., certain snakes). Birds Reproductive System Viviparous: A few give live birth Sexual Reproduction: Most birds have (e.g., some skinks). internal fertilization. Female birds typically have one ovary (usually the left), and eggs 3. Reptilian Orders are fertilized inside the oviduct. Testudines: Turtles and tortoises. Mating: Males often display courtship behaviors to attract females. IQUIN,J.R. PSYCH2 ZOOL PS. PLS REFER TO OTHER SOUIRCES; REANA, NICOLE, SHANTAL Egg-laying: Eggs are laid in nests, where 3. Live Birth: Most mammals give birth to live they are incubated until hatching. young (except monotremes, which lay eggs). Bird Respiratory System 4. Mammary Glands: Females produce milk to feed their young. Efficient Breathing: Birds have a unique system of air sacs and lungs, which allows 5. Vertebrates: They have a backbone or for a constant flow of oxygen. Air moves spine. through the lungs in a one-way direction, Major Groups of Mammals: enhancing oxygen extraction. 1. Monotremes (e.g., platypus, echidna): Egg- Air Sacs: These store air and help in the laying mammals, the only group that does continuous flow through the lungs during so. both inhalation and exhalation. 2. Marsupials (e.g., kangaroos, koalas): Give Bird Digestive System birth to undeveloped young, which then Beak: Birds lack teeth, using their beaks to continue developing in the mother’s pouch. break down food. 3. Placental Mammals (e.g., humans, whales, Crop: Food is temporarily stored and lions): Most mammals, they give birth to softened in the crop before digestion. fully developed young after a period of internal development in the placenta. Gizzard: A muscular stomach that grinds food, sometimes with the help of ingested Orders of Mammals: stones. Carnivora: Carnivores like dogs, cats, and Efficient Digestion: Most birds have a fast bears. metabolism, requiring efficient digestion for Primates: Includes humans, apes, and energy. monkeys. Examples of Bird Groups Cetacea: Marine mammals like whales, Passerines (Songbirds): Sparrows, robins. dolphins, and porpoises. Raptors (Birds of Prey): Eagles, hawks. Chiroptera: Bats, the only flying mammals. Waterfowl: Ducks, geese. Rodentia: Mice, rats, and squirrels. Gamebirds: Chickens, turkeys. Artiodactyla: Hooved mammals like cows, deer, and giraffes. MAMMALS External Features: PPT REPORTS (PS. Pls refer to the reviewer guide of Reana’s reviewer about this for other info.) Limbs: Mammals typically have four limbs, though some (like bats) have wings. Other Sources: Teeth: Specialized teeth (incisors, canines, MAMMALS molars) help with their diet. -Mammals are a diverse group of vertebrate Ears: Most mammals have external ears animals. Highly adapted to various environments, (pinna). from land to water, and they play crucial roles in ecosystems worldwide. Respiratory System in Aquatic and Marine Mammals: General Characteristics: Adaptations for Breathing: Aquatic 1. Hair/Fur: Mammals have hair or fur at mammals like whales and dolphins have some point in their life, which helps with large lungs and a blowhole at the top of temperature regulation. their heads to breathe air. 2. Warm-blooded: They can maintain a Oxygen Storage: They can hold their breath constant body temperature. for extended periods, thanks to high amounts of oxygen-carrying blood cells.