Yearly Science Exam Notes (Year 7) PDF

Yearly Science exam notes(Year 7) NO GRIEFING! Topics to revise on Working Scientifically - Topic 1 Working Scientifically [All content descriptors] The Scientific method Most important terminology Hypothesis Variable Independent variable Dependent Vari...

Yearly Science exam notes(Year 7) NO GRIEFING! Topics to revise on Working Scientifically - Topic 1 Working Scientifically [All content descriptors] The Scientific method Most important terminology Hypothesis Variable Independent variable Dependent Variable Control variable Bunsen Burner The three Bunsen burner flames Yellow/Safety Flame: A yellow flame is also known as the safety flame due to its low heat. A safety flame can be achieved by fully closing the air hole and the temperature can reach up to 300 degrees. Blue/Heating flame The roaring blue flame Equipment that can be found in the laboratory Beaker Test tubes rack: Bunsen Burner: Tripod: Thermometer: Pipettes: Funnels: Watch Glass: Safety goggles: Gauze mat: Measuring cylinder: Safety mat: Petri dish: Spatula: Stirring rod: Topic 2 - Properties of Matter Matter What is matter? Particle Model Six Rules of the Particle Theory  States of Matter Table of the Properties of the Three Main States of Matter Plasma Parts of an Atom Kinetic Theory Changes in States of Matter Type of Changes in States of Matter Expansion and Contraction from Heat Density What is Density? Calculating Density How Heat Affects Density Water Density Elements, Compounds and Mixtures Elements Compounds Precipitation: Is water which falls from the atmosphere Physics (Forces and Motion) [All content descriptors] What are Newton’s Laws of Motion? NON CONTACT FORCES Contact force Gravitational force Electric force Magnetic force/Magnetic field Balanced forces: Unbalanced forces: are forces that are not equal in magnitude and therefore one may overpower the other and make one go in a certain direction Motion Forces as a push, pull and twist Push force Pull force Twist force Biology (Classification) [Selected sections only MRSGREN Classification Why do we classify things Dichotomous keys Tabular Dichotomous keys Quick Exercise The Six Kingdoms Kingdom Animalia  Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Archaebacteria Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Protista Key terms Practice Assessment Topics to revise on - Working Scientifically [All content descriptors] - Chemistry (Properties of Matter) [All content descriptors] - Physics (Forces) [All content descriptors] - Biology (Classification) [Selected sections only] (Refer to the Nesa Keywords for proper scientific vocabulary) https://docs.google.com/document/d/1HkFUek4VXVBkl4Q3ytGtyADTRro67gIYMZG24qM8K1w/ edit?pli=1 Learning Intentions: 1. Introduction to Science and the Laboratory Students will learn to: c describe the process of science as the study of the world through observation and experimentation. c explain reasons for each safety rule in the laboratory and identify the location of safety equipment. c construct risk assessments for practical investigations which describe significant potential risks to human health and identify practical ways to mitigate them. c construct scientific diagrams of equipment following the guidelines issued in class. c identify, draw scientifically, and describe the purpose of laboratory equipment including a Bunsen burner, beaker, test tube, conical flask, measuring cylinder, filter funnel, filter paper, tripod, gauze mat, heatproof mat, evaporating dish/basin, crucible, watch glass, spatula, stirring rod, retort stand, boss head, and clamp. c follow an experimental method accurately and safely. c identify and describe the function of the parts of a Bunsen burner. c justify the appropriate use of different flames when using the Bunsen burner. Practical Investigations Students will: g safely conduct an experiment to light and extinguish a Bunsen burner. g safely conduct and analyse an experiment comparing the time taken to boil water using blue and yellow flames of the Bunsen burner. 2. Observations, Measurement and Data Presentation Students will learn to: c describe the difference between observations and inferences. c identify that observations are data and they can be qualitative or quantitative. c construct tables for recording data using a ruler, placing the independent variable on the left hand column, the dependent variable on the right and units in the headings in their books. c describe errors as systematic (e.g., parallax, meniscus, human reflex, instrument and zero errors) and random (e.g., reading error, influences of weather). c record accurate measurements of length, mass, temperature and volume (value and units) using a variety of equipment. c calculate the mean and range from a dataset. c convert between units of measurement. c construct accurate tables and graphs including bar/column graphs, pie graphs and line graphs following the correct working scientifically skills drawing conventions and justify the appropriate type of graph to choose using Excel spreadsheets. Science Learning Intentions NBHS SCIENCE LEARNING INTENTIONS – WORKING SCIENTIFICALLY (YEAR 7) 2 Practical Investigations Students will: g conduct experiments to write observations and record what happens when you: o blow through limewater, o add sodium thiosulfate to hydrochloric acid, and o burn a candle. g record accurate measurements (avoiding parallax and meniscus errors) from equipment in experiments involving a beaker, measuring cylinder, electronic balance, spring balance, thermometer, stop watch, and analogue voltmeter, using the appropriate scale. 3. The Scientific Method Students will learn to: c describe the steps of the Scientific method: o observation o question o hypothesis o experimentation o drawing conclusions o reporting results. c define, write and justify hypotheses (an idea about how something works that can be tested using experiments) and predictions (what will happen in an experiment if the hypothesis is correct). c define and apply the terms variable, controlled variable, independent variable, and dependent variable to examples of scientific experiments. c construct accurate graphs including bar/column graphs, pie graphs and line graphs following the drawing conventions issued in class and justify the appropriate type of graph to choose. c extract, interpret and analyse information from texts, diagrams, flow charts, tables, databases, graphs and multimedia resources including interpolating and extrapolating data. c explain the concept of a fair test and why some variables need to be controlled. c define the terms accuracy as the closeness of a result to the true value; reliability as the consistency of data and a valid experiment as one that is both accurate and reliable, has controlled variables, has eliminated systematic errors, reduced random errors with repetition and fairly tests the aim. c describe repetition as important to assess reliability of data, to reduce the impact of random errors, and identify outliers. c evaluate the method used to investigate a question or solve a problem, including evaluating the quality of the data collected and identifying possible improvements to the investigation. c write a scientific/practical report covering these components appropriately: o aim o hypothesis o risk assessment  Science Learning Intentions NBHS SCIENCE LEARNING INTENTIONS – WORKING SCIENTIFICALLY (YEAR 7) 3 o scientific diagram(s) o materials o method o results o discussion o conclusion. Practical Investigations Students will: g plan, conduct and analyse and write a practical report on an experiment to explore the effect on the time taken for a complete swing of a pendulum when you change the amplitude of the initial swing and the length of a pendulum. g plan, conduct and analyse and write a practical report on an experiment to investigate how big salt crystals grow under different conditions. ✍ Topic: Properties of Matter (Year 7) 1. Properties of Matter Students will learn to: c define matter as substances having mass and volume. c define the particle model of matter as the behaviour of matter in terms of particles that are continuously moving and interacting. c define the atom, as the smallest stable particle which is made up of protons, electrons and neutrons. c describe the properties of the different states of matter (solid, liquid and gas) by relating to the particle theory of matter, including: o shape in a container o arrangement of particles o movement of particles o compressibility o force of attraction between particles c define the kinetic theory of matter and relate this to the movement of particles at different temperatures. c describe changes in particle arrangement as substances change state (melting, freezing, boiling condensation, deposition, sublimation). c predict the effect of adding and removing heat to explain the expansion and contraction of matter. Practical Investigations Students will: g conduct an investigation to model the different states of matter using the particle theory. g analyse the model by discussing benefits and limitations. g conduct a practical investigation to determine whether the rate of diffusion changes with temperature. g conduct a practical investigation to measure and graph the boiling point of water. 2. Density Students will learn to: c explain density in terms of the particle model. c perform calculations using the formula p = m V (p = density, m = mass in g, V = volume in mL). Practical Investigations Students will: g conduct a practical investigation to calculate the density of a regular and irregular object. Science Learning Intentions NBHS SCIENCE LEARNING INTENTIONS – PROPERTIES OF MIXTURES (YEAR 7) 2 3. Mixtures Students will learn to: c define and identify examples of common elements, compounds and mixtures. c distinguish between pure substances (elements and compounds) and mixtures. c distinguish between homogenous and heterogenous mixtures. c describe the features of the different types of mixtures including: o suspensions o colloids o emulsions o solutions c describe aqueous mixtures in terms of solute, solvent and solution. c describe the importance of water as a solvent in daily life, industries and the environment. c define solubility and explain how it relates to the particle theory. c distinguish between soluble and insoluble substances. c relate a range of techniques used to separate the components of some common mixtures to the physical principles involved in each process, including: o filtration o sieving o decantation o evaporation o crystallisation o chromatography o distillation (demonstration) o centrifugation o electrostatic separation o magnetic separation Practical Investigations Students will: g conduct a practical investigation to separate mixtures, such as salt, sand and iron fillings, using the following separation techniques: filtration, sieving, evaporation, crystallisation. g conduct a practical investigation to separate mixtures, such as inks, using chromatography. Working Scientifically - Topic 1 Working Scientifically [All content descriptors] Describe the process of science as the study of the world through observation and experimentation. Explain reasons for each safety rule in the laboratory and identify the location of safety equipment. Construct risk assessments for practical investigations which describe significant potential risks to humans Health and identify practical ways to mitigate them. Construct scientific diagrams of equipment following the guidelines issued in class. Identify, draw scientifically, and describe the purpose of laboratory equipment including a Bunsen burner, Beaker, test tube, conical flask, measuring cylinder, filter funnel, filter paper, tripod, gauze mat, heatproof Mat, evaporating dish/basin, crucible, watch glass, spatula, stirring rod, retort stand, boss head, and clamp. Follow an experimental method accurately and safely. Identify and describe the function of the parts of a Bunsen burner. Justify the appropriate use of different flames when using the Bunsen burner. The Scientific method The scientific method is a systematic approach to understanding the natural world. It involves a series of steps that scientists follow to investigate phenomena and draw conclusions. Here's a breakdown of the key steps: 1. Observation: Identify a phenomenon: Notice something interesting or puzzling in the world around you. Ask a question: Formulate a specific question about the observation. 2. Research: Gather information: Conduct background research to learn more about the topic.  Review existing knowledge: Consult scientific literature, textbooks, and other reliable sources. 3. Hypothesis: Formulate a testable explanation: Propose a possible answer to your question. Make a prediction: Predict the outcome of an experiment or observation based on your hypothesis. 4. Experimentation: Design an experiment: Develop a procedure to test your hypothesis. Collect data: Gather relevant data through observations, measurements, or other methods. Analyze data: Organize and interpret the data to identify patterns and trends. 5. Conclusion: Evaluate the hypothesis: Determine whether the data supports or refutes your hypothesis. Draw conclusions: Formulate a conclusion based on the evidence. 6. Communication: Share results: Communicate your findings to the scientific community through publications, presentations, or other means. Peer review: Submit your work for evaluation by other scientists to ensure its validity. Key Points: Empiricism: The scientific method relies on empirical evidence, meaning it is based on observation and experimentation. Falsifiability: A good hypothesis must be falsifiable, meaning it can be proven wrong through experimentation.  Objectivity: Scientists strive to be objective and unbiased in their observations and interpretations. Replication: Scientific findings should be reproducible by other researchers. Theory Building: Over time, well-supported hypotheses can lead to the development of scientific theories. Most important terminology Hypothesis A supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation. Variable Not consistent or having a fixed pattern; liable to change. Independent variable (Manipulated variable): A variable (often denoted by x ) whose variation does not depend on that of another. Dependent Variable (responding variable): A variable is considered dependent if it depends on an independent variable. Control variable ( Constant/controlled variable): A control variable is an experimental condition or element that is kept the same throughout the experiment, and it is not of primary concern in the experiment, nor will it influence the outcome of the experiment.  Bunsen Burner The three Bunsen burner flames Yellow/Safety Flame: A yellow flame is also known as the safety flame due to its low heat. A safety flame can be achieved by fully closing the air hole and the temperature can reach up to 300 degrees. Blue/Heating flame The blue flame is achieved by leaving the air hole partially open and can reach up to temperatures of over 500 degrees. The roaring blue flame The hottest setting for a bunsen burner is the roaring blue flame. This is what happens when the air hole is fully open and can reach up to temperatures of over 700 degrees. Fun fact: The hottest region of the flame which is shown below can reach up to 1500 degrees celsius. Different parts of the bunsen burner Equipment that can be found in the laboratory Beaker Test tubes Test tubes rack Bunsen burner Tripod Thermometer Stopwatches Pipettes Funnels Watch glass Gauze mat Measuring cylinder Safety mat Petri dish Spatula  Stirring rod Beaker : A beaker is a common piece of laboratory glassware used for preparing and holding solutions and other samples. It can measure liquids which make it a good technique to measure substances, however, it is not as accurate as a measuring cylinder. It is a cylindrical container with a flat bottom and an open top, similar in shape to a drinking beaker. Test tubes: A test tube is also commonly used in the laboratory consisting of a clear finger-like length of glass. Its main uses are mixing chemicals, heating substances, observing reactions and storing samples. Test tubes rack: A test tube rack is a handy equipment used for handling multiple test tubes at once. With one, you can perform complex experiments in short periods of time. Bunsen Burner: A Bunsen burner is a type of laboratory equipment used for heating, sterilisation, and combustion. It consists of a metal tube connected to a gas supply and a base with an air inlet. Tripod: A tripod is a three-legged stand used to support various pieces of laboratory equipment. It provides a stable platform for heating, mixing, and other experimental processes. Usually when heating, the Bunsen Burner would be directly underneath as the tripod has a small hole in the middle, providing a space for substances to be heated. Thermometer: A tripod is a three-legged stand used to support laboratory equipment, providing a stable platform for experiments. Thermometers, essential tools in science, measure temperature, aiding in various applications like monitoring chemical reactions, calibrating instruments, and studying environmental conditions. Pipettes: Pipettes are essential laboratory tools used to accurately measure and transfer small volumes of liquid. They are commonly used in various scientific fields, including chemistry, biology, and medicine. Pipettes come in different types, each designed for specific applications: Funnels: Funnels are essential tools in science laboratories, used for various purposes. They aid in transferring liquids, filtering solutions, separating mixtures, and adding reagents in a controlled manner, contributing to the accuracy and efficiency of scientific experiments. Watch Glass: A watch glass is a versatile laboratory tool used for various purposes. It serves as a surface for evaporation, a container for weighing, a cover for glassware, and a platform for observing small-scale chemical reactions. Safety goggles: A watch glass is a versatile laboratory tool used for various purposes. It serves as a surface for evaporation, a container for weighing, a cover for glassware, and a platform for observing small-scale chemical reactions. Gauze mat: A gauze mat is a laboratory tool used to support glassware, such as beakers or flasks, while they are being heated over a Bunsen burner. It helps distribute heat evenly across the bottom of the glassware, preventing localised hot spots that could cause the glass to crack. Additionally, the gauze mat protects the glassware from direct contact with the flame, further reducing the risk of breakage. Measuring cylinder: A measuring cylinder is a laboratory tool used to measure the volume of liquids. 1 It's a tall, cylindrical container with markings along its side indicating volume in milliliters. 2 Measuring cylinders are essential for accurate measurements in various experiments and chemical processes. 3 Safety mat: A safety mat is a protective surface used in laboratories to prevent accidents and damage. It can be made of various materials, such as silicone or rubber, and is designed to provide a non-slip surface, protect the work surface from chemical spills and heat damage, and absorb vibrations from equipment. Petri dish: A Petri dish is a shallow, circular dish with a lid, commonly used in biology laboratories to culture microorganisms. It provides a controlled environment for the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms. By observing the growth patterns and characteristics of these organisms, scientists can study their behaviour, conduct experiments, and identify various species. Spatula: A Petri dish is a shallow, circular dish with a lid, commonly used in biology laboratories to culture microorganisms. It provides a controlled environment for the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms. By observing the growth patterns and characteristics of these organisms, scientists can study their behaviour, conduct experiments, and identify various species. Stirring rod: A stirring rod is a simple yet essential laboratory tool used to mix substances. Typically made of glass, it comes in various lengths and diameters. Its smooth, rounded ends prevent scratching glassware and facilitate efficient mixing of liquids or solids and liquids. Stirring rods are commonly used in tasks such as dissolving solids, homogenising mixtures, and aiding in chemical reactions. Burette: A Burette is a long graduated glass tube marked with measurements and used in chemistry to help measure the amount of liquid in an experiment. It is used in extremely precise measurements Chemistry (Properties of Matter) [All content descriptors] Topic 2 - Properties of Matter Matter What is matter? Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. This is usually represented by tiny particles called atoms and molecules. Particle Model The particle model is a theory that explains how matter acts. This theory suggests that matter is made up of particles, where each particle moves at different rates depending on its energy and heat (where higher heat and energy means higher movement). Six Rules of the Particle Theory 1. All matter is made up of particles 2. All particles in one substance are identical 3. The particles are always moving 4. Temperature affects the speed of the particles movement 5. Particles have a force of attraction between them 6. There are spaces between particles States of Matter Table of the Properties of the Three Main States of Matter Property Solid Liquid Gas Shape in Container Fixed shape and Takes shape of No fixed shape or Fixed Volume container and it has a volume. fixed volume Particle Movement Vibrate in fixed Particles can slide Move freely position past each other Particle Space Tightly packed More space than Lots of space together solid  Compressibility Not possible ? Compressible Force of Attraction Strong Attraction Weaker forces Weak forces between particles Plasma Plasma is the fourth state of matter which in short summary is ionised gas. The temperatures of the particles becomes so high that the atoms lose their electrons. The mixture of the electrons and nuclei creates plasma. Some examples of plasma are fire and stars. Fun Fact: Plasma is the most common state of matter in the universe. Parts of an Atom An atom is made up of the Protons which are positively charged particles with the nucleus, Electrons orbiting the nucleus, the neutrons with the nucleus, the nucleus which contains the protons and neutrons and the orbits which is where the electrons revolve. The neutrons, protons and electrons are known as the subatomic particles. NOTE: This will probably be assessed so make sure you study this part. ( An atom is the smallest stable particle that we know of) Kinetic Theory The Kinetic Theory states that all matter is made up of particles and moves randomly. It states that when heat is added to a substance particles move faster. And higher space between particles result in a change of state. Changes in States of Matter Many objects change state of matter. This happens from heat, because adding heat causes the matter to vibrate more which can break the attraction between forces causing a change of state. Type of Changes in States of Matter From the four types of matter there are changes in state between them. A solid changing to a liquid is called melting and freezing vice-versa. A liquid changing into a gas is called evaporation and condensation vice-versa. Gas turning into plasma is ionisation and deionisation vice-versa. Sublimation is the process of a solid turning into a gas without the liquid stage and deposition vice-versa. Expansion and Contraction from Heat When particles in matter are heated they expand causing the matter to have less density. The same happens when an object is cooled. An example of this is a bridge where it grows bigger in high temperatures. Due to this, when designing a bridge, an expansion gap should be placed in case of expansion and contraction. Density What is Density? Density is how much matter is in a certain volume. It is measured in units of grams per centimetres (g/cm3). For example, the density of water is 1 gram per cubic centimetre. However, liquids are sometimes measured in grams per millilitre (g/ml). Typically, when particles have the same size and weight, the particles with more tightly packed particles are more dense. Calculating Density When writing density you would write it as ρ. Density is equal to mass divided by volume as shown in the graph. Mass would equal density multiplied by volume and volume would equal mass divided by density. How Heat Affects Density When heat is added to an object its particles have more space apart causing them to have lower density. Water Density Water at 4 degrees celsius is at its highest density because the particles form a more open hexagonal shape causing a lower density. Elements, Compounds and Mixtures Elements An element is a pure substance which contains identical particles. Some examples of this include pure gold and calcium. Compounds Compounds are pure substances which contain more than one type of element. Examples of this include, water, which contains hydrogen and oxygen as its elements and salt which contains sodium and chloride. Soluble: Able to be dissolved in water or other liquids/ being able to form a solution with another substance Solvent: able to dissolve other substances/ the liquid in which a solute is dissolved to form a Solution: A homogeneous type of mixture of two or more substances. A solution contains both a solute and a solvent. Insoluble: Being incapable of dissolving Ways to separate soluble substances Distillation Evaporation Magnetic separation Sieving Filtration Precipitation: Is water which falls from the atmosphere Mixtures: A mixture is a substance made by combining 2 or more different materials in such way that no chemical reaction occurs Different types of mixtures Suspensions: A type of heterogeneous mixture where solid particles do not dissolve in a liquid solution. Colloids: A colloid is a mixture that has particles ranging from 1 to 1000 nanometers in diameter, yet are still able to remain evenly distributed throughout the solution. Emulsions: A combination that usually does not mix such as oil and water. Solutions: refers to a liquid or solid phase containing more than one substance Aqueous mixtures: is water that contains one or more dissolved substances Heterogeneous mixture: A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the components are not uniformly distributed throughout the mixture Homogenous mixture: A homogeneous mixture is completely opposite to a heterogeneous one with the mixture being uniformly distributed throughout the solution Physics (Forces and Motion) [All content descriptors] What are Newton’s Laws of Motion? 1. An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion at constant speed and in a straight line unless acted on by an unbalanced force. (Law of inertia) 2. The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied. (Law of acceleration) 3. Whenever one object exerts a force on another object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite on the first. (Law of reaction) NON CONTACT FORCES What is a Non contact force? A non-contact force is a force which acts on an object without coming physically in contact with it- unlike friction. The three types of noncontact forces are.. -Gravitational force -Electric force -Magnetic force Before we dive deeper into the meanings of these forces we must first understand what a field is. A field is a region in which each point is affected by a force. Contact force A contact force is a force that occurs when two objects physically touch each other. Its a direct interaction between the objects Different type of contact forces Applied force - An applied force is a direct push or pull exerted on an object, such as pushing the door open Normal force- Normal force acts perpendicular to the surface of contact, counteracting the force of gravity and preventing objects from falling through surfaces. Friction force- Friction opposes the relative motion of two surfaces in contact, slowing down or preventing movement. Gravitational force Gravity is a force which tries to pull two objects toward each other. Anything which has mass also has a gravitational pull. The more massive an object is, the stronger its gravitational pull is. Earth's gravity is what keeps you on the ground and what causes objects to fall. Electric force How Would You Define an Electrical Force? The repulsive or attractive interaction between any two charged bodies is called an electric force. Similar to any force, its impact and effects on the given body are described by Newton's laws of motion. The electric force is one of the various forces that act on objects. Magnetic force/Magnetic field The magnetic field is the area around a magnet that has magnetic force. All magnets have north and south poles. Opposite poles are attracted to each other, while the same poles repel each other. When you rub a piece of iron along a magnet, the north-seeking poles of the atoms in the iron line up in the same direction. The field that surrounds any charged object is called an electric field. If any other charged object comes into contact with the field it will experience a force called the electrostatic force. Balanced forces: are forces where the effect of one force is cancelled out by the other Unbalanced forces: are forces that are not equal in magnitude and therefore one may overpower the other and make one go in a certain direction Mass, gravity and weight Acceleration, motion and inertia Motion Sir Isaac Newton stated that without an unbalanced force acting on a moving object its speed will not change. If the object is stationary it will remain stationary and if it's moving at a constant speed it will continue to move at a constant speed Acceleration: rate at which velocity changes with time, in terms of both speed and direction Inertia: The tendency of doing nothing or remaining unchanged Forces as a push, pull and twist Push force A push force is a force that moves away from an object. Etc. Pushing a door open. Pull force A pull force is a force which moves an object towards them. Etc Pulling a drawer open. Twist force A twist force is a combination of a push and pull force that causes an object to rotate around a fixed point. Etc twisting a door knob. Biology (Classification) [Selected sections only MRSGREN Mrs Gren is an acronym which can be used to identify whether something is living or not. (Must be memorised) Movement: an action by an organism causing a change of position or place Respiration: the chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to receive energy Sensitivity: the ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment Growth: a permanent increase in growth Reproduction: the processes that make more of the same organisms Excretion: the removal from organisms of toxic materials and substances in excess of requirements Nutrition: the taking in of materials for energy, growth and development Classification The arrangement of animals and plants in taxonomic groups according to their observed similarities(including at least kingdom and phylum in animals, division in plants, and class, order, family, genus, and species). Why do we classify things Scientists classify organisms to organise the vast diversity of life into manageable groups. This allows for easier identification, understanding of evolutionary relationships, and prediction of characteristics. By categorising organisms based on shared traits, scientists can study specific groups in detail, leading to valuable insights into biology, ecology, and conservation. Dichotomous keys Dichotomous keys are essential tools in science for identifying organisms. They present a series of paired statements, each offering two contrasting choices. By following these choices, scientists can systematically narrow down the possibilities and accurately identify the organism in question. This method is particularly useful in fields like biology, where precise identification is crucial for research, conservation, and understanding the intricate relationships within the natural world. NOTE: Dichotomous keys or its table form may likely be tested during the test so make sure to study for that. Tabular Dichotomous keys Tabular dichotomous keys also Quick Exercise Create 1 Dichotomous key to sort the six kingdoms and another in table form to sort your favourite six sports. The Six Kingdoms In our exam we will have only six kingdoms to make it more simple to learn. -Kingdom Animalia -Kingdom Plantae -Kingdom Archaebacteria -Kingdom Fungi -Kingdom Eubacteria -Kingdom Protista Kingdom Animalia The organisms in the animal kingdom eat other organisms to obtain energy and materials for growth and development. These animals can live on land or sea and can be classified as a carnivore, omnivore and herbivore. Descriptive Words - They are Eukaryotic, Multicellular, Heterotrophic and have no cell walls. Kingdom Plantae Kingdom plantae includes all the plants. They are Eukaryotic, multicellular and autotrophic organisms. The plant cell contains a rigid cell wall. Plants have chloroplast and chlorophyll pigment, which is required for photosynthesis. They perform photosynthesis by transforming water, sunlight and carbon dioxide into oxygen into fuel and energy. Descriptive Words - They are Eukaryotic, Multicellular, autotrophic, and have cell walls which are made of cellulose. Kingdom Archaebacteria The kingdom Archaebacteria is an asexual, unicellular prokaryotes that live in extreme environments and are different from organisms in the domains bacteria and Eukarya. Their cell walls lack peptidoglycan. Descriptive Words - Prokaryotic, Unicellular, Live in extreme environments, and have a rigid cell wall. Kingdom Fungi The organisms in this kingdom include mushrooms, toadstools, mould or bread. They are similar to plants in the fact that they are generally fixed to the ground and don't move around much. Fungi obtain food by growing on things such as dead plants or animals. They then release chemicals which can help break down the remains and make it easier to absorb. Descriptive Words - They are mostly multicellular, but some are unicellular, eukaryotic, they are heterotrophic, and have cell walls which are made of chitin. Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Eubacteria/bacteria are prokaryotes. Prokaryotes are organisms that lack a nucleus and other cell parts which make them less advanced and more uncomplex organisms. Descriptive Words - They are prokaryotic, unicellular, don't contain common organelles, come in different shapes and sizes, have a cell wall and can be autotrophic and heterotrophic. Kingdom Protista Kingdom Protista contains all Eukaryotes that are not animals, plants or fungi. Kingdom Protista is very diverse. It can contain both single-celled and multicellular organisms. Descriptive Words - Mainly unicellular organisms but some are multicellular (in the slides it just says uni though), eukaryotic, live in water, complex life cycles, and can be either heterotrophic and autotrophic. Key terms Nucleus(Chemistry): The positively charged central core of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons and contains nearly all of its mass. Nucleus(Biology): The nucleus in biology is the place where DNA replication and RNA processing take place. It is surrounded by a membrane called the Nuclear Envelope. The nucleus is connected to the Golgi Body and the ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum), in a plant and animal cell. Prokaryote: A microscopic single celled organism and lacks a nucleus and other organelles Organelle: A cell structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform Single celled: made up of one singular cell Unicellular: is another name for being single celled Multicellular: multicellular is an organism which is made up of more than one cell Autotrophic: means that the organism can make its own food like photosynthesis. Cell wall: A rigid protective outer layer of a plant cell Phylum Answers for exercise 4.11 1 a)-N b)-L c)-J d)-G e)-B f)-M g)-E h)- O i)-A j)-D k)-I l)-F m)-C n)-K o)-H 2. The first characteristic is movement where an action caused by an organism enables change in its position. The second is Respiration where chemicals break down nutrients to give them energy. The third is sensitivity where organisms have the ability to detect changes in the environment. Fourth is growth which is a permanent rise in growth. Fifth is reproduction which is a process which makes more of the same organism. Sixth is excretion which is the removal of substances in excess of requirements 3. An Asimo robot is not a living organism due to it not having of the factors of Mrs Gren and was made by humans 4. The reason why scientists should classify organisms is for them to understand and learn about them. Whilst they study their characteristics they could find out how they evolved and possibly use this to benefit humans like modifying or making medicines out of this knowledge. Mrs Gren is an acronym which can be used to identify whether something is living or not. (Must be memorised) Movement: an action by an organism causing a change of position or place Respiration: the chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to receive energy Sensitivity: the ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment Growth: a permanent increase in growth Reproduction: the processes that make more of the same organisms Excretion: the removal from organisms of toxic materials and substances in excess of requirements Nutrition: the taking in of materials for energy, growth and development Practice Assessment The following assessment should take roughly 50 minutes to complete. It was made using gemini. 1. A student is conducting an experiment to determine the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis. They set up two identical plants, one in a warm room and one in a cool room. They measure the amount of oxygen produced by each plant over a period of time. What is the independent variable in this experiment? What is the dependent variable? What are some possible control variables? 2. A scientist is studying the properties of a new material. They find that the material is malleable, ductile, and a good conductor of heat and electricity. What state of matter is the material most likely to be in? Explain your reasoning. 3. A car is travelling at a constant speed of 60 km/h. The driver applies the brakes, and the car comes to a stop in 5 seconds. What is the acceleration of the car? 4. A student is classifying a new organism. They observe that the organism is multicellular, has a nucleus, and obtains energy by consuming other organisms. To which kingdom does this organism belong? 5. A scientist is studying the effects of a new fertiliser on plant growth. They set up an experiment with 10 plants, 5 of which are treated with the fertiliser and 5 of which are not. After one month, they measure the height of each plant. The results are as follows: Plant number Fertiliser Height (cm) 1 Yes 10 2 No 8  3 Yes 12 4 No 7 5 Yes 11 6 No 9 7 Yes 13 8 No 8 9 Yes 12 10 No 7 Export to Sheets Based on these results, can the scientist conclude that the fertiliser is effective in increasing plant growth? Why or why not? These are just a few examples of questions that require thinking rather than just remembering. I hope they are helpful! Okay, here's a quiz that should take around 50 minutes and requires some thinking: Section 1: Working Scientifically 1. Design an experiment to test the effect of light intensity on plant growth. Be sure to identify the independent, dependent, and control variables. 2. Explain the importance of safety in the laboratory. List three safety precautions that should always be followed. 3. Construct a risk assessment for a simple experiment, such as heating a solution in a beaker. Identify potential hazards and how to mitigate them. Section 2: Properties of Matter 1. Explain the difference between a physical change and a chemical change, giving an example of each. 2. Describe the process of distillation and explain how it can be used to separate mixtures. 3. A block of metal has a mass of 50 grams and a volume of 10 cubic centimeters. What is its density? Section 3: Forces 1. Explain the difference between mass and weight. 2. A car is traveling at a constant speed of 60 km/h. The driver applies the brakes, and the car slows down. Explain what force is acting on the car to slow it down. 3. Draw a diagram to illustrate the forces acting on a book resting on a table. Section 4: Classification 1. Describe the characteristics of the Kingdom Fungi. Give two examples of organisms in this kingdom. 2. Explain the difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell. 3. Construct a dichotomous key to identify four different types of leaves. Additional Challenge Questions: 1. A student heats a beaker of water on a Bunsen burner. The water level in the beaker decreases over time, even though no water is being added or removed. Explain this observation. 2. A hot air balloon rises into the air. Explain why this happens in terms of the density of the air inside and outside the balloon. 3. A magnet is brought close to a piece of iron. The iron is attracted to the magnet. Explain why this happens in terms of magnetic fields.