21st Century Literature PDF

HGE_1113 : 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE SIR APOLINARIO LUCENECIO | LESSON 1-3 PREPARED BY: AICEL CALIMUTAN - Literature orients the reader to the beauty of order...

HGE_1113 : 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE SIR APOLINARIO LUCENECIO | LESSON 1-3 PREPARED BY: AICEL CALIMUTAN - Literature orients the reader to the beauty of order and arrangement, as in a beautifully written poem or a Topic Outline: well-structured story. I. INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE - A literary work is subjected to certain literary standards to be considered literature in the true sense A. Definition of Literature of the word. B. How Literature is - A literary work must be aesthetically satisfying, C. Features of Literature intellectually stimulating, and spiritually uplifting. D. Importance of Literature E. Forms of Literature - A reader should refer to these standards when analyzing and evaluating a literary production. LITERATURE FEATURES OF LITERATURE The etymology of the word literature was derived from 1. Literature is a form of communication. the Latin words: Literature engages us to share and impart a portion of ourselves which may be 'littera' - letters interesting and benefiting to other people. 'litteratura' - writing 'litteratus' - learning 2. Literature is an art. Literature takes an excellent form. Its beauty DEFINITION OF LITERATURE is a deliberate manifestation of mind’s ability to create and imagine. Matthew Arnold (1822-1888) English poet and cultural critic 3. Literature has the nobility of thoughts. It is necessary to highlight ideas of great “Literature is a criticism of life.” importance and significance. American Heritage Dictionary of the English 4. Literature is timeless. Language The significant truth that a literary work reveals should not wane and dissipate as “Literature must be an analysis of experience time passes by. and a synthesis of the findings into a unity.” 5. Literature is universal. Oscar Wilde (1854-1900) A work must have global applicability in Irish author, playwright, and poet which a work transcends across space. “Literature always anticipates life. It does not copy it but molds it to its purpose.” 6. Literature serves a purpose. We will learn more about individuals, society, Henry Van Dyke and culture through reading literature. American author, educator, and clergyman Literature can also help people refresh and change themselves into what it has to offer. “Literature consists of writings which interpret the meanings of nature and life, in IMPORTANCE OF LITERATURE words of charm and power, in artistic forms of permanent interest (Van Dyke, as cited in 1. Expands horizons. Baldick, 2009)” Helps us realize that there is a huge world outside. HOW LITERATURE IS…. Brings us to a place we have never been and pushes us to ask questions. - It is not enough to write about life; rather, a writer Expands our minds to discover something must render it imaginatively. beautiful and majestic. A.C | 1  It takes us away to a world that is all made- up. It is based on the author's imagination. 2. Builds critical thinking skills. Examples of Fiction: Helps us to look at and analyze the essence between the lines. A. Short Story Urges us to be critical and analytical to find It is shorter than a novel. It has one answers and solutions or more characters, one plot and one single impression. 3. Brings us to the past. Examples: The Gift of the Magi, and Tours to the stories and experiences of our The Necklace, The Lottery, and The ancestors. Yellow Wallpaper. Gives the vision of how our elders lived their lives a thousand years ago. B. Novel It is a type of prose that is human 4. Appreciates other cultures and beliefs. experiences. Commonly lengthy Helps us explore and learn about the lives and has a complicated plot. It and practices of people back then. consists of chapters and deals with Gives us the idea to respect those who are different Examples: Hunger Games, different from us. Harry Potter, Twilight 5. Improves writing skills. C. Legends Recognizes the power of words in enhancing It is a narrative that focuses on a vocabulary. historical or geographical specific Helps us to become an expert writer figure, and describes the journeys and exploits. It is fictional and FORMS OF LITERATURE commonly about the origin of something. The Philippines is rich in A. Prose these types of stories B. Poetry Examples: The Legend of Pineapple, Why the Sea is Salty, The Legend of Robin Hood, The PROSE Lost City of Atlantis, Yamashita's Treasure. It uses a natural form of expression. It DOES NOT adhere to the rules of rhyme, D. Fables rhythm, and meter. It is a concise and brief story It employs a language characterized by its intended to provide a moral lesson close resemblance to the patterns of at the end. It consists of animal everyday speech. characters that act as if they were This can be as short as a single sentence or humans. as lengthy as an entire book that consists of Examples: The Lion and the sentences, paragraphs, and chapters with Mouse, The Tortoise and the Hare subjects, and it is based on grammatical structure and the natural flow of speech. GENRE OF FICTION MAJOR TYPES OF PROSE: 1. Fiction A genre is a type of art, music, or literature. Genre 2. Non-fiction dictates what you write and how you write it as an author. It describes the tone and focus of the manuscript you are working on. Genres provide TYPES OF PROSE frameworks for many sorts of narrative. The following (FICTION) are some of the genres of fiction: 1. FICTION 1. Literature Fiction It is a genre category used to describe that A form of narrative that talks about fiction is valued highly by its quality of form imaginative characters and events. and creative use of language A.C | 2  (e.g., To the Lighthouse by Virginia Woolf). 2. Urban Fiction is also known as streetlight or street fiction. It 11. Legend is a literary genre set in a city landscape; It is similar to folktales in terms of its content however, the genre is as much defined by and it can feature supernatural creatures, the socio-economic. It talks about the mythological elements, or provide hardships of street life, sufferings, etc, explanations for natural events. However, it (e.g., Pimp by Iceberg Slim) is specifically connected to a particular place or person which is recounted as part of 3. Women’s Fiction historical narrative. Legends are culturally It encompasses numerous mainstream specific folktales that have been passed novels, romance fiction, "chick lit," and other down through generations and may contain subgenres which are intended for female magical creatures, mythological themes, or readers explanations for natural events which are (e.g.. Things I Never Told you by Beth K. unauthenticated; yet are associated with a Vogt). specific place or person and is presented as a matter of history. 4. Historical Romance It is a genre of literature where the event occurs in an earlier time period Elements of Fiction: (e.g., Wolf Hall (2009) by Hilary Mantel). 1. Character 5. Mystery Characters are the people who It is a genre of fiction usually involving a perform roles in a story. They might mysterious death or a crime to be solved. be people, animals, aliens, or even sentient things. They are characters 6. Horror as long as they make decisions It is a genre of speculative fiction which is within the context of the plot. intended to frighten, scare, disgust, or startle its readers by inducing feelings of horror and Character Types terror. Major types: 7. Fantasy a. Protagonist It is often based on myth and folklore from the leading character or the real world and takes place in a fictitious one of the major realm. Its origins lie in oral customs, which characters in a drama, later gave rise to fantasy fiction and play. movie, novel, or other fictional texts. crime 8. Science Fiction (Sci-Fi) It focuses on innovative and futuristic ideas b. Antagonist including space exploration, time travel, a person who actively metaverse, extraterrestrial, and other opposes or is hostile to revolutionary concepts of science and someone or something technology. particularly working 9. Myth against the protagonist in A folklore that often explains a historical the story. event or religious principle. The common characters of a myth include deity, Other types: demigods, shamans, and other supernatural beings. a. Static Character is a character that does 10. Fairy Tale not significantly change It is a narrative, created for young throughout the story in audiences, which includes magical creatures regard to traits and like dwarves, monsters, dragons, and fairies. perspective. A.C | 3  b. Dynamic Character manner of speaking, and a character that appearance, as well as by undergoes changes in observing how those terms of personality and characters react. perspective throughout the 2. Setting story. It gives physical and societal descriptions of the context of the c. Flat Character story. Specifically, it may include is a type of character in the period, location, and social fiction that does not milieu that frame the characters. change too much from the Setting may be employed to start of the narrative to its establish an atmosphere or mood end. that will help the reader anticipate what will happen next. d. Round Character a character with a genuine Types of Setting : and complex personality. a. Realistic This character has depth b. Non-realistic and dimension and one who frequently 3. Point of View experiences personal A story's point of view determines growth. how the author wants the reader to understand the event. Characterization. A literary device that helps the Types of (POV): author provide clear and gradual emergence of the characters' a. First Person (POV) personalities. Following the means writing from the character's introduction, the author author's point of view or typically mentions the characters' perspective and uses the actions. Character actions in certain pronouns I, we, ours, situations develop the story, create ourselves, etc. tension and conflict, and provide the readers a message in addition b. Second Person (POV) to moving the plot. The two refers to the reader or methods for providing details about listener and uses the a character pronouns you, your, yours, etc. Types of characterization: c. Third Person (POV) a. Direct or explicit refers to people or objects This style of character not directly involved and development employs a uses pronouns him, her, it, straightforward strategy. him, them, theirs, etc. The protagonist himself, a 4. Plot different character, or a The plot is the order of events in a narrator is used to inform literary work, movie, tale, or other the audience or readers narrative. about the character Parts of Plot: b. Indirect or implicit Introducing the persona to a. Exposition the viewer in this manner This is the story's is more subtly done. The introduction in which the viewer must infer the characters and the main character's traits for conflict of the story is first themselves by observing introduced. the character's conduct, A.C | 4  b. Rising Action the author's use of literary devices This is the phase when the like imagery and hyperbole as well conflict starts to intensify as numerous other linguistic and the risks begin to rise. features that the writer tends to Usually at this point, the heavily focus upon. It also reflects protagonist begins to each writer's individuality, including experience difficulties and the writer's intelligence, sharpness, trials that tests the and even personality. character's abilities. TYPES OF PROSE c. Climax (NON-FICTION) The climax is the crucial point in a narrative where 2. NON-FICTION the greatest tension and drama occur. A form of narrative that is based on facts and real events. d. Falling Action The actions that occur just Examples of Non-Fiction: after the climax are considered falling action. A. Biography This serves as declining It is a life story of a person written action to move the by someone else. narrative from a climax to It depicts a person's experience of a conclusion. life events such as: education, work experiences, relationships, e. Resolution/Denouement achievements, and death The ending of the storyline. of a narrative is called B. Autobiography resolution. The resolution, It is a life story of a person written often referred to as the by himself/herself. denouement, is a literary phrase for the concluding C. News narrative developments It is about everyday events in that take place following a society and government and story's peak and declining reported in radio, television, action. magazine, and newspaper. 5. Theme D. Anecdotes This is the central idea or It is usually a short narrative of underlying message that a writer interesting and amusing thoughts explores in the story. A story's and experiences of one's life that theme can be communicated are put into written forms in which through characters, setting, the goal is to give lessons to the dialogue, narrative, or a mixture of readers. all of these components. Common themes include good vs. evil, love, redemption, courage and FORMS OF LITERARY NON-FICTION: perseverance, etc. 6. Style A. Autobiography A writer's style is like his or her a detailed narrative of the person's fingerprint. No two writers have the life which is written by the person same writing style. A story's style himself/herself. includes not only the words chosen (diction), but also how these words B. Biography are strung out in a cohesive phrase a written narrative of someone's life. (syntax), how these sentences build up, and how they reflect the writer's views. A writer's style also includes A.C | 5  typically written in metrical verse. That could be either real or made up. C. Letter a written or printed message sent DRAMATIC POETRY by mail that is addressed to a specific individual or group. Consists of poems in which everything is conveyed through the words of a single speaker. D. Essay And Articles It is a poetry that relies heavily on dramatic elements. short pieces of writing on a particular subject. Dramatic Monologue - the speaker converses with a silent E. Report listener who is present during his or Report refers to a description of her crisis. something that has been either observed, heard, done, or Soliloquy investigated, presented either in - the speaker recites in long verse his written or spoken form. It can be a or her private thoughts and feelings detailed account of a particular to no one in particular; rather, he or event, situation, or topic, and may she directs this to the audience include facts, figures, and other relevant information. POETRY Literature that evokes a concentrated imaginative DRAMA awareness of experience or a specific emotional Composition in verse or prose intended to response through language chosen and arranged for portray life or character or to tell a story its meaning, sound, and rhythm. usually involving conflicts and emotions through action and dialogue; it is typically FOUR MAJOR TYPES OF POETRY: designed for theatrical performance. Dialogue – lines spoken by characters A. Lyric Plot and action – interaction of characters B. Narrative C. Dramatic Classified as: D. Prose Poetry Tragedy Comedy LYRIC POETRY MAJOR TYPES OF DRAMA: Consists of poems that deal with emotion or feelings Tragedy - It is a poetry that is highly musical and written to Deals with serious subjects and involves express emotions and feelings. through verse persons of significance “Spontaneous flow of emotion” – William Reveals the nobility of the human condition Wordsworth Lyric types that abound with figures of speech include Comedy the sonnet, song, elegy, ode, and simple lyric Treats themes and characters with humor and typically has a happy ending Demonstrates its folly portraying human NARRATIVE POETRY beings as selfish, hypocritical, vain, weak, and irrational. A story-telling verse Poems that narrate stories Ballads, metrical tale, metrical romance, and epic FORMS OF POETRY: PROSE POETRY It is a poetry that narrates a story, frequently including the voices of the narrator and other characters, and is Has all the characteristics of poetry such as vivid imagery, poetic meter, heightened emotion, and A.C | 6 language play – EXCEPT that it is written in Examples: Beowulf, Epic of Lam- sentences. ang, and Hudhud ni Aliguyon Types of Poetry: Metrical Tale It is a narrative poem which is Sonnet written in verse that relates to real It is a lyric poetry that is composed or imaginary events in simple, of fourteen lines. straight forward language. Example: How do I Love Thee (Sonnet 43) by Elizabeth Barrett Ballad Browning. It is a type of poetry considered as Haiku the simplest and shortest poem or It is an unrhymed poem that first song that narrates a story in short emerged in Japan. It consists of stanzas. three lines with a standard pattern of five syllables for the first line, Free Verse seven syllables for the second line, It is a type of poetry that has no and five syllables for the third line. meter, verse, and rhyme. It does Folksong not follow a consistent rhyme It is a short poem intended to be scheme as it does not have any set sung in different emotions, a song rules. It is also known as "vers that originates in traditional popular libre" in French. culture. Example: well-known Filipino ABC or Alphabet Poem folksong "Bahay Kubo" It is a poem in which each line Elegy begins with the letter in the It is a lyric poem that is typically alphabet. It starts with letter A then about a lament for the dead. It is a moves along until letter Z. Some serious reflection and oftentimes writers use the entire 26 letters sorrowful. while others only use the first few Example: John Milton's Lycidas letters. Alphabet Ode It is a poem that is used by an DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROSE AND POETRY author to express his/her thoughts addressed to a particular subject. Psalm It is a sound of praising God and contains Philosophy of life. A religious song or hymn, especially one from the Book of Psalms in the Bible, which is used in Jewish and Christian worship. Blank verse It is a type of poetry that is written with no fixed number of lines and rhymes. It is written with fixed metrical structure, most of the time is iambic pentameter. Epic It is a long poem that narrates the deeds and adventures of heroic individuals, legendary gods, supernatural figures or the history of a nation. A.C | 7  Foundational questions: 1. How does the structure of the work contribute to its overall meaning? 2. What is the role of literary devices and techniques in the text? 3. How do the elements of style, such as diction and syntax, affect the tone and mood Topic Outline: of the text? II. LITERARY CRITICISM 4. In what ways do the characters, setting, and plot interact to create a unified artistic A. Definition of Literary Criticism whole? B. Different types of Literary Criticism 5. What patterns or motifs are present in the text, and what significance do they hold? LITERARY CRITICISM PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOANALYTIC CRITICISM It is the interpretation, analysis, and judgment of a text It is based on the Human Psyche coined by Sigmund aimed at helping readers engage with or challenge Freud and believes that the author’s unconscious the writing, deepening their understanding of literature thoughts are expressed through their literary works. and contributing to its development over time, while also serving as a source for learning writing Focus: Literature through the lens of techniques. psychology READER-RESPONSE CRITICISM Foundational questions: It is rooted in the idea that the meaning of the text 1. What are the unconscious motives of the depends on the process of creating meaning and characters? experiencing a text. 2. How do childhood experiences influence the characters? Focus: Reader’s reaction and 3. How does the author’s own psychological interpretation of the text. background influence the work? 4. How does the text reflect universal Foundational questions: psychological conflicts or themes? 5. What is the relationship between the 1. How does the reader interact with the text reader’s psychological response and the and create meaning? text? 2. What does the reader establish when analyzing the phrase-by-phrase short and MARXIST CRITICISM long text? 3. Do readers sound or shape the words as It is a sociological criticism that emphasizes literature they appear in the text? as a reflection of society. 4. How do readers interpret and alter the entire meaning of a text? Focus: The role of power, politics, and 5. What does the reader-response approach money within the class system. suggest about the critics who interpret the text? Foundational questions: FORMALIST / NEW CRITICISM 1. How do class dynamics shape the narrative? It involves analyzing the artistic value of literature by 2. What is the role of economic power in the examining the inherent features of a text without text? taking into account outside influence. 3. How does the text reflect or challenge the dominant ideology? Focus: Close reading, literary elements, 4. In what ways are the struggles of the and techniques presented in the text. working class depicted? A.C | 8  5. How does the text portray the relationship between labor and capital? FEMINIST APPROACH NEW HISTORICISM A type of sociological criticism that emphasizes the An approach to literary criticism is that a literary work political, economic, and social equality of the sexes. should be considered a product of its time, place, and historical accounts. Focus: Gender roles, experiences, and voices are represented. Focus: Literary text through its historical context and cultural aspect. Foundational questions: Foundational questions: 1. Is the author, and/or narrator, male or female? 1. How does the text reflect or challenge the 2. What are the roles of the female dominant ideologies and power structures of characters in the text? Are they minor, its historical period? secondary, or main characters? 3. How are 2. What historical events or cultural practices women characterized in the text? Do you are referenced or alluded to within the text, notice any stereotypes? and how do they influence its meaning? 4. Does the author use feminine or 3. How do the socio-political conditions of masculine imagery in the text? If they do, the time shape the representation of why have they used this imagery? characters, themes, and conflicts in the text? 5. What is the social and cultural context in 4. In what ways does the text interact with or which the text was written? How has this respond to contemporary historical influenced the author's attitude toward narratives or discourses? women? 5. How does the text reveal the tensions and contradictions within the historical moment it BIOGRAPHICAL CRITICISM depicts? It examines literature through the author’s life and ARCHETYPAL CRITICISM background. It suggests that archetypes—universal symbols and Focus: Literary work through the life of themes—shape both the structure and meaning of its author. literary works. It argues that a text's significance is influenced by cultural and psychological myths. Foundational questions: Focus: Recurring symbols, themes, and 1. How do the author's personal experiences character types across literature. shape the themes and characters in the work? Foundational questions: 2. What historical or cultural contexts from 1. What are the key archetypes in this text, the author's life are reflected in the text? and how do they function within the 3. In what ways do the author's relationships narrative? and personal struggles influence their 2. How do the archetypes present in the writing? literary work reflect universal human 4. How do the author's life trajectory and experiences or psychological patterns? major life events appear in the narrative or 3. In what ways do the archetypal themes style of the work? and symbols in the text connect with cultural 5. What can be learned about the author's myths or traditions? intentions and perspectives through their life 4. How do the characters in the text embody experiences? or challenge traditional archetypal roles? A.C | 9  5. What insights can be gained about the 4. What marginalized perspectives are text’s broader meaning or societal values highlighted or ignored? through its use of archetypes? 5. How does intertextuality affect the text's meaning? POSTCOLONIAL CRITICISM STRUCTURALIST CRITICISM It examines literature from formerly colonized nations and explores themes of identity, power, and It emphasizes the underlying structures that govern a resistance against colonialism. text, such as language, cultural codes, and narrative patterns. Focus: Cultural, economic, and political legacies of colonialism and imperialism. Focus: Binary patterns or repetition within literature genres and individual Foundational questions: stories and how they are mirrored in society 1. How does the text represent the relationship between colonizers and the Foundational questions: colonized? 2. In what ways does the text depict issues 1. What themes or patterns are constantly of identity, including hybridity, fragmentation, repeated in literature? and cultural assimilation? 2. How does this relate to culture as a 3. How does language function within the whole? text, particularly in terms of representing 3. What underlying structures and patterns colonial and indigenous voices and shape the text? perspectives? 4. What role does the text play within its 4. What forms of resistance or subversion cultural system or genre? are depicted, and how do these challenge or 5. How do signs and symbols within the text reinforce colonial power structures? function to convey meaning? 5. How does the text engage with historical narratives, and in what ways does it seek to reclaim or reinterpret the history of colonized peoples? DECONSTRUCTIONIST CRITICISM It challenges the idea of fixed meanings and shows how text can have multiple meanings and often contradictory interpretations. Focus: Questioning and dismantling the traditional assumptions about meaning, language, and structure. Foundational questions: 1. How does the text challenge the idea of a fixed meaning? 2. What binary oppositions are present, and how are they questioned? 3. How does the text illustrate the deferral of meaning? A.C | 10  A battle of wits among participants. It is played by asking questions or statements purposefully phrased to necessitate deductive reasoning to determine its answer which is usually presented as a game. b. Proverbs (Salawikain) Topic Outline: A wise saying that contains a III. LITERARY PERIODS IN PHILIPPINE LITERATURE metaphor intended to teach relevant life lessons and values. F. Pre-Colonial Period c. Tanaga G. Spanish Colonial Period A mono rhyming heptasyllabic H. American Colonial Period quatrain with one rhyme, offering I. Japanese Colonial Period J. Contemporary Period wisdom and lessons from life. 2. Folk Songs (Awiting Bayan) PHILIPPINE LITERATURE A song that originated among the people of a country or region and was passed down Is expressed either in verbal or written form. orally from one generation to the next. It is a depiction of the people’s lives, thoughts, and feelings. a. Hele or Oyayi Categorized into prose and poetry. These are not A Philippine lullaby that is sung to purely Filipino in origin but have already been put a baby or child to sleep. Like influenced by the West. other folk songs, they are passed It reflects the country’s social, political, economic, down orally from generation to historical, and even moral or spiritual conditions. generation. LITERARY PERIODS IN PHILIPPINE LITERATURE b. Ambahan (Mangyan) A type of poetry used by the 1. Pre-Colonial Period Hanuno'o Mangyan inhabitants of 2. Spanish Colonial Period Mindoro. It consists of 7-syllables 3. American Colonial Period per line with closing as a song 4. Japanese Colonial Period without specific rhythmic syllables. 5. Contemporary Period It is usually presented with musical tone or the accompaniment of PRE - COLONIAL PERIOD musical instruments and typically expresses human relationships. Literature reflects the customs and traditions of our ancestors. c. Kalusan (Ivatan) Literary pieces were transmitted through word of Work songs that depict the mouth or oral tradition. They were either sung, livelihood of the people. recited, or chanted. Literature then talked of explanations about natural phenomena and Filipino wisdom. 3. Folk Tales (Kuwentong Bayan) Early means of Filipino entertainment. These are stories that have been passed ENCULTURATION is the process of passing one’s down orally through generations. culture from one generation to another. a. Myth (The Story of Bathala) LITERARY FORMS OF PRE- COLONIAL It explains how the world was created, how certain animals 1. Oral Literature possess certain characteristics, and Oral literature is represented through why some places have waterfalls, sayings and narrations which are performed volcanoes, mountains, flora, or and passed down through generations. fauna. a. Riddles (Bugtong) b. Legend (The Legend of Pineapple) A.C | 11  It explains the origin of things. SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD c. Fable (Ang Langgam at ang Tipaklong) It uses animal characters and Literature has a religious, secular, nationalistic, and allegory. revolutionary theme. Parish priests become the embodiment of Spanish power and culture – since they have direct contact with the Filipinos. d. Fantastic Story Religion exerted a pervasive influence on the minds It deals with underworld characters of Filipinos – Christianity such as "tiyanak". "aswang", From nature and natural phenomena, there was a "kapre", "manananggal", and other shift to religious, social, and cultural influences. Philippine mythical creatures. LITERARY FORMS OF SPANISH COLONIAL 4. Epics These are narratives that recount the 1. RELIGIOUS LITERATURE adventures of tribal heroes based on oral tradition revolving around supernatural A. Pasyon events or heroic deeds. It highlights the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. a. The Ibalon (Bicol) Popularly read during the Lenten season. It is much like the story of Adam “Ang Mahal na Pasion ni Jesu Christong and Eve. It also narrates the Panginoon Natin na Tola.” adventures of the heroes of Ibalon. Gaspar Aquino de Belen (1704) b. The Maragtas Chronicles (Panay-Visayan) B. Tibag It explains the origin of the Filipinos Dramatizes St. Helena’s search for the Holy and the story of 10 Datus from Cross. It is a religious festival in May. Borneo who landed on Panay Island. C. Senakulo or Cenakulo A stage play on the passion and death of c. Darangen (Mindanao) Christ. The Darangen is an old epic ballad that contains a treasure of Maranao D. Comedia/Moro-moro wisdom from the Lake Lanao region A love story and a struggle between the of Mindanao. Christians and the Moros--- Moros are defeated and converted to Christianity. d. Hudhud ni Aliguyon (Igorot) It narrates events about the culture E. Lagaylay and traditions of the Ifugao as well It is a two-hour praise to the Holy Cross as their hero, Aliguyon. manifested through singing and dancing. e. Biag ni Lam-Ang (Ilokano) F. Panunuluyan It is a pre-historic Ilokano epic It is presented before Christmas Eve. A about the adventures of the presentation of the search of the virgin Mary extraordinary being, Lam-Ang. and St. Joseph for an inn wherein to deliver the baby Jesus. HISTORY OF PRE- COLONIAL G. Salubong They had their alphabet even before they had It refers to the dawn procession where colonized. statues of Jesus and Mary are brought The Spanish friars burned their alphabet in the belief together to symbolize their reunion after that they were works of the devil or were written on Jesus' resurrection. It's a rich cultural materials that quickly perished, like the barks of trees, practice that combines religious symbolism dried leaves, and bamboo cylinders, which could not with community celebration. have remained firm even if efforts were made to preserve them. A.C | 12  AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD 2. SECULAR LITERATURE This is known for its imitation of American writing models, making English the medium of instruction in A. Awit and Korido all public schools. These are Philippine metrical romances that Filipino writers began producing works in English, contain long poetic narratives with themes which led to the development of a new body of related to chivalry, religion, and myth Philippine literature distinct from the earlier Spanish- B. Duplo influenced works. This period marked the beginning of Filipino writers It is a verbal and intellectual poetry contest. mastering and experimenting with English as a literary It is a traditional form of poetic debate in the language. Philippines, often performed during wakes, particularly during the nine-day prayer LITERARY FORMS OF AMERICAN COLONIAL C. Balagtasan It is a poetic debate on a certain subject or PERIOD OF RE-ORIENTATION problem. This replaced the Duplo and is held The arrival and early years of the Americans. to honor Francisco “Balagtas” Baltazar. A. Newspapers D. Dung-Aw El Renacimiento (Rafael Palma) It is a chant in free verse by a grieving Philippine Free Press (R. person beside the corpse of the dead. A McCullough Dick & D. Theo Rogers traditional Filipino form of lamentation, typically performed in the northern regions of B. Poems the Philippines, particularly among the Sumsum Corda (Justo Juliano) Ilocano people. My Mother and Air Castles (Juan F. Salazar) To My Lady in Laoag (Proceso Sebastian) 3. NATIONALISTIC/REVOLUTIONARY LITERATURE. A. Political Essays 2. PERIOD OF IMITATION These are satires, editorials, and news The Filipino writers imitated English and articles written to attack and expose the evils American models in writing. of Spanish rule. Eg: A. Short Stories 1.Kalayaan- Emilio Jacinto Dead Stars (Paz Marquez-Brnitez) 2. Diariong Tagalog- Marcelo H. Del Pilar Tales of the Philippines (Zoilo Galang) B. Political Fiction B. Poems It is a literature that develops its narrative to Azucena (Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion) comment on political systems and George Washington (Bernardo P. Garcia) philosophies Eg: 3. PERIOD OF SELF-DISCOVERY 1.Noli Me Tangere The Filipino writers became fluent in English. 2. El Filibusterismo A. Short Stories C. Poetry Footnote To Youth (Jose Garcia Villa) It is a subgenre of literature that emphasizes How My Brother Leon Brought Home A Wife how words and rhythm work together. (Manuel Arguilla) Eg: 1. True Decalogue- Apolinario Mabini 2. Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas- Andres Bonifacio A.C | 13  B. Poems LITERARY FORMS OF THE CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE Manila: A Collection of Verses (Luis Dato) Bamboo Flute (Marcelo De Gracia I. LITERATURE DURING MARTIAL LAW Concepcion) Moon Shadows on the Water (Aurelio S. a. Protest Literature Alvero) b. Proletarian Literature c. Prison Literature JAPANESE COLONIAL PERIOD II. 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE Improvement and originality of writing style in English became evident. a. Graphic Novels Nationalism, love, barrios life, and the arts were b. Blog common themes in most poems. c. Spoken Poetry Many literary works during this time reflected themes d. Flip Top of resistance against Japanese occupation e. Rap There was also a notable incorporation of Japanese f. Hugot Lines/ Pickup Lines cultural elements into Filipino literature. LITERATURE DURING MARTIAL LAW LITERARY FORMS OF JAPANESE COLONIAL Protest Literature A. Short Stories - It is revolutionary literature about Suyuan sa Tubigan (Macario Pineda engagement, combat, commitment, Lupang Tinubuan (Narciso Reyes) resistance, and socially conscious Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa (Liwayway Arceo experiences of people during Martial Law. B. Poems Proletarian Literature Haiku (First Filipino writer, Gonzalo K. - It is literature by, about, and primarily for Flores) working- class people, describing their C. Plays experiences and frequently including anti- Panday Pira (Jose Ma. Hernandez) capitalist, pro-socialist, or revolutionary Sa Pula, Sa Puti (Francisco Soc Rodrigo) themes. CONTEMPORARY PERIOD Prison Literature 1960 - PRESENT - It is a literary genre that includes works created by authors who are confined against During Martial Law, writers used symbolism and their will, whether it is in a jail, prison, or allegory to convey their message amidst censorship under house arrest. The literature may be and repression of human rights, including press created while the author was imprisoned, freedom. inspired by it, or both. After Martial Law, modern literature began to flourish, with writers displaying ongoing dynamism and PROMINENT WRITERS DURING MARTIAL LAW innovation. Literature published in 1945 and flourished after 1. Lualhati Bautista martial law in 1986. A renowned Filipino author, screenwriter, It reflects the society’s social and political viewpoints and activist, best known for her novels that that have been shown through realistic characters, depict the struggles of women and the connections to current events, and socioeconomic sociopolitical issues in the Philippines. writings. Bata, Bata, Paano Ka Ginawa? (1983 LITERARY FORMS OF THE CONTEMPORARY PERIOD Dekada ‘70 (1984) GAPO (1988) A. Literature during Martial Law B. 21st Century Literature 2. F. Sionil Jose A National Artist for Literature. His novels, such as The Rosales Saga, critically A.C | 14  examined social injustices and the effects of 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE Martial Law on Philippine society. a. Graphic Novels 3. Bienvenido Lumbera A graphic novel is a book that has comic A poet, critic, and dramatist. He used his book elements. Although the term novel writings to challenge the Marcos regime and usually refers to large fictional works, the advocate for cultural and political change. He phrase graphic novel includes fiction, non- was later named National Artist for fiction, and anthologized material. Literature. b. Blog 4. José F. Lacaba A blog (short for "weblog") is an online diary A journalist and poet. He is known for his or instructional website that displays content writings that opposed the Marcos in reverse chronological order, with the most dictatorship, including his role in recent updates at the top. It provides an underground publications and his poem opportunity for writers or groups of writers to Prometheus Unbound. discuss a certain subject. 5. Edgardo M. Reyes c. Spoken Poetry His novel Sa Mga Kuko ng Liwanag (In the Claws of Brightness) highlighted the A spoken word poetry is distinguished by struggles of the urban poor which reflects the rhyme, repetition, improvisation, and broader societal issues during the Marcos wordplay, and usually addresses topics of era. social justice, politics, racism, and community. 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE d. Flip Top It is often coined as the "Modern According to the Department of Education (DepEd), Balagtasan", it is a battle between two 21st-century literature refers to literary works people using words as their weapon. They produced from 2001 up to the present. It use the Balagtasan-style of debate, the art of encompasses a wide range of genres, styles, and publicly arguing in an extemporaneous, forms, reflecting contemporary themes, issues, and scaled, and rhymed format. cultural contexts. e. Rap Technology is a “way of life” It is a variety of vocal performance that incorporates rhyme, rhythmic speech, and The forms have traces of the usual but started veering urban lingo and is usually done over a beat away from tradition. or musical accompaniment. In an article titled 21st Century Literature by Dr. f. Hugot Lines/ Pickup Lines Isagani Cruz: Hugot lines refer to emotional or sentimental one-liners that are often derived from Enumerated the so-called 21st century personal experiences, typically related to literature love, heartbreak, or other profound feelings Textula, graphic novel, spoken poetry while pickup lines are flirty or humorous Prose novel serialized in blogs, hypertext phrases used to initiate a romantic poems, eBook, flash fiction, urban relationship. legend, chick lit, speculative fiction, and creative non-fiction. The works in this century are seen as sensitive to gender, allude to technology, show culture as plural rather than singular, and question conventions and supposedly absolute norms (Remoto, 2015). A.C | 15