WV Drivers Licensing Handbook PDF

DRIVER’S LICENSING HANDBOOK S TAT E O F W E S T V I R G I N I A Revised 10/2022  DEFINITIONS Acceleration Lane: Extra lane on the side of a high-speed highway that permits you to enter the highway to pick up speed before m...

DRIVER’S LICENSING HANDBOOK S TAT E O F W E S T V I R G I N I A Revised 10/2022  DEFINITIONS Acceleration Lane: Extra lane on the side of a high-speed highway that permits you to enter the highway to pick up speed before merging with traffic in through lanes Antique Vehicle: Motor vehicle that is over 25 years old and is owned solely as a collector’s item for participation in club activities, tours, parades, and similar use, but not to be used for general transportation Authorized Emergency Vehicle: Fire, police, chartered rescue squad, ambulance, and other emergency vehicles Blind Spots: Areas on both sides of vehicles where you cannot see without turning your head Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC): The amount of alcohol in the bloodstream. For drivers over the age of 21, it is against the law to drive if the BAC is 0.08% or higher. For drivers under the age of 21, it is against the law to drive if the BAC is 0.02% or higher Bus: Motor vehicle designed for carrying more than seven (7) passengers and used primarily in the transportation of persons for compensation More than 7 pass Commercial Driver: Any person who drives a commercial motor vehicle for any purpose on public streets or highways Commercial Motor Vehicle: Any motor vehicle with a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 26,001 pounds or more or designed to carry 16 or more passengers, including the driver, or to transport hazardous materials in any weight class requiring the vehicle to be placarded Deceleration Lane: Traffic lane adjacent to regular traffic lanes that permits vehicles leaving the highway to reduce speed without obstructing through traffic Divided Highway: Highway with separate roadways for traffic proceeding in opposite directions, separated by an unpaved strip of land, a raised median, or other physical barrier Driver: Any person who drives, operates, or is in physical control of a motor vehicle, in any place open to the general public for purposes of vehicular traffic, or is required to hold a driver’s license Driver’s License: A permit or license issued by this state to a person that authorizes the person to drive a motor vehicle of a specific class or classes subject to any restriction or endorsement contained therein Driving Under the Influence (DUI): Driving any motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol, drugs, or controlled substances Farm Tractor: Motor vehicle designed and used primarily in agricultural situations for drawing plows, mowing machines, and other implements of husbandry Following Distance: Space cushion between your vehicle and the vehicle directly ahead of you Graduated Driver’s License (GDL): A 3-phase graduated licensing program, for ages 15 to 18, that allows young drivers to develop their driving skills and self-confidence in a series of safe, measured steps. Each phase has its own requirements and restrictions Highway: Entire width between boundary lines maintained and open to the use of the public for the purpose of vehicular travel Implement of Husbandry: Vehicle that is designed for, or adapted to, agricultural purposes and used by the owner primarily in the conduct of agricultural operations Implied Consent Law: West Virginia state law provides that each licensed driver agrees to take a chemical test if charged with driving under the influence. Failure to submit to this test will result in suspension of the driving privilege for at least one (1) year. Interchange: System of interconnecting roadways in conjunction with one (1) or more grade separations, providing for the exchange of traffic between two (2) or more roadways on different levels Intersection: Area common to two (2) or more highways that meet at or near right angles, whether or not one highway crosses another. Low-Speed Vehicle: Low-speed vehicle means a four-wheeled motor vehicle specifically manufactured as a low-speed vehicle so designated on the manufacturer’s certificate of origin (MCO). Modified golf carts and ATVs do not meet the definition. Low-speed vehicles may only be operated on private roads, on public roads, and streets within the corporate limits of a municipality where the speed limit is not more than twenty-five (25) miles per hour Merging Traffic: Vehicles entering moving lanes of traffic from adjacent lanes on the left or right Moped: Motorcycle or motor-driven-type cycle that is equipped with two (2) or three (3) wheels, foot pedals to permit peddling, and an independent power source providing a maximum of two (2) horsepower. The maximum engine displacement is 50 cc (cubic centimeters) and the maximum speed is 30 mph Motorcycle: Motor vehicle, excluding a tractor, with a seat for the use of the rider, and designed to travel on not more than three (3) wheels in contact with the ground. Motor-Driven Cycle: Motorcycles, including every motor scooter with a motor that does not exceed 250 cubic centimeters, excluding mopeds Motor Vehicle: A vehicle that is self-propelled but not operated upon rails Operator: A person who drives a motor vehicle, is in actual physical control of a motor vehicle, or is steering a vehicle being towed by a motor vehicle, upon a highway Pedestrian: Any person traveling on foot Revocation: When a driver’s license and all privileges to drive a motor vehicle on public highways are terminated and shall not be renewed. Under certain circumstances, an application for a new driver’s license may be presented and acted upon by the DMV. Right-Of-Way: Privilege of the immediate use of the highway Roadway: Portion of highway improved, designed, or ordinarily used for vehicular travel, exclusive of the berm or shoulder School Bus: Motor vehicle owned by a public governmental agency or privately owned and operated for the transportation of children to and/or from school Suspension: When a driver’s license and all privileges to drive a motor vehicle on public highways are temporarily withdrawn. Wireless Communications Device: A handheld device used to access a wireless telephone service or a text messaging device  CHAPTER I DRIVER’S LICENSE INFORMATION Who Must Be Licensed to Drive? If you live in West Virginia and want to drive a motor vehicle on public roads, you must have a West Virginia driver’s license, unless you are expressly exempt. You must carry your driver’s license with you when you drive. Who is Exempt? Any person operating a motor vehicle in the armed services of the United States in the performance of official duties A nonresident who is at least 16 years old and has a valid license from another state or country (limited to 90 days in a calendar year) A nonresident who is attending a West Virginia college or university and has a valid license from another state Who Can Be Denied a Driver’s License? Any person who is a habitual user of alcoholic beverages or is addicted to the use of narcotic drugs Any person whose driver’s license has been suspended or revoked by this state, any other state, or foreign jurisdiction until the expiration of the suspension or revocation period Any person who the Commissioner of Motor Vehicles has good cause to believe would be hazardous to public safety or welfare when operating a motor vehicle Any person who is under the age of 18 and not enrolled in, or graduated from, an approved educational institution Licensing Requirements In 2011, West Virginia adopted the federal licensing standards under the REAL ID Act of 2005. This secure driver’s license and identification (ID) card program meets the standards of the nationwide effort to improve the integrity and security of all driver’s licenses and ID cards. All first-time driver’s license applicants will need to bring in documentation to satisfy proof of identity, proof of social security number, proof of legal name change documents (if your name has ever changed), and proof of WV residency to meet the new federal licensing standards. All of the acceptable required documents are outlined in detail on the following pages. All proof documents provided to DMV will be securely scanned and returned to you. In addition to WV’s enhancing the security on all of it’s driver’s licenses and ID cards, you have the option to choose a license or ID card that is certified as REAL ID compliant for “federal identification use”. These cards contain a gold star on the face of the card, indicating that the card meets full federal requirements for use at airports and other designated federal facilities across the country. Please take note that while the “for federal identification use” cards are applied for at all DMV locations, they arrive at the applicant’s address via USPS in approximately 10-15 business days. A temporary license is issued at the time the application is accepted at DMV for use during the 15 day production and shipping CHAPTER I of this card. 1  Use of an electronic communications device to report a fire, traffic crash, serious road hazard, or emergency to the appropriate authorities, or use by a law-enforcement officer, firefighter, emergency medical technician, paramedic, or the operator of an authorized emergency vehicle in the performance of their official duties are not violations of this law. For more details visit www.legis.state.wv.us and search WV Code §17C-14-15. Point System The DMV has a point system to identify and control problem drivers, maintaining a record of all violations of traffic laws. u caution 12 sus Your record will show the date, nature of the violation, and the court in which you were convicted. Points have been assigned to various in-state and out-of-state moving traffic violations depending on the seriousness of the violation. Repeated convictions may build a point record leading to suspension of your driving privilege. Points remain on your driving record for two (2) years from the conviction date. ↓ caution -Mrs When you have six (6) points or more on your record, the DMV will send you a letter of caution, urging you to be careful while driving and obedient of traffic laws. When you accumulate 12 points on your record, your driver’s license is subject to suspension. 12 Suspension Su You may have three (3) points deducted from your record by completing an approved eight (8) hour defensive driving class. Motorists are only eligible for this point reduction once every 12 months. Only specific courses are approved for this point reduction. If you take a class without approval from the DMV or take the class prior to the points appearing on your record, you will not be eligible for the point deduction. For more information you may contact the DMV at 1-800-642-9066. The most common point bearing offenses are listed on page 20. Driving in Other States West Virginia is a member of the Driver License Compact. Traffic violations you receive in other states will become part of your West Virginia driving record and, if warranted, points will be assessed. If you are convicted in other states and the offense is grounds for suspension or revocation, your West Virginia driver’s license may be suspended or revoked. Other states may also restrict, suspend, or revoke your privilege to drive a motor vehicle in those states. West Virginia is also a member of the Non-Resident Violator Compact. This allows drivers to accept traffic citations for certain violations and continue on their way, regardless of whether the driver resides in that jurisdiction. Each member state agrees to suspend the driver’s license of its own citizens who fail to comply with the terms of the traffic violation committed in another state. Failure to Comply with In-State Citations State law requires municipal, magistrate, and circuit courts to notify the DMV when you fail to appear or fail to comply with any type of ticket, court order, or decision, even if it is not a traffic ticket. The DMV will suspend your driver’s license until you present proof of compliance with the court action and all penalty fees are paid. State law also requires the DMV to suspend your driver’s license if you fail to maintain any child support payment obligations. Traffic tickets and other types of citations should be handled promptly to avoid possible driver’s license suspension. Fraudulent Use of Driver’s Licenses The information you provide when you apply for your driver’s license or apply for a duplicate driver’s license must be true and accurate. It is against the law to provide false information when you apply for any type of driver’s license. It is also illegal to use someone else’s license as your own, to permit someone else to use your driver’s license, to permit someone to use your identity documents to obtain a license, or to use or display a fictitious license. The penalty for these offenses is a 90-day suspension. 18 Mandatory Driver’s License Revocation Convictions for certain violations of motor vehicle laws are serious and require the immediate revocation of your driver’s license. The DMV must revoke a driver’s license when it receives a notice of final conviction of any of the following: Manslaughter or negligent homicide resulting from the operation of a motor vehicle Two (2) or more moving violation convictions as a graduated driver Providing false information to the DMV Leaving the scene of a crash that results in death or personal injury Three (3) convictions of reckless driving in 24 months Racing on streets or highways (drag racing) Driving while your driver’s license is suspended or revoked Failure to satisfy a civil judgment against you as a result of your involvement in an automobile crash Conviction in this state or in any other state for driving under the influence of alcohol, controlled substances, or drugs Failure to pay for gasoline upon second conviction Any felony committed using a motor vehicle Driving While a Driver’s License Is Revoked or Suspended Revocation and suspension periods vary depending on the offense. Driving while your driver’s license is suspended or revoked (non-DUI related) is a serious matter and may cause a 90-day suspension. The penalty for driving while your driver’s license is revoked on a DUI is a mandatory minimum jail sentence of 30 days to six (6) months. The law also requires that your driving privilege be revoked for six (6) months. All suspension/revocation transactions and reinstatements must be handled in person at the Division of Motor Vehicles, 5707 MacCorkle Avenue, SE, Charleston, WV 25317 or by mail through PO Box 17030, Charleston, WV 25317 or online at go.wv.gov/selfservice. DMV Online Services If you need to check the status of your license, obtain the total number of points on your license, or to check your CDL Medical Certification date, you now have the ability to obtain this information by accessing the DMV Online Services page at go.wv.gov/selfservice. Applicants also have the ability to view and purchase a driving record online for a fee of $12.50 and pay their driver’s license reinstatement fees as well. 19  POINT SCALE POINT POINT OFFENSES VALUES OFFENSES VALUES Fleeing from an Officer 8 Driving Too Fast for Conditions 3 Speeding in a School Zone 6 Failure to Maintain Control of Vehicle 3 Reckless Driving 6 Careless / Hazardous Driving 3 Hit & Run (Leaving the Scene or Failure to Reveal ID) 6 Driving the Wrong Way on a One Way Street 3 Speeding 20mph or More Over the Speed Limit 6 Littering 3 Speeding 15mph to 19mph Over the Speed Limit 5 Improper Lane Violation 3 Speeding 11mph to 14mph Over the Speed Limit 3 Failure to Observe a Safety Zone 3 3 or More Wireless Communication Device Failure to Follow a Police Officer’s Instructions 3 Violations (Any Combination of Talking and/or Texting) 3 Driving on the Wrong Side of the Road 3 Passing Violation 3 Following Too Closely 2 Failure to Yield Violation 3 More than 3 Passengers in the Front Seat 2 Failure to Obey Traffic Light 3 Improper Turning 2 Failure to Obey Stop Sign 3 Improper Backing 2 Hazardous Driving 3 Improper Signal or No Signal 2 Driving Left of Center 3 All Other Moving Violations Not Listed Above 2 20  CHAPTER III DRIVING IMPAIRED OR UNDER THE INFLUENCE Alcohol mixed with driving is one of the greatest factors in highway crashes. Studies show that in recent years about 28% of the fatal crashes in West Virginia involved drivers who had been driving under the influence of alcohol. Adults are not the only drivers responsible for this terrible toll; drivers under 21 years of age are involved in alcohol related fatal crashes as well. Here are some points to remember: Alcohol reduces alertness, interferes with judgment, and impairs vision. Alcohol affects a person differently at different times. Physical and emotional conditions, other drugs, or even the amount of food in the stomach can cause alcohol to have a varied effect. Physical exercise, black coffee, fresh air, cold showers, and other “home remedies” do not effectively help someone sober up. Time is the only sobering influence. The amount of alcohol in a one-ounce shot of 100-proof whiskey, six-ounce glass of wine, or a 12-ounce can of beer is the same. Our judgment is affected when we drink; thus decisions made under the influence of alcohol reflect impeded judgment. DO NOT DRINK AND DRIVE! Under Age Drinking and Driving The legal drinking age in West Virginia is 21 years old. West Virginia has a zero tolerance law for drivers under the age of 21 who unwisely and illegally choose to drive with any measurable alcohol in their system. This means that if you are under the age of 21 and any amount of alcohol is found in your system, you will lose your driver’s license. Designated Driver Having a designated driver is the most reasonable, safe, and practical method to avoid drinking and driving and/or a DUI violation. The designated driver is a selected or volunteer companion who will not drink alcohol during the time they have the responsibility for driving their friend(s) home after a drinking situation. A designated driver should always be appointed before the start of any activity involving alcohol. Knowing Your Limits 0. 08 In West Virginia, a BAC of more than 0.05 percent and less than 0.08 percent is relevant evidence to CHAPTER III presume that a person is driving while his or her ability to drive is impaired. If a driver’s BAC is 0.08 percent or more, they are presumed to be driving under the influence. Under West Virginia law, your driver’s license can be revoked if your BAC is less than 0.08 percent. When a person has more than one (1) drink per hour, the BAC level builds up in his or her body. For example, the BAC level actually continues to increase after the last drink at 11:30 p.m. and several hours later, at 4 a.m., the BAC of that person is still above 0.06 percent. Persons with this level of alcohol in their bodies can be arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI). 21  Other Drugs Driving while using drugs is very dangerous and has effects like those of drinking. Using drugs, even if prescribed by a physician or bought over the counter, can cause drowsiness, loss of coordination, hallucinations or total body malfunctions. The use of alcohol and drugs can be a deadly combination. Implied Consent and the Chemical Test If you are arrested for DUI, you are subject to the Implied Consent Law. As a driver, you are deemed to have given consent to take the designated Breathalyzer for the purpose of determining alcohol content in your body. If you refuse to take the Breathalyzer, your privilege to operate a motor vehicle will be revoked for a period of one (1) year and up to life. Many people mistakenly assume that the Implied Consent Law means they will be fined or go to jail if they are stopped and have alcohol on their breath. On the contrary, the law is designed to protect the driver who has not been drinking since the blood alcohol test will provide a medically accepted measure of alcohol concentration. The Implied Consent Law safeguards the public from a driver who is intoxicated by arresting those who refuse to be tested for alcohol content. Without this law, some drivers might escape punishment and continue to pose a hazard to the community. OFFENSES AND CONSEQUENCES Penalties for Driving Under the Influence Because the public menace posed by intoxicated drivers is so great, the penalties for violators are severe. If you are under the age of 18, a DUI offense will result in revocation of your driver’s license until you reach the age of 18 or for the applicable statutory period of revocation or suspension, whichever is longer and until all other requirements are met. Any time your driver’s license is revoked or suspended for a DUI, you must complete a prescribed Safety and Treatment program before you will be eligible to reinstate your driving privileges. The chart below shows the penalties and minimum revocation period for each DUI offense. MINIMUM OFFENSE FINES JAIL REVOCATION PERIOD ZERO Tolerance - Under 21 with ANY Measurable Alcohol $25 - $100 - 30 Days 1st Offense ZERO Tolerance - Under 21 with ANY Measurable Alcohol $100 - $500 24 Hrs. 60 Days or until 2nd Offense 18th Birthday, (whichever is greater) DUI - Alcohol or Drugs w/BAC $200 - $1000 2 Days - 45 Days 1st Offense 6 Mo. DUI - With Child Endangerment $200 - $1000 48 Hrs - 60 Days 12 Mo. DUI - With Body Injury $200 - $1000 24 Hrs. - 60 Days 12 Mo. DUI - With Serious Bodily Injury $1000 - 2 Yrs. - 60 Days $3000 10 Yrs. DUI - With Death Felony $1000 - 3 Yrs. - 1 Year $3000 15 Yrs. DUI $1000 - 6 Mo. - 1 Year 2nd Offense $3000 12 Mo. DUI $3000 - 1 Yr. - 1 Year 3rd or Subsequent Offense $5000* 3 Yrs. 22 How Does a DUI Affect Your Driving Privileges? When a driver has a DUI or DUI-related event, the law requires that a revocation be placed on that person’s driving record. If the event involved alcohol, the driver may be able to participate in the Interlock Program. This Program allows a person to drive legally as long as they are operating a vehicle equipped with an Interlock device. This device attaches to the ignition system of a vehicle and will prevent an intoxicated person from starting the car. This provides a measure of protection for all drivers. Participation in the Interlock Program may be an option for some DUI offenders. For others, it is a mandatory requirement depending on the type of offense. If the driver has been revoked for two (2) or more DUI’s or related offenses within a ten-year period, participation is mandatory. If a driver submits an application and is approved for the Interlock Program before the scheduled revocation begins, the individual will not have to serve a minimum revocation period. Instead, they can get the device installed immediately and continue to drive. However, if the driver fails to apply in time, that person may have to serve a minimum revocation period and complete the Interlock program. DROWSY DRIVING IS IMPAIRED DRIVING Drowsy driving is common on U.S. roads and represents a highly pervasive threat to public health and transportation safety. After being awake for 18 hours (time varies), driving skills are comparable to someone under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Driving drowsy can decrease your reaction time and increase your crash risk. You often cannot react in time to apply brakes or steer away from a potential crash. Crashes related to drowsy driving can be very serious, leading to death or severe injuries. If you drive while drowsy, you may become slower to respond to road and traffic conditions. You may also struggle to process complex information coming from different places at once or become careless when making driving decisions. When drowsy, you may have trouble paying attention or actually fall asleep while driving. Signs That You are Drowsy While Driving Signs That Another Driver May Be Drowsy Falling asleep at stop lights; Head nodding or dropping, if driver is visible; Yawning; rubbing eyes; watery eyes; heavy Drifting out of the travel lane, crossing edge eyelids; lines or center lines, hitting the rumble strips; Difficulty remembering the last few miles driven; Near miss crashes, especially rear end; Missing road signs or exits; Erratic driving behavior - speeding up/slowing Unplanned lane changes; down, weaving or drifting in lane; Head nodding or dropping; Rear-ending another vehicle or hitting another vehicle head-on; Driving off the road or hitting the rumble strips. Hitting a stationary object. How to Prevent Drowsy Driving The best way to reduce drowsiness is to get more sleep. If you are drowsy, don’t drive. Pull over to a safe area as soon as you can and take a short nap. As little as 10-20 minutes of sleep can make a big difference. If possible, avoid driving during times you feel sleepy. For many people, this is in the early morning, during the late afternoon or at night. Let a well-rested person drive. Consider carpooling, using public transportation, calling a taxi or asking a family member or friend to drive you. 23 DUI Awareness Cards The DMV requires that all first-time applicants for a driver’s license or motorcycle-only West Virginia driver’s license complete a short DUI awareness course given upon passing the road skills test. The course must be completed by all out-of-state drivers coming into West Virginia, even if they have been previously licensed in West Virginia. Upon completing the short course, the individual will receive a card or a stamp on his or her application showing completion. Vehicle Check The testing vehicle must first be checked to make sure it complies with registration, vehicle inspection and equipment laws. A valid inspection sticker and proof of insurance on the vehicle is required before the vehicle can be used for the road skills test. Vehicle defects may constitute failure of examination. The examiner may permit you to have a minor defect corrected and continue the examination. However, you will not be permitted to continue the examination in another vehicle on the same test date. The examiner cannot give the driving test unless the test vehicle is in safe condition and legally equipped. The applicant must know the location and function of all safety equipment, including the parking/emergency brake. If the applicant is unable to both locate and demonstrate the use of any of the vehicle safety equipment, this will result in an automatic failure on the road skills test. Illegal Equipment Red and/or blue flashing lights (Only authorized emergency vehicles may have these warning lights) Sirens, bells, or whistles Cutout or loud-sounding muffler Signs, posters, or stickers on the windshield or vehicle windows, unless required or permitted by law More than one spotlight More than two (2) side cowl or fender lights More than two (2) backup lights, which do not show light when the vehicle is going forward Any load on the passenger vehicle extending beyond the line of the fenders on the left side or six (6) inches beyond the line of the fenders on the right side Any motor vehicle not equipped with safety glass Windows tinted to less than 35 percent light transmission A broken/cracked windshield Holes in the body of the vehicle Broken lenses on the vehicle Any doors and windows that are not operational 25  CHAPTER V TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES The shape and color of signs have meaning. If fading light, fog, rain, snow, or darkness make it difficult to see the letters, applicants should still know how to recognize a sign and respond accordingly. Single Message Shaped Signs Octagon These eight-sided signs are reserved for stop signs. These signs mean you must stop completely. Give the right-of-way to pedestrians and to all cross traffic before moving again. At a stop sign, you must stop behind any marked or unmarked crosswalk (joining sidewalks on opposite sides of the street). If there are no pavement markings or cross walks, you must stop before entering an intersection. Stop at a place where you can see traffic coming from all directions. Triangle (upside down) This shape requires that you yield the right-of-way to cross traffic or to merging traffic. Pennant This sign marks the beginning of a no-passing zone. Circle This yellow-and-black sign gives advance warning of a railroad crossing ahead. Pentagon This sign warns of a school zone (school grounds and any street/highway abutting the school grounds and extending 125 feet along the street or highway from the school grounds) ahead or marks a school zone crossing. The maximum speed limit in a school zone is 15 m.p.h. when children are present or when specified. Triangle (right side up) CHAPTER V A right side up triangular sign with a reflective red border and fluorescent orange center identifies a slow moving vehicle or a vehicle which has made an emergency stop. 34 Square & Rectangular Signs These signs show traffic regulations and guide your speed and direction. These signs tell you about speed limits and other traffic laws. Most signs are white with black letters. When the message is very important, the sign is red with white letters. A red outline with a diagonal bar through it always means “NO.” 15 255570 855570 School Zones Business & Residential Open County Highway Interstate Speed Limit - These signs show the fastest speed you may drive under Lane Directions - These signs are optimal weather and road conditions. Sometimes the minimum speed posted between highway lanes that are is also shown. Advisory speed signs can be found at interstate entrances divided and placed at openings in the and exit ramps which show the maximum recommended safe speed for dividers where streets intersect with the driving on the ramp. These advisory signs are black on yellow. highway. They are to remind you which side of the divider you belong on. No Right Turn & No Left Turn - This No U-Turn Sign - Wrong Way or Do Not Enter - These signs sign indicates which direction you cannot This sign means do warn you that traffic in that direction is turn at an intersection. These signs are not turn around in prohibited. If you choose a traffic lane marked used when meeting a one way street or the middle of a street with either of these signs you will likely run in situations where it is unsafe to turn. or an intersection. into another vehicle. Dual Turn Lane - This sign is One Way Street - This sign is posted over a highway lane that used to tell you when a cross is used only for making left turns street has traffic running in one from either direction. Traffic from direction only. Usually every either direction will be using this consecutive block runs in the lane. Never use a turning lane to opposite direction when there are overtake and pass other vehicles. one-way streets. 35  Diamond & Warning Signs These diamond-shaped signs will usually appear without explanatory words beneath them. These signs are yellow with black letters. They warn of possible danger ahead and may have symbols or written warnings. Pedestrian and school warning signs may be yellow-green with black letters. Curve or sharp turn in the road ahead - The curve is too Crossroads or side roads ahead - sharp to take at the regular highway speed. An advisory speed Watch for other vehicles entering or sign may be attached. leaving the highway. Traffic may be moving into Used to indicate that you are your lane. Be ready to change on a two-way road. your speed or your lane to avoid a crash. The road ahead has two-way To warn you that a lane will traffic. be ending; in this case, the right lane. The symbol would two way be reversed if the left lane is ending. traffic Warns you of hills where special This sign is to advise you of an care must be taken. Slow down added lane. before you start downhill. added lam Ahead a bridge or underpass This section of highway is more has low clearance. The height slippery than other roads when is shown on the sign. wet. Reduce your speed. Reduce speed This sign warns you that there This sign warns you that there is a crosswalk or pedestrian is a Traffic signal ahead. path crossing the road. Watch out for, and yield to people walking across the road. 36 Construction and Maintenance Signs Construction and maintenance signs are used to notify drivers of unusual or potentially dangerous conditions in or near work areas. Most signs in work areas are diamond- shaped. A few signs are rectangular. Construction and Maintenance Signs and Devices Various traffic control devices are used in construction and maintenance work areas to direct drivers or pedestrians safely through the work zone, and to provide for the safety of the highway workers. The most commonly used traffic control devices are signs, barricades, drums, cones, tubes, flashing arrow panels, and flaggers. Orange is the basic color for these devices. Channeling Devices Barricades, vertical panels, drums, cones, and tubes are *The diagonal stripes on the barricade or vertical panel the most commonly used devices to alert drivers of unusual or guide the driver towards the direction to which traffic potentially dangerous conditions in highway and street work areas and to guide drivers safely through the work zone. At is to pass. Stripes sloping downward to the right night they are often equipped with flashing or steady-burn mean the driver should bear to the right. Conversely, lights. stripes sloping downward to the left mean bear to the left. Flashing Arrow Panels Large flashing or sequencing arrow panels may be used in work zones both day and night to guide drivers into certain traffic lanes and to inform them that part of the road or street ahead of them is closed. SLOWLY STOP Proceed Flaggers Flaggers are often provided in highway and street work zones to stop, slow, or guide traffic safely through the area. Flaggers wear orange vests, shirts, or jackets and use red-orange flags or stop/slow paddles to direct traffic through work zones. 37  Guide Signs These signs tell you WHERE you are, WHAT road you are on, and HOW to get where you want to go. There are many different types of guide signs, such as service signs, location signs, route marker information, and distance signs. Most guide signs are white on green. Motorist services signs are white on blue. Signs for parks and public recreation areas are white on brown. Used on main highways, these signs show distance to places and routes. Found in front of intersections, These signs are found on these signs show the direction interstates and show you to cities. where the exit is, as well as the exit number. WV & U.S. Route Markers - Are generally black on white. Route Interstate markers - Are red, white, and blue.. interstate Pictured on the right is an example of an interstate sign that you may find when approaching an exit further ahead. Aside from the exit number they may show the road, location, attraction, or upcoming routes and the distance from the exit. Interstate Marker U.S. Route Marker WV Route Marker These signs let you know what These signs are for amenities are available off designated places Some guide signs have symbols on top This large park and recreation sign is an interstate exits. for travelers to take with a description and/or arrow below. sample of one you may see. a break from driving. BE PREPARED: KNOW YOUR SIGNS Not all the signs you will see are in this handbook; however, most signs are self-explanatory. The warning signs on page 36 are amongst the signs you typically see without identifying text; instead they often have pictures. The shapes and colors of signs are a very helpful indicator as to what they are trying to tell you. Take notice the next time you are a passenger in a vehicle to all of the signs you see and what they are for. Being an observant passenger can help you to become a better driver. 38 Railroad Crossing Signs and Signals Railroad crossing signs can be round or diamond shaped, yellow with black symbols, or black letters on white bars in the shape of an X called a crossbuck. A sign below the crossbuck indicates the number of tracks when there are two (2) or more. Some railroad crossings are equipped with electrical devices to signal the approach of a train. These devices consist of various types of signals such as bells, flashers, and automatic gates. You must yield to all trains. Failure to stop when lights are flashing, or a barrier is down, will result in a citation. When there are two (2) or more tracks, you must be alert for a second train on the other set of tracks. It is important to note that you should not enter a railroad crossing until the vehicle ahead has moved far enough ahead that you can clear the tracks. Otherwise, you may be trapped on the tracks and hit by another vehicle or by a train. Traffic Lights Circular Green / GO - Drivers facing this signal may enter the intersection and go straight through, turn right, or left, unless, other traffic control devices (signs or pavement markings) prohibit certain movements. All turns must be made in accordance with accepted right-of-way rules. A driver who is facing a circular green indication and wishes to turn left must yield to oncoming vehicles. Green Arrow / LEFT TURN - A green arrow may be shown alone or with other indications. Drivers facing the signal may enter the intersection to make the movement shown by the arrow. When the green arrow is shown in a left-turn signal, it usually means that opposing traffic is stopped. Steady Circular Yellow - This means that the green light is ending and will change to red. You should only drive through a yellow light if the vehicle clearance is within the intersection. Yellow Arrow / LEFT TURN - This means that the green arrow is ending and will change to red. Steady Circular Red / STOP - Traffic facing a steady circular red signal must stop unless making a movement permitted by a green arrow. The driver must remain stopped until allowed to proceed by another indication. The only exception is to make a permitted turn on red. A driver may turn right on red at the intersection of two-way streets, or may turn left on red from a one-way street to another one-way street. These turns may be made after yielding to all other traffic and pedestrians, and if no signs are posted to prohibit them. Steady Red Arrow/ LEFT TURN - Come to a complete stop before reaching the intersection, stop line or cross walk for the direction indicated by the arrow. Remain stopped as long as the signal is red. 39  Intersection Flashers At certain intersections, flashers are installed to supplement or replace STOP signs. These flashers may have circular flashing red indications in all directions or may have circular flashing yellow indications for through traffic. Come to a complete stop and yield to Drivers facing a circular flashing yellow light may proceed through the intersection all other traffic and with caution. A circular flashing red is the same as a stop sign; that is, drivers must come to pedestrians a complete stop and yield to all other traffic and pedestrians. When traffic control signals are not needed or are out of order, they may be placed in flashing operations. When this happens, they are the same as intersection flashers. Lane Use Control Signals Proceed through the intersection with caution Special signals are used to control traffic when the direction of a street or certain lane changes during the day. These signals indicate how the specific lanes may be used. Green Downward Yellow X: The lane is Red X: The lane is Arrow: Traffic may about to be closed or closed or being used use the lane under its direction is about by opposing traffic. the arrow. to reverse. Move out Do not use this lane. of it as soon as you can. Crosswalk Signals Crosswalk signals are traffic signals for pedestrians. If these signals are in place, pedestrians are to obey them. These lighted signs are often shown two (2) ways: Hand Symbol or DON’T WALK- when these appear pedestrians are not to cross the crosswalk. Walking Man or WALK - when these appear pedestrians are safe to cross the street inside the crosswalk lines. Be aware of crosswalks at intersections and in school zones. These are indicators that you are in a high pedestrian traffic zone. Being especially alert for pedestrians in these places will reduce the risk of crashes. A blind person who is on foot and using a guide dog or other service animal, or is carrying a white cane or walking stick, has the right-of-way on a highway, street, or road regardless of whether they are in a crosswalk or not. 40 Pavement Markings A Pavement markings are used like highway signs to warn, regulate, and inform traffic. WHITE lines separate traffic lanes moving in the SAME direction. YELLOW lines separate traffic lanes moving in the OPPOSITE direction. Broken Yellow - Broken yellow lines separate traffic moving in opposite B directions. If this marking is on your side of the road, you may pass when it is safe. See Figure A. Solid Yellow - Solid yellow lines also separate traffic moving in opposite directions. If a solid yellow line is on your side of the road, you MUST NOT PASS. On interstates, one-way streets, or divided four-lane roads, a solid yellow line will mark the left edge of the pavement. See figure B. Broken White - On roadways which have more than one (1) lane moving in C one direction, traffic lanes are separated by broken white lines. Broken black lines are sometimes added to make the white easier to see. Drive within these lines and never straddle them, except when changing lanes. See figure C. Solid White - Solid white lines mark the edge of the pavement. At night or in bad weather, they help you stay on the road. When solid white lines separate lanes of traffic moving in the same direction, DO NOT CHANGE LANES. See figure E. D Special Purpose or “Diamond” Lanes - White diamond shapes painted in the roadway to inform drivers the lane is designated for car pools, bicycles, or buses. Center Left-Turn Lanes - These lanes are reserved for left turns from either direction and are not to be used as through or passing lanes. You can recognize these lanes by the solid yellow lines nearest the through lanes and broken lines to the left of them. See figure D. E Reversible Lanes - Where traffic volumes are heavy at certain times of the day, it may be necessary to reverse the traffic flow direction. Lanes which reverse are marked on both sides by a double yellow broken line. This is the only case where a driver may drive for any distance to the left of a yellow line. Crosswalk Lines - Many pedestrian crosswalks are marked by solid white lines. Some crosswalks, especially in residential areas, are not marked. When these lines are used, they will run all the way across the pavement. You will notice them at intersections and sometimes between intersections. DO NOT block a crosswalk with your car. See figure F. Stop Lines - Wide white lines, painted across traffic lanes, mark where you F must stop your vehicle at intersections. This keeps you out of the way of pedestrians and cross traffic. If there are no stop lines or crosswalks, you must stop your vehicle before you enter the intersections. You should be able to see traffic coming from all directions. See figure F. 41  CHAPTER VI TRAFFIC LAWS AND RULES OF THE ROAD Basic Speed Law When you exceed the speed limit, you endanger the lives of others as well as your own. Observe speed limits and adjust your speed to the driving conditions. To ensure your safety, and the safety of others, you should slow down when you are faced with these driving situations: Approaching and crossing an intersection Approaching and going around a curve Approaching the top of a hill Traveling on a narrow road During traffic, weather, roadway hazards, or other conditions that limit visibility or stopping distance Speed Limits Your speed helps determine how much time you have to react to any traffic situation. The higher the speed, the less time you have to spot hazards, judge the speed of other vehicles, and act to avoid personal mistakes and those of other drivers. The speed limit for most roads are posted. However West Virginia law prohibits driving at a speed that is greater than reasonable and prudent for existing conditions. There are designated speeds set by law for highways and certain areas such as school zones, business, and residential areas. Designated speed limits, unless they are otherwise posted, or not reasonable, or not prudent for the conditions, are: Interstate Tomph Interstate - Maximum Speed 70mph unless otherwise posted Open County Highway - 55mph - unless otherwise posted highwaySomph Business or Residential Areas - 25mph 25mph School Zone (while children are present along the roadway) - 15mph 15 mph 15 A school zone is all school property, including school grounds, and/or any street or highway abutting the school grounds and extending 125 feet along the street or highway from the school grounds. CHAPTER VI 125ft Authorized emergency vehicles may exceed the posted speed limits when on emergency duty with emergency signal equipment operating, as long as other road users are not endangered. SIMPLE SAFETY RULE: Observe and follow speed limits and always drive at speeds that are 42 reasonable and prudent for the existing conditions. Driving Slowly When you drive at less than the normal speed of traffic, you should drive as close as possible to the right edge of the road. If you must drive slower than the designated speed, pull off at the first safe turnout to let faster moving traffic pass. This rule applies when you are on a road with one (1) lane in each direction and overtaking traffic does not have a clear lane for passing. Driving Signals Other drivers expect you to continue traveling in the same direction. By using your turn signals, you let them know that you intend to turn or change lanes. Give other drivers time to react to your moves. Use your turn signal before you: Change lanes. Turn at an intersection. SLOW or STOP RIGHT TURN LEFT TURN Enter or leave an interstate. Pull away from the curb. Pull over to the side of the road. ARM POINTING DOWN ARM POINTING UP ARM STRAIGHT OUT Get into the habit of signaling every time you make a change. Signal at least 100 feet before you plan to turn. Switch off your turn signals after completing the turn. Driving with turn signals on without intending to turn can create confusion. If you plan to turn beyond an intersection, do not confuse other drivers by signaling too soon. They may think you are turning at the intersection and pull into your path. But if you signal too late, the drivers behind you may not have enough time to react safely. In these situations, know traffic conditions and use your best judgement. SIMPLE SAFETY RULE 8 : 4 It is best to have both hands on the steering wheel. Consider the steering wheel as the face of a clock. The left hand should be placed approximately at 8 o’clock and the right hand at 4 o’clock. This placement will afford the driver maximum control of the vehicle at all times and reduce the chance that a deploying air bag will knock your hands off the steering wheel. 43  Turning Maneuvers Improper turns cause many traffic crashes. Pedestrians and bicyclists are often victims of improper turns by vehicle operators. It is important that you learn and abide by correct turning procedures. Rules for turns: Prepare for the turn. Do not make decisions to turn at the last moment. Before entering the turning lane, signal, look in the mirrors, and check the blind spot by glancing over the proper shoulder. oft Signal at least 100 feet before turning. Slow down before making turns. Do not brake while turning. Make sure it is safe to turn. Check traffic to the front and rear of your vehicle and watch for pedestrians. Always finish turning in the proper lane. When turning left, watch for approaching traffic in the opposite lane. If traffic is about to reach the intersection at approximately the same time, stop until it is safe for you to turn. ONE WAY TO ONE WAY When waiting to turn left, do not turn the wheels to the left. Otherwise, a bump from behind could push your vehicle into oncoming traffic. If an intersection has no signs prohibiting a turn on red, traffic facing a red signal may, after coming to a complete stop and yielding to pedestrians and traffic, make a right turn. The same rule applies to left turns from a one-way street to a one-way street. neft => way toI way E ↑ ONE WAY TO TWO WAY TO TWO WAY ONE WAY LEFT TURN RIGHT TURN 44 Changing Direction Sometimes it is necessary to turn your vehicle around to proceed in the opposite direction. However, it is against the law to turn your vehicle around near a curve, near the crest of a hill where you cannot be seen by another vehicle approaching within 500 feet in either direction, or where signs prohibit turning. Backing Up Before backing, check completely around your vehicle for people and/or other obstacles. You should look to the front, sides and rear and continue to look to the rear while backing. Do not depend on your mirror. Back slowly into the proper traffic lane. It is not advisable to back up while in a traffic lane, except for backing into a parallel parking space. Never back across other traffic lanes or through an intersection. Parking Maneuvers Many crashes happen because vehicles have not been properly or carefully parked. By following these few simple rules, you can reduce the chances of your vehicle being hit by another vehicle: Vehicles must always be parked in the same direction as the movement of traffic on that side of the street. Avoid double parking. It is illegal and discourteous. Make certain your vehicle is completely off the traveled portion of the road. Whenever you park and leave your vehicle, you must turn off the engine and set the parking (emergency) brake. Lock your vehicle and take your keys. Getting out of your vehicle on the street side can be dangerous. Always look carefully for bicycles, motorcycles, or larger vehicles that might be passing. The drivers may not see you in time to keep from hitting your open door, or you. Prohibited Parking (§17C-13-3, W. Va. State Code) Stopping, standing or parking is not allowed (except to avoid a conflict with other traffic or to obey a law, police officer or a traffic signal) in the following locations: On a sidewalk In front of a public or private driveway Within an intersection Within 15 feet of a fire hydrant 15 FH - zocross On a crosswalk Within 20 feet of a crosswalk at an intersection Within 30 feet of any stop sign or traffic control signal 30 In front of a wheelchair ramp or curb cut Within 50 feet of the nearest rail of a railroad crossing 50 45  Beside or opposite any street excavation or obstruction where stopping, standing or parking would obstruct traffic On the traffic side of any vehicle stopped or parked at the edge or curb of the street (double parking) Upon any bridge or other elevated structure or in a highway tunnel Within 20 feet of any mailbox served by a carrier using a motor vehicle for daily deliveries Upon any controlled-access highway Any place on any highway where the safety and convenience of the traveling public is endangered Any place where official signs prohibit parking. A curb in a no-parking zone may be painted in yellow Angle Parking (§17C-13-4, W. Va. State Code) When entering a parking space on your right, signal your intention to park and slow down. Remain parallel to the curb, at least five (5) feet out from the parked vehicles. Steer sharply to the right when your vehicle’s front end is even with the rear of the parking space. Slowly pull into the space midway and center. Straighten the steering wheel and continue forward until the front wheel barely touches the curb. While the actual parking procedure is easy to do, backing out from this position can be hazardous. Do not just rely on your rear view mirror. If your vision is blocked, move back cautiously, watching for a pedestrian or vehicle that might suddenly appear. Remember, do not back across the center line. Parking on Hills ↳ * Nocura | Down hill Turn wheels to curb | Up hill - (With Curb) Turn wheels from curb | Up hill - (No Curb) Turn wheels right | If you park or stop on a grade, turn the front wheels to the curb side of the highway so the vehicle will not roll. Be sure to set the emergency or parking brake. To reinforce the parking brake in an automatic shift vehicle, put the selector shift in park; in a manual shift use reverse on a downgrade or 1st gear on an up- grade. SIMPLE SAFETY RULE Metered Parking It is best to always keep change in your vehicle in case you need to park your vehicle in a metered parking spot. Make sure your change is easily accessible not only for convenience but for safety. If you need to remain in your vehicle for any reason while you are parked in a busy area be sure to keep your doors locked until you are ready to exit your vehicle and always be alert to your surroundings. 46 Parallel Parking (§17C-13-4, W. Va. State Code) When you parallel park on a two-way street, park so the right- hand wheels are parallel to and within 18 inches of the right curb. When parallel parking on the left side of the road, wheels should be within 18 inches of the left curb. Park in the direction of the traffic. Make sure your vehicle is centered in the parking space. Choose a space large enough for your vehicle. Signal and stop even with the front vehicle, about two (2) feet out from it. Make sure you will not interfere with traffic, then turn your front wheels all the way to the right and back slowly toward the curb. Look behind you. Do not rely on your rear view mirror. When your front bumper is opposite the rear bumper of the vehicle ahead, quickly turn your steering wheel all the way to the left. Back slowly toward the vehicle behind you without touching it. You should be about 6” from the curb. Do not park more than 18” from the curb. Straighten your front wheels and pull into final parking position. Center the vehicle in the space. When exiting the parallel parking space, always signal to let others know your intentions and make sure traffic is clear before pulling back onto the roadway. Following Distance Following too closely causes most rear-end collisions. The space ahead of your vehicle is the space easiest to control. This space cushion is called the following distance. You must consider the speed of the traffic and condition of the road to allow yourself enough following distance to stop when necessary. Always make sure to allow yourself enough stopping distance in an emergency situation. 3 +04 sec The best way to assure proper following distance is to use the three-to-four second rule. 3 4 - To use the three-to-four second rule, choose a fixed object on the road ahead (such as a signpost, tree, overpass, or bridge abutment). When the vehicle ahead passes that object, begin to count “one thousand one, one thousand two, one thousand three.” If you reach the same object before you finish saying “..one thousand three,” you are driving too closely. If it is dark or raining, the distance should be at least four seconds. If there is ice or snow, stay at least six seconds behind the vehicle in front. Refer to Chapter VI – Defensive Driving: Snow and Sleet for more information concerning appropriate following distances. You should also refer to Chapter VI – Defensive Driving: Light Conditions and Rain concerning headlight usage and the term “over driving your headlights.” 47  Changing Lanes Proper lane changing rules are: Check in your rear view and side mirrors. Check over your left or right shoulder (head check) to make sure no one is in your blind spot. Check for other drivers who may also be moving into the same lane. Signal and change lanes. DO NOT change lanes in an intersection or at a railroad crossing. Stay within the speed limit. Passing Steps to follow for passing on a two-lane highway: Make sure you are in a passing zone and observing the three-to-four second rule for following distance. Decide if passing is necessary. If you have to speed to pass, you probably do not need to pass. Check ahead, to the rear, and to the side before you start to pass. Check for other dangers in the passing area, such as a narrow bridge, side road, or curve. Signal properly to show you intend to change lanes. Signal early enough to allow other drivers to know your intentions. Move left when clear and sound your horn to alert the driver ahead that you are passing. At night you can also blink your headlights to signal that you are about to pass. Signal and return to the proper lane when you see the front of the vehicle (both headlights) you have passed in your rear view mirror. Passing on the right is not permissible unless there is a lane designated for passing. You cannot pass safely unless: You can see far enough ahead. You can return to your lane before meeting oncoming traffic. Your vehicle is capable of the speed necessary to pass. Passing is PROHIBITED in the following places: On a curve or hill or at any place where you cannot see oncoming traffic. Within 100 feet of an intersection. 48  Within 100 feet of a bridge, viaduct, tunnel, or underpass. Within 100 feet of any railroad crossing. When an approaching vehicle is within your passing area. When a sign or highway marking tells you to drive on the right or not to overtake vehicles. When a vehicle in front of you has stopped at an intersection to allow a pedestrian to cross. When the solid yellow line is in your lane. Right-of-Way Courtesy is a key to safe driving and safety comes before right-of-way. At times you must yield the right-of-way to others. There are certain rules to help determine the right-of-way, but if the other driver does not follow these rules, give the right-of-way. Remember, in every situation, right-of-way is something to be given, not taken. Right-of-Way or Yielding Situations: Entering traffic - When entering a public street or highway from an alley, private road, or driveway, you must yield to traffic already on the roadway. I Right Uncontrolled intersections and four-way stop intersections - If you reach the intersection at the same time as another vehicle, yield to the driver on the right. Intersections with yield signs - Slow down before reaching the intersection, then yield the right-of- way to any vehicle in the intersection, and to approaching traffic. L R Left turns - When making a left turn, you must yield the right-of-way to oncoming traffic. Emergency vehicles - You must yield to any emergency vehicle (ambulance, fire, or police vehicle) that is sounding a siren and flashing warning lights. Pull over to the right edge of the road, clear of the intersection, and stop until the emergency vehicle has passed. Keep your foot on the brake so the emergency driver knows you are stopped. Watch for other emergency vehicles before proceeding. Funeral Procession - Although not required by law, it is a courtesy to yield to vehicles in a funeral procession. Once the lead vehicle has cleared an intersection, the rest of the procession has the right- of-way. Allow the procession to pass and do not cut in or out of the procession. You may pass a procession on an expressway. Police Officer - Directions of a police officer overrule the message of any sign, signal, or road marking. Parallel Parking -Provide ample space to the driver in front of you who is parallel parking. SIMPLE SAFETY RULE: DON’T RUSH. Stop and give time to those who have the right-of-way. 49  Sharing the Road with Pedestrians Vehicle-pedestrian collisions account for nearly 20% of traffic fatalities. Drivers must use extreme care to avoid colliding with a pedestrian, especially in areas where special hazards exist, such as school zones, bus stops, playgrounds, and parks. Drivers may use their horns to warn pedestrians, if necessary. Remember, pedestrians have the right of way when: They are in a crosswalk. They are crossing a sidewalk that crosses an alley entrance or driveway. They are blind and are crossing the street with a white or metal cane, with or without a red tip, or led by a guide dog. Pedestrians must: Use crosswalks at intersections. Look in both directions before crossing the street. When walking along a road where there is no sidewalk, walk on the left side facing oncoming traffic. Walk on the shoulder of the road, if possible. Observe and obey “Walk” and “Don’t Walk” signals. At night, always wear white or light-colored clothing or carry a light. Pedestrians must not walk on interstate highways or other areas where signs to that effect are posted. School Bus Rules School buses are responsible for safely transporting children to and from school. When approaching a bus, please observe the following rules: On all highways, streets, parking lots, private roads or driveways, traffic in both directions must stop before reaching a school bus that has its red lights flashing which is receiving or discharging students. You may not proceed until the bus resumes motion, or signaled by the school bus driver to proceed or the visual signals are no longer actuated. Only on Interstate Highways does traffic coming toward a school bus stopped on the other side of the median not have to stop. You must also stop for a stopped school bus which is receiving or discharging students on school property or private property. The penalty for passing a stopped school bus is a minimum of 60 days driver’s license suspension and a minimum fine of $500 or confinement in jail for not more than six (6) months for the first offense. Subsequent offenses have increased penalties. If the identity of the driver of a vehicle that passes a stopped school bus cannot be ascertained, the owner or lessee of the vehicle in violation is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, subject to fines. 50 Tailgating If a check of your rear view mirror shows another vehicle following too closely, you should take the following steps to deal with the tailgater: Tap your brakes gently to flash the brake lights and warn the tailgater. Slow down to encourage the vehicle to pass. If all else fails, pull over, stop and let the vehicle pass. Headlights and Their Use Despite the fact that there are fewer miles driven at night, the fatal crash rate for night driving is three (3) times greater than that for day driving. When driving at night, obey the following rules: Dim your headlights within 500 feet of an approaching vehicle. Dim your headlights within 200 feet of the vehicle in front of you. Dim your headlights when driving on well-lit streets. Use low beam lights when driving in fog. High beams cause the light to be reflected back into your eyes. Avoid looking directly into the lights of oncoming vehicles by looking toward the right edge of the road. Slow down when facing the glare from headlights of approaching vehicles. Make sure you can stop within the area lighted by your headlights. Use your parking lights only when you are parked. Turn on your headlights from sunset to sunrise, during fog, smoke, rain, or at any other time when persons and vehicles cannot be seen clearly at a distance of 500 feet. The best rule is to remember to turn on your headlights whenever you have trouble seeing other vehicles. If you have trouble seeing them, chances are, the other vehicles are having trouble seeing you. Keep your headlights and taillights properly adjusted and cleaned. Sharing the Road with Motorcycles Motorcycles are difficult to see, can often stop more quickly than vehicles, and can dart in front of you with no warning. For these reasons, drivers who do not pay attention cause many automobile-motorcycle crashes. Under all circumstances, motorists should expect to see motorcycles and be prepared to give them both the space and time to maneuver. Space is the key to sharing the road with motorcycles. Motorists should expect to see motorcyclists move around in their lane. Motorcyclists are entitled to and will need the entire lane to maneuver around possible hazards and traffic situations. It is wise to keep a safe minimum three -to-four second following distance. Increase the distance time at night and under adverse weather conditions. Remember that motorcyclists will almost certainly be badly hurt or killed if they are in a crash. The following hints may help you save a life. 51  Intersections - When you are waiting at a corner, it can be very hard to see a motorcycle coming. Motorcycles can be hidden by many things such as parked vehicles and trees. In addition, you are normally looking for vehicles and trucks, not something small like a motorcycle. For these reasons, check carefully as you leave the corner and keep looking all the way across the intersection. Following and Passing Motorcycles - Since motorcycles do not operate and perform the same way as vehicles, you should be careful when following or passing a motorcycle. Stay farther back than if you were behind a vehicle. The motorcycle can usually slow or stop much faster than you can. When passing, go all the way into the other lane. Besides having the legal right to an entire lane, the motorcyclist may need to swerve to avoid something on the road. Once you have passed, wait until you are well down the road before moving back into the other lane. Sharing the Road with Slow Vehicles Slow-moving vehicles, such as farm vehicles or construction equipment, are often driven on or along the highways. Regular traffic must be aware of the slow speed of these vehicles as they approach and make sure they can pass safely before making the attempt. Slow-moving vehicles are required to display a special triangular emblem sign which means “Slow- Moving Vehicle” to warn approaching drivers. Sharing the Road with Heavy Trucks We depend on trucks, day and night, to bring us the things we need to live. Trucks are driven by trained, specially-licensed drivers. Sharing the road with heavy trucks is a necessary part of road travel. Heavy trucks, typically weighing 80,000 pounds, should be respected by automobile drivers. Everyone should be aware of the differences between trucks and vehicles. These include: A fully loaded tractor-trailer, traveling 55 mph, needs three (3) times the distance a vehicle needs to stop. Trucks are more difficult to maneuver, are longer, heavier, and require much more room to turn. Trucks have larger blind spots than vehicles. The “No-Zone” Sharing the road safely includes knowing where not to linger when passing or driving next to a heavy truck. Typically, the larger the vehicle, the larger the blind spots. A truck’s blind spots, the “No-Zone,” are dangerous because truck drivers cannot see vehicles in these areas. It is impossible to completely avoid a truck’s blind spots; however, vehicle drivers should not remain in the “No-Zone” any longer than needed to safely pass a heavy truck. The easiest way to avoid lingering in the “No-Zone” is to look for the truck driver’s reflection in the side mirror. If you cannot see the driver’s reflection, you are in the truck driver’s blind spot. The “No-Zone” includes the following denoted areas shown in the diagram on the right. 52  TRUCK SAFET Y Safety DOs Recognize and respect the differences between trucks and vehicles. Share the road safely. Teach friends and family how to share the road safely. Avoid lingering in the NO-ZONE. Give trucks plenty of room. In dry conditions use the two-second rule. After passing give two (2) seconds before merging to the right. In wet conditions give at least four (4) to six (6) seconds of space. Give trucks extra room for right turns. Give trucks extra space and time for backing up. Call authorities if you see unsafe truck driving. Remember that ALL motor vehicles are partners in traffic safety. Safety DON’Ts Never linger in the NO-ZONE. Never underestimate the size or speed of a truck. Never slam on your brakes in front of a truck. Never cut off a truck in traffic or on the highway to reach your exit or turn. Never tailgate a truck. Never pass a truck on the right during a turn. Sharing the Road with Animal Riders Animal riders may use most public highways, but they may not use interstate highways. Persons riding animals have the same rights as motor vehicle users and are subject to the same rules. Drivers approaching any horse shall take every precaution to prevent frightening the horse to ensure the safety of the rider. Never sound your horn when approaching or near a horse, as this may frighten the horse and cause a crash. Sharing the Road with Bicycles Because of the great increase in the number of bicycles on the road, drivers must be extra alert for bicycles at all times. When passing a bicyclist, slow down, make sure they are aware of you, and leave plenty of room between him or her and your vehicle. If there is no room to pass and traffic is approaching, wait until traffic has gone by before passing. When meeting an oncoming bicyclist at night, always dim your lights. Extra care is needed during the morning and afternoon when bicyclists are traveling between home, work, school, or play. Bicyclists are expected to know and obey all traffic laws and regulations. However, whether the bicyclist is operating lawfully or not, always give him or her the benefit of the doubt. Bicycles are small and lightweight and almost any type of collision will result in injury or death of the rider. 53  Bicyclists must: Signal turns and stops unless both hands are required on the handlebars for balance. If riding side by side, keep within a single lane and not hold up traffic. Never hang on to any other vehicles in any manner. Yield the right-of-way to pedestrians. Obey the same rules of the road as drivers of other vehicles. Never carry a passenger unless an attached seat is available. Never carry articles that interfere with the control of the bicycle or prevent the operator from keeping at least one (1) hand upon the handlebars. Ride in the same direction as other vehicles. The following equipment is required on all bicycles: Red reflector on the rear. Brakes strong enough to stop one (1) wheel on dry, level, clean pavement. Bell or other device capable of giving a signal audible for a distance of at least 100 feet (No siren or whistle is permitted). For riding after dark, a white headlight that is visible for at least 500 feet to the front. Sharing the Road with Joggers When you are driving, be alert for joggers in unexpected places such as curves, on the top of a hill or around a corner. Also be aware of high jogging traffic in places such as parks or jogging paths. Children at Play As a driver, be extra careful in residential areas, school zones and at times and places where children are likely to be around. Teach your own children the rights and duties of pedestrians at an early age and always be extra watchful when backing in or out of a driveway for children who may have run behind the vehicle. Sharing the Road with Public Buses While traffic does not have to stop for a public bus, please watch for passengers crossing the street as they are getting on and off the bus. Always be on the lookout for children who may not remember this rule. Use caution when passing a bus loading or unloading passengers. 54 Parking for the Mobility Impaired West Virginia law provides for designated parking spaces for mobility impaired citizens. These areas are reserved for those having a condition which limits their ability to walk reasonable distances. Additionally, citizens or those who routinely transport mobility impaired persons may also use a designated parking space. If you require special parking for a disability, you may obtain a mobility impaired parking placard or license plate indicating your mobility impaired parking privileges. You must have a doctor certify your condition on a form provided by the DMV. The DMV will issue a mobility impaired parking placard and/or license plate after approving your application. There is a $10.50 transfer fee for the mobility impaired license plate. Designated areas are reserved for mobility impaired persons. It is illegal to park a vehicle that does not display a mobility impaired parking placard or license plate in a designated area. Drivers with Disabilities Approximately one (1) out of every 10 individuals has some type of disability ranging from very minimal to major medical impairment. Because of the variety of disabilities, no group of rules can apply in determining every person’s ability to operate a vehicle safely. In order to make sure a person with a disability is capable of becoming a safe driver, certain procedures should be followed before applying for a driver’s license. If you have a physical disability or medical problem that may interfere with your driving ability, you should prepare a letter explaining the situation to accompany your application. If adaptive driving aids such as hand controls or other equipment are required to compensate for a physical impairment, you can get a list of manufacturers that provide driving aids from your driver’s license examiner or you may contact the West Virginia Division of Rehabilitation Services, Driver Education Department at 10 McJunkin Road, Nitro, WV 25143. You may also call (304) 760-7166. Notice on ADA Compliance and Grievances In accordance with the requirements of title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (“ADA”), the WV DMV will not discriminate against qualified individuals with disabilities on the basis of disability in its services, programs, or activities. The DMV will generally, upon request, provide appropriate aids and services leading to effective communication for qualified persons with disabilities so they can participate equally in the WV DMV’s programs, services, and activities, including assistance in locating qualified sign language interpreters, providing documents in Braille, and other ways of making information and communications accessible to people who have speech, hearing, or vision impairments, when requested in advance. The DMV will make all reasonable modifications to policies and programs to ensure that people with disabilities have an equal opportunity to enjoy all of its programs, services, and activities. For example, individuals with service animals are welcomed in the WV DMV offices, even where pets are generally prohibited. Anyone who requires an auxiliary aid or service for effective communication, or a modification of policies or procedures to participate in a program, service, or activity of the WV DMV should contact the DMV no later than 48 hours before the scheduled arrival to DMV. The ADA does not require that the West Virginia Division of Motor Vehicles take any action that would fundamentally alter the nature of its programs or services, or impose an undue financial or administrative burden. The West Virginia Division of Motor Vehicles will not place a surcharge on a particular individual with a disability or any group of individuals with disabilities to cover the cost of providing auxiliary 55  aids/services or reasonable modifications of policy, such as retrieving items from locations that are open to the public but are not accessible to persons who use wheelchairs. If you have any questions or concerns, contact the WV DMV ADA coordinator at: WV DMV ADA Coordinator PO Box 17300 Charleston, WV 25317 Visit transportation.wv.gov/DMV/Pages/ADA-Info.aspx 56  CHAPTER VII DRIVING ON INTERSTATES Interstate and divided highways have largely removed the chance of head-on collisions, but driving on interstates is very different. Safe use of interstates demand a complete awareness of high-speed driving and constant alertness by the driver. Remember that trucks and buses entering the interstate may need extra time to adjust to traffic patterns. Be cooperative and give them extra time and space to adjust to the traffic flow. Slower traffic should drive in the right-hand lane, except when passing. Route Numbering and Navigation Most highways are identified by U.S. or state route numbers. Interstate highways are identified by distinctive red, white, and blue shields and are numbered according to certain rules. Even-numbered interstates run east to west. Odd-numbered interstates run north to south. Three-digit numbers with an even first number identify beltways or bypasses around cities. Three-digit numbers with an odd first number identify spur routes. Planning Ahead Since interstate entrances and exits are sometimes far apart, it is important to plan your route in advance. Make sure your vehicle is in good working condition. Before you leave, check your gas, water, oil, and tires, including your spare tire. A breakdown on an interstate can cost you a lot of time and can be dangerous. On interstates, the first guide sign for an interchange is placed well in advance of the point where you must turn off. This permits ample time to change lanes and exit smoothly. You should pay attention to the guide signs to avoid hazardous last-minute maneuvers. It is sometimes necessary to change the number of through lanes on an interstate. Generally, it is clear where a lane is added. Where the lane is removed, the change usually occurs at a fork or an exit. This is usually indicated by a black and yellow panel below the green and white overhead guide sign. Entering an Interstate Traffic enters or exits an interstate at interchanges. An interchange is the intersection of two (2) highways at different levels (over and under) with separate connecting roads for transferring traffic from one highway to the other. This design feature enables vehicles to cross, enter, or leave either road without interfering with other vehicles. Three (3) of the most common types of interchanges are cloverleaf, diamond, and trumpet.