Cell Biology PDF

• An eukaryotic cell has internal membranes, which partition the cell into compartments. • These membranes also participate in metabolism as many enzymes are built into membranes. ee • The general structure of a biological membrane is a double layer of phospholipids and diverse proteins. • Each...

• An eukaryotic cell has internal membranes, which partition the cell into compartments. • These membranes also participate in metabolism as many enzymes are built into membranes. ee • The general structure of a biological membrane is a double layer of phospholipids and diverse proteins. • Each type of membrane has a unique combination of lipids and proteins for its specific functions. – Ts For example, those in the membranes of mitochondria function in cellular respiration. Plant & Animal Cells • Similarities – Both are eukaryotic cells – Both contain similar organelles – Both are surrounded by cell membrane Plant & Animal Cells • Differences – Plants have • Cell wall – provides strength & rigidity and is not found in animal cells. • Have chloroplasts that is photosynthetic and are not found in animal cells. – Animals have • Organelle lysosomes, centriols and flagella are not found in plants. • Centrioles have important role in cell division. 1. The nucleus: Contains the cell’s genetic library • The nucleus contains most of the genes in an eukaryotic cell as it is the repository for genetic material. • The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a double membrane called nuclear envelope. • It directs activities of the cell. • The nuclear membrane contains pores that allow large macromolecules and particles to pass through. • The nuclear membrane is maintaining the shape of the nucleus. mm • The nucleus contains “chromatin fiber” which is made up of DNA and proteins. • When the cell prepares to divide, the chromatin fibers coil up and condensed to be seen as “chromosomes”. • Each eukaryotic species has a characteristic number of chromosomes. - A typical human cell has 46 chromosomes, but sex cells or gametes (eggs and sperm) have only 23 chromosomes. I • The nucleus directs protein synthesis by synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). – The mRNA travels to the cytoplasm and combines with ribosomes to translate its genetic message into the primary structure of a specific protein. • Nucleolus is a dark region involved in production of ribosomes. 2. Ribosomes: build the cell’s proteins • Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes composed of two subunits (large and small) that join and attach to messenger RNA to carry out protein synthesis. • So, it is the site of protein synthesis • Ribosome assembly begins in the nucleolus and is completed in the cytoplasm • In the nucleolus, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized and assembled with proteins from the cytoplasm to form ribosomal subunits. • The subunits pass through the nuclear pores to the cytoplasm where they combine to form ribosomes. • Cells that synthesize large quantities of proteins (e.g., pancreas) have large numbers of ribosomes. more protein • 1) 2) mffosiome Types of Ribosomes:Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosol and synthesize proteins that function within the cytosol. Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the endoplasmic __ reticulum. – These synthesize proteins that are either included into membranes or for secretion outside the cell. 3- The Endomembrane System a) The endoplasmic reticulum is a manufacturer membrane and performs many other biosynthetic functions. b) The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products. c) The Lysosomes are digestive compartments. d) The Vacuoles have diverse functions in cell maintenance.