Written Communication Skills PDF

Introduction to communication skill Module 1 and 2 Written communication Written communication is a very important aspect of human interaction for several reasons: It provides a permanent and tangible record of information t...

Introduction to communication skill Module 1 and 2 Written communication Written communication is a very important aspect of human interaction for several reasons: It provides a permanent and tangible record of information that can be referred to and used at any time. In business, written documents serve as legally binding agreements and provide clarity and security in transactions. It plays a vital role in conveying ideas, sharing knowledge, and transmitting information across vast distances and diverse audiences. Without written communication, much of our history, culture, and scientific discoveries would be lost or forgotten. Qualities of effective written communication All effective forms of written communication have these qualities: Comprehensive: Includes all the relevant details Accurate: All details are correct Appropriate: Has the right tone and level of formality Composition: Has correct spelling and grammar Clear: Is understandable Ways to communicate clearly with written communication Effective writing allows the reader to understand everything you are saying. Here are a few ways you can communicate clearly and efficiently: 1. Identify and clearly state your goal Effective written communication has an obvious goal that you convey to the reader. Describe in clear words what you want the reader to do or know. 2. Use the right tone Tone can help your writing be more effective. Some forms of communication, such as memorandums, require a formal tone. Writing to a friend, however, requires an informal tone. The tone you use depends on the purpose of the writing and the audience. 3. Keep it simple Avoid jargon, expressions or big or complex words. You want to make it easy for the reader to understand what you are saying, regardless of their familiarity with your company or industry. 4. Stay on topic Avoid irrelevant information. Clarity is essential. Keep paragraphs and sentences short, as complicated and lengthy statements slow the reader down. Only include words that add value to the reader and focus on your main goal. 5. Use active voice Active voice strengthens your writing and makes your statements easier to understand. Active voice also engages the reader and keeps their attention. An example of passive voice is, "The letter was sent." You can communicate this statement more clearly and concisely if you rewrite it in active voice: "I sent the letter." 6. Have someone proofread your writing Correct punctuation, spelling and grammar are crucial. Have someone read your writing before you send or share it. If no one is available, then read it out loud to yourself. 7. Make it easy to read and scan Emails, memos, letters and webpages with brief text and plenty of white space are easier to read than text-heavy communications. Break your content into easy-to-read and understandable paragraphs or sections. This is particularly important when viewers read on a screen, such as web content and emails. Use bullet points, headers and short paragraphs to make your text easier to understand. 8. Be professional When writing for work, keep the content professional. Avoid making jokes or discussing sensitive topics that the reader might interpret differently than you intended. A professional tone, particularly in formal communications, makes it easier for the reader to trust and respect you. 9. Practice The more you write, the stronger your written communication skills get. Practice writing a variety of communication types frequently, including: Emails Press releases Blog posts Website content The importance of written communication in business Companies use written communication in nearly everything they do. Here are several reasons this form of communication is important for business: 1 Economical and efficient Written communication is cost-effective. A letter, for instance, costs less to make than a long-distance phone call but can communicate the same thing. Letters are also accommodating. Professionals can write letters at their convenience, and recipients can read them. Alternatively, you might receive an important phone call any time of day, including times when you are busy. Written communication is ideal for sending messages that are not urgent. For example, you can send a simple postcard or letter to thank a client or inform customers about order updates. 2Accuracy Many business communications are long and complex. Carefully written letters help ensure that even complicated communications are accurate. Miscommunications are more likely to occur with verbal communications such as phone conversations. 3Record keeping Written communication, particularly when signed by one or more parties, is more official than verbal communication. It serves as a permanent record of an agreement, conversation or deal, and you can refer to it in the future. 4Goodwill and branding The best way to convey communications such as invitations, seasonal greetings, thank-you letters, congratulatory messages and condolences is in writing. Personalized written messages help develop positive and respectful professional relationships. You can also use letters to promote customer relationships, create a positive impression and build goodwill. For example, you might send a professional contact a written note for their birthday, when their son or daughter gets married or when they receive a promotion. What are the7 C's of communication? Following the seven C's of communication can make your business communication more effective and professional. It applies to all types of communication, whether verbal, written, visual or non-verbal. Here are the seven C's of communication: 1Concise Brief, well-worded messages will have a more significant impact on the listeners and save time. It is advisable to use the minimum words possible to get your point across. Excessive details can make your audience unable to retain and recall, especially if the subject matter is new to them. This is particularly important when writing project proposals, memos or research reports. When a message is concise, it is more appealing and understandable to the audience. Keep the following points in mind when delivering concise communication:Being concise will make your key message more effective and memorable. 2Complete Communication is only complete when the receiver is provided with complete information or facts that allow them to respond, react or evaluate properly. Supply your audience with all the specifics they need to make an informed decision or take action. In legal, educational or business domains, where the subject matter is complicated and uses technical terminology, there is a higher risk of being misunderstood. In these cases, it is better to be complete than concise. Omitting any details may change your listener's comprehension of the issue. Moreover, it saves cost as no critical information is missing. When you are unsure whether to include specific information, consider if not knowing that particular detail would affect or change your understanding of The best way to ensure that your message is complete is to get some volunteers to listen to your presentation beforehand and then quiz them to determine if they are aware of the crucial details. You can tweak your message to make it more complete based on their response. 3Coherent For good communication, a message should follow a logical structure. All of your ideas should be well connected and relevant to the critical point. This is known as coherence. Organising your message logically from introductory statements to the conclusion will ensure that the message is coherent. When the ideas in your message flow neatly from one end to another in a proper sequence, the overall message becomes easier to follow and recall. Consider tailoring your speech and choice of words based on the audience's experiences and lifestyle whenever possible. For example, when speaking to a batch of interns at your organisation, it will be better to use non-technical terms without complications. Similarly, audiences that belong to different age groups, backgrounds and environments may respond better to details reflecting their experiences and lifestyles. 4Clarity Clarity in communication means avoiding unnecessary, confusing or elaborate vocabulary and terminology. A clear message should ideally contain short, simple and fluent sentences. It is about caring for the listeners and making sure they understand your communication. For example, it is essential to have clarity in communication when instructing employees about new processes or procedures that are complicated. Here are some ways to improve clarity: Limit usage of idioms or completely omit them. Ask yourself what the purpose of the message is and make sure only the key points are highlighted. Give importance to one idea at a time to avoid confusion. Assume the material is new to your listener. Ensure the sentences are short to avoid confusing the audience. Avoid fast speech or mumbling when giving a presentation. Speak slower so that your listener will understand you clearly. 5Courteous Delivering a courteous message requires you to think from the audience's point of view. Acknowledge your audience by being polite and respectful at all times. Refrain from prejudices or biases when communicating with a group of people. Key points to consider in courteous communication are: Ensure to maintain eye contact when communicating. Show respect and honesty when speaking to your audience. Do not make assumptions about your listeners. Always show appreciation of your audience's time and attention. Use a friendly, conversational tone. Ensure the message is positive and is not biased. Use an appropriate professional format, especially for written communication. 6Concrete A message is concrete when facts, figures and real-life examples support it. Concrete communication is not vague or generic but rather factual and relevant. The more direct your speech is, the more effective your delivery. This specificity of language is important for effective and professional communication. Here are some key points to remember to check the concreteness of your message: Be precise in presenting facts and figures. Use active voice more than passive. For example, instead of 'it is shown by figures', you can use 'the figure shows'. 7Correct It is essential to ensure that your communication is factually and grammatically correct. Make sure that your communication is accurate by double-checking all facts and figures. Some points to consider are: It is advisable to get your written documents reviewed and corrected by an experienced proofreader, if possible. Ensure the facts and figures used in the message are precise and accurate. Make use of the correct and appropriate language in the message. Complete the rough draft from the beginning till the end before editing its content. Read your entire work from start to finish to ensure that the message is error-free. Technology enabled communication The benefits of technology in communication include: Time and Cost Savings: Technology enables instant communication, eliminating the need for time-consuming physical meetings or written correspondence. Email, messaging apps, and video conferencing facilitate quick and efficient communication, regardless of geographic location. Improved Collaboration: Cloud-based technology provides platforms for real-time collaboration, allowing team members to work together seamlessly. Shared workspaces, project management tools, and document sharing foster effective collaboration, enhancing productivity and innovation. Facilitates Remote Work: With the rise of remote work, technology plays a crucial role in maintaining communication and connectivity. Virtual meetings, teleconferencing, and remote collaboration tools support effective communication among geographically dispersed teams, promoting flexibility and work-life balance. IT IS MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY IT IMPROVES CUSTOMER RELATIONS Many businesses have taken to using bots on their Facebook page which can quickly and easily answer customers’ questions, without a staff member even needing to be present. Video messaging applications like Google Chat are great tools that can help businesses speak to customers internationally As well as sending messages and to-do lists, ways of business communication also includes sharing ideas. These can be presented in a range of different ways, the most popular being presentations. IT CAN SAVE MONEY. There’s a big argument that hybrid work saves money - with one survey estimating that it can lead to an up to 50% saving on real estate costs. This is because you don’t just save energy by not having to heat up some of the office - with rising energy bills, this correlates into huge monetary savings for the company. PhoneThe phone is one of the core communication technologies that most professionals have readily available. You might use a landline phone in your office, a smartphone while traveling and internet calling while on your computer. Most phones have communication features that go beyond sending and receiving voice calls, including voicemail, conference calling and recording capabilities. Smartphones allow you to perform basic work duties as well if you have an available internet connection, such as writing emails, posting on social media and reviewing documents. Email One of the most popular forms of communication technology is email. For decades, people have been using email to send messages and files over the internet. Unlike traditional mail, email arrives in the recipient's mailbox almost instantly. You might use email throughout the day to communicate with colleagues or clients, send and receive invoices and share text or photo files quickly and easily. Voice email, also known as voice messaging, is a communication method that allows users to send voice recordings through email or other digital messaging platforms. This approach combines the clarity and personal touch of a voice message with the convenience and accessibility of email. Video Conferencing: Platforms like Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and Google Meet allow for real-time video and audio meetings. These tools support features like screen sharing, recording, and virtual backgrounds, making remote meetings more effective. Social Media: Platforms like LinkedIn, Twitter, and Facebook are used for networking, marketing, and customer engagement. Companies can share updates, interact with customers, and build brand awareness. Cloud Storage and Sharing: Google Drive: Allows users to store files in the cloud, share them with others, and collaborate on documents in real time. Dropbox: Provides cloud storage and file synchronization services. OneDrive: Microsoft's cloud storage service that integrates with Office 365 for seamless file sharing and collaboration. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Systems: Salesforce: A leading CRM platform that helps businesses manage customer relationships, sales, and support. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems: ERP systems integrate various business processes such as finance, HR, manufacturing, and supply chain into a single system. Examples include SAP, Oracle ERP, and Microsoft Dynamics. Intranets and Portals: Internal websites or portals provide employees with access to company resources, information, and communication tools. Examples include SharePoint and company- specific intranets. Mobile Communication: Use of smartphones and mobile apps for business communication allows employees to stay connected on the go. Apps like Slack, Teams, and email clients ensure that communication is not hindered by location. Automation Tools: Microsoft Power Automate: Allows users to create automated workflows between various applications and services to synchronize files, get notifications, collect data, and more. Podcasts Podcasts are audio-based forms of communication. Creators can record themselves disucssing a topic or telling a story, then upload and store the audio online. Audiences can download the podcast to listen to on their devices. Successful podcasts are often those that focus on a specific topic that has a dedicated audience, such as crime or politics. One feature that makes podcasts so popular is listeners can download and listen to them whenever they want. You can use a podcast to discuss a topic you're an expert on or to promote your brand. Livestream Livestreaming is like vlogging but it happens in real time. Individuals or companies launch live videos on platforms such as blogs, social media or other video hosting websites. Viewers can comment on the videos as they stream, and the host can respond to their questions immediately. You can use livestreaming to engage with your audience, explain how to use a product or broadcast presentations and events. Online chat Web chat offers users a form of instant communication. People use chat software on social media and business communication platforms to talk to friends, family and colleagues. Businesses often add chat support features to their websites to help answer customers' questions immediately. You can use online chat as a more casual method of communicating with coworkers than email. Web conferencing Conferencing technology makes it easier for employees to communicate with each other regardless of where they're located. Most live conference technology involves both audio and video feeds of the attendees. Other features include computer screen-sharing capabilities and brainstorming screens. You can use web conferencing platforms to collaborate remotely, deliver live lectures and meet with long-distance clients. Texting  Short Message Services (SMS), or texting, allows individuals to send brief messages or images through their smartphones. This popular and informal communication technology is useful if you're unable to call or email someone. For example, if you need to send an update or a confirmation to a colleague or client while in a meeting, you can send them a quick text. Shared calendars Calendar sharing services allow users to invite coworkers or clients to see their calendars and, in some cases, add or edit them. This form of communication helps teams coordinate their work schedules and plan tasks depending on each individual's availability. Teams can also use shared calendars for project management purposes and to help employees manage meetings and appointments. Forums A group forum is an online platform where people can post and respond to questions. Forums are often organized by topic, allowing users to communicate about their shared interests or to troubleshoot common issues. An IT professional, for example, might ask for coding advice in a discussion forum about HTML. One benefit of forums is they contain records of conversations so you can track a group's progress and search for specific information. collaborative documents Collaborative documents, such as virtual whiteboards and online word processors, allow multiple people to work on the same document. Several people can access, edit and comment on a file simultaneously. These tools are useful for teams that create and edit content and can help them produce an accurate and shared final product. Wearable Technology You can carry various types of wearable technology on your body to make communication quick, easy and hands-free. Smart watches, for example, respond to the wearer's voice commands to answer questions, make phone calls, send meeting reminders and take notes. This technology is useful for professionals who travel frequently, are away from their computer and multitask many projects. Other examples of wearable technology in the workplace include smart glasses and exercise bracelets. Smart Speakers You can place smart speakers in your home or office to act as voice-activated personal assistants. Using a voice command, you can ask the device questions or tell it to perform duties such as scheduling a meeting, calling a client or adding an item to your task list. They make work and communications more efficient, particularly for those professionals who work remotely or juggle multiple responsibilities. Verbal and Nonverbal Communication: There are two broad categories of communication, called verbal communication and non-verbal communication. What is the importance of Verbal Communication?: Communication is the exchange of information or message between two persons or among different people.1 Verbal communication may be face to face. 2The medium used may be sound, words and expression in a particular language.3 Verbal communication is also supported by sounds and emotional expressions like smile, laughter, frowning, clapping, staring, etc. What is Non Verbal Communication?: In a non verbal communication, other modes are used to express the feelings or convey the message or give information. It is related to the use of body language and gestures during Chronemics-communication related to time Oculesics –eye behavior Olfactics- smell Artifacts- clothes,jewellery and glasses Proximity-how close we get What is Haptics?: Another mode called haptics, involves various forms of touch. When a mother embraces the child, it gets feeling of unconditional, unlimited love and security. While meeting, there is a tradition of handshake. The touch, the pressure and warmth passing through the two hands, convey different feelings with different people. In a large gathering, when we have to meet large number of people, it is a casual handshake, just as a formality. Just acknowledging that we have met each other. Friendly handshake exerts more pressure at the hands, it is retained for sometime. It is the assurance of mutual feelings for each other. Similarly embracing each other, with the hands on the back of each other, conveys love and affection. To congratulate somebody, we pat with our hand on the back of the other fellow. Along with congratulations and appreciation, the fellow gets feeling of encouragement for the future. For consolation, when an elderly person puts his hand on back, shoulder or head of a person, he feels that there is somebody to care for him. He gets some relief in his moment of misery. When a religious leader, a guru, a father or a mother gives blessings by putting hand on the head we get a lot of inspiration Describe non verbal communication? Effective communication takes into account both the verbal and nonverbal aspects of communication. While verbal communication is organized by language, non-verbal communication is not. This chapter discusses non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication refers to all communication that occurs without the use of words, spoken or written. It is concerned with body movements (kinesics), space (proxemics), and vocal (paralinguistic) features. It includes all unwritten and unspoken messages, both intentional and unintentional. Non-verbal cues, however, speak louder than words, as even though speech can be made up, bodily expressions can rarely be masked well enough to hide one’s true feelings and emotions. Personal appearances, facial expressions, postures, gestures, eye contact, voice, proximity, and touch are all non-verbal signals that influence the way in which a message is interpreted and understood. Though they have a profound impact on the receivers, it is difficult to analyse them accurately. What is KINESICS? Kinesics is the study of the body’s physical movements. It is the way the body communicates without words, i.e., through the various movements of its parts. Some kinesic behaviours are deliberate. For example, you nod your head to indicate acceptance. While speaking, listening, reading, or writing, we consciously use words to receive or send ideas. Why do we use words? Because they are the primary symbolic forms that convey our thoughts. On paper, words remain static; however, punctuation marks are used to convey pauses, expressions, emotions, etc. But in face-to-face communication, the message is conveyed on two levels simultaneously. One is verbal and the other is non-verbal. For example, suppose you are congratulating two of your friends on their successful interviews. If you extend your hand to them with a big smile on your face along with the utterance, ‘Congrats’, your appreciation has more impact on them than the word in isolation. Your smile and the handshake are kinesics, which enhance the impact of your verbal communication. It is important to study body language because it is estimated that the verbal component of oral communication carries less than 35 per cent of the social meaning of the situation, while more than 65 per cent is attributed to body language. People react strongly to what they see. Role of Personal appearance in communication? Personal appearance plays an important role; people see before they hear. Just like we adapt our language to the audience, we should also dress appropriately. Appearance includes clothes, hair, accessories, cosmetics, and so on. Today, the purpose of clothing has When a speaker presents himself/herself, we see him/her before we start hearing him/her. Immediately, we begin developing impressions of his/her abilities and attitudes based on the non-verbal signals he/she sends. This is why body language is so critical in oral communication. Body language includes every aspect of our appearance, from what we wear, how we stand, look, and move, to our facial expressions and physical habits, such as nodding the head, jingling change in the pocket, or fiddling with a necktie. Our use of space and gestures are other key indicators. Types of NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION Posture Posture generally refers to the way we hold ourselves when we stand, sit, or walk. One’s posture changes according to the situation. If nervous, one would normally be seen pacing, bobbing the shoulders, fidgeting with notes, jingling coins, moving constantly, or staying glued to the ground. When we are with friends we are probably spontaneous. We are not conscious about our posture and our physical movement is natural. But when we encounter an unfamiliar situation, we become more conscious of our posture. For instance, during an oral presentation, stiff positions, such as standing akimbo (with hands on hips and elbows pointing away from the body), send the message of defiance or aggression. It is always better to lower the hands to one’s sides in a natural, relaxed, and resting posture. Standing, sitting, or walking in a relaxed way is a positive posture, which will encourage questions and discussion. Also being comfortably upright, squarely facing an audience, and evenly distributing one’s weight are aspects of posture that communicate professionalism, confidence, attention to detail, and organization. The way one sits, stands, or walks reveals a lot: language is so critical in oral communication Slumped posture—low spirits Erect posture—high spirits, energy, and confidence Lean forward—open, honest, and interested Lean backward—defensive or disinterested Crossed arms—defensive and not ready to listen Uncrossed arms— willingness to listen Gesture Gesture is the movement made by hands, head, or face. Skillful and appropriate gestures can add to the impact of verbal communication. A well-timed gesture not only drives a point home but also enhances the value of what is being said. Similarly, an awkward gesture (like playing with a key chain or button) can mar the effectiveness of the message. Gestures clarify our ideas or reinforce them and should be well suited to the audience and occasion. Gestures are more numerous than any other form of non-verbal communication, and the meanings attached to them are diverse. It has been observed that there are as many as 700,000 varied hand gestures alone (Birdwhistell 1952), and the meanings derived from them may vary from individual to individual. Gestures should not divert the attention of the listener from one’s message. They should be quite natural and spontaneous. Be aware of and avoid irritating gestures such as playing with a ring, twisting a key chain, clasping hands tightly, or cracking knuckles. Gestures can roughly be divided into the following types. Facial expression Along with postures and gestures, facial expressions also play an important art in non-verbal communication. The face is the most expressive part of our body. A smile stands for friendliness, a frown for discontent, raised eyebrows for disbelief, tightened jaw muscles for antagonism, etc. Facial expressions are subtle. They can be used in a variety of ways to aid, inhibit, or complement communication. The face rarely sends a single message at a time. Instead, it sends a series of messages—facial expressions may show anxiety, recognition,hesitation, and pleasure in quick succession.Facial expressions are difficult to interpret. Though there are only six basic expressions, therecan be many shades and blends of these. Also, people tend to hide their true feelings, andproject expressions that are appropriate according to the circumstances. The six basic facial expressions are: Happiness Surprise  Disgust Fear Anger Sadness Eye contact Eyes are considered to be the windows of the soul. We look at the eyes of a speaker to find out the truthfulness of his/her words, intelligence, attitudes, and feelings. Eye contact is a direct and powerful form of non-verbal communication. We use our eyes to cull information. Eyes are also a rich source of feedback. Looking directly at listeners builds rapport. Prolonging the eye contact for three to five seconds (without, however, giving the impression of staring) tells the audience that the presenter is sincere in what he/she says and that he/she wants us to pay attention. Eye contact is especially important when we start a conversation. Our upper eyelids and eyebrows help us convey an intricate array of non-verbal messages. Arabs, Latin Americans, and South Europeans look directly into the eyes. Asians and Africans maintain far less eye contact. In the professional world one should make personal and pleasant eye contact with the listeners. Eye contact shows one’s intensity and elicits a feeling of trust. A direct look conveys candour and openness. This direct and powerful form is a signal of confidence or sincerity; therefore, experienced speakers maintain longer eye contact. The eyes should convey the message, ‘I am pleased to talk to you, do believe in what I am saying? What is PROXEMICS? Proxemics is the study of physical space in interpersonal relations. Space is related to behavioural norms. The way people use space says a lot about them. In a professional setting,space is used to signal power and status. For instance, the head of a company has a largeroffice than junior employees.Gestures should be in accordance with the space available. When there is plenty of space to manoeuvre, one should move more boldly and expand one’s gestures. When seated at a table,one should use milder gestures. One can even subtly reach out over the table to extend one’s space. This expresses control and authority. It is possible to learn a great deal about how to manipulate space by watching dynamic and influential speakers. Interestingly, like kinesics, proxemics also has cultural variations. A Latin American or French person is likely to stand closer to another person when conversing than an Anglo-Saxon would in the same situation. Americans, addressed from a close distance, may feel offended or become aggressive. Studies show that Americans, unlike many other nationals, avoid close contact with one another in public places. Indians decide the distance based on the relationship. They prefer to maintain distance with elders and a superior person. However, with a friend they may maintain less distance. Edward T. Hall (1966) divides space into four distinct zones (see Figure 3.1). Intimate This zone starts with personal touch and extends just to 18 inches (one and a half feet). Members of the family, lovers, spouses, relatives, and parents fall under this zone. The best relationship that describes it is the mother–child relationship. This zone does not need active conversation. One can whisper or make unintelligible sounds but still be able to communicate. Other individuals come close for a very brief period and only under special circumstances— when they want to congratulate, sympathize, or console. A handshake, a pat on the back, or a hug, all come into this zone. Personal This zone stretches from 18 inches (one and a half feet) to 4 feet. Close friends, colleagues, peers, etc. fall in this zone. Instead of whispering sounds or utter silence, there can be normal conversation in this zone. Though this zone is personal, it is quite a relaxed and casual place. It permits spontaneous and unplanned communication. Sitting or standing so close brings one closer to the listener and gives the impression of friendliness and warmth. Social Social events take place in the radius of 4 feet to 12 feet. In this zone, relationships are more formal and official. People are more cautious in their movements. These situations involve less emotion and more planning. The number of people decides whether it should be a sitting– sitting or sitting–standing position. It is through experience that one decides which position to take. If the number of people is less and eye contact can be maintained, a sitting–sitting position can be used. To be authoritative with a large audience, a sitting–standing position is used. Public This zone starts from 12 feet and may extend to 25 feet or to the range of eyesight and hearing. Events that take place in this zone are formal. Here the audience views what is happening as an impartial observer. The degree of detachment is very high. The audience is free to do whatever it feels like. Here the speaker has to raise his/her voice to communicate to others or use a microphone. Public figures like the prime minister of a country, for example, have to maintain this distance for security reasons. ExplainCHRONEMICS? Chronemics is the study of how human beings communicate through their use of time. How do we communicate with others? What does time mean to us? In order to use time as an effective communication tool, we should understand its impact on the various aspects of our lives and act accordingly. We must attempt to use time as effectively as possible. In the professional world, time is a valuable resource. When we are late for an appointment, people react negatively. If we arrive early, we are considered either over- eager or aggressive. So, we should always be on time. By valuing someone else’s time, we communicate our professionalism or seriousness both subtly and explicitly. People have their own time language. To one person who wakes up at 8:00 a.m., 6:30 a.m. may be early; to another, 8:00 a.m. may be late if he/she wakes up at 5:00 a.m. every day! Time language also varies from culture to culture. In Latin countries, meetings usually begin well after their appointed time. Everyone knows this. It is customary, and no one is offended by the delay. In Scandinavia or Germany, on the other hand, strict punctuality is the rule, and tardiness is frowned upon. In India, time language varies according to the occasion. Punctuality is expected for a professional meeting, but it is not insisted upon for a party. People in India are generally liberal with time. Explain CROSS-CULTURAL VARIATIONS? This age of globalization and information technology has entirely changed the face of governments, businesses, and organizations. People are not confined to the geographical walls of their own nations anymore, but have become part of an international network. Communication being the backbone of inter- and intra- organizational coordination, it is essential for people to comprehend the linguistic and cultural differences among organizations to get the desired results at the workplace. It is not simple to define culture in concrete terms. Culture is a complex concept, with a variety of definitions. The dictionary meaning of the word ‘culture’ is a group or community with which we share common experiences that shape the way we understand the world. It consists of groups that we are born into, such as gender, race, or national origin, etc. It also includes groups we join or become part of, or the new habits we acquire as we interact with different people throughout our lives. Culture consists of various elements such as language, religion, politics, etc. Let us now discuss each element individually. Language Language forms the basis of all communication. It includes spoken, written, and body language. As mentioned, we are no longer restricted to one state or country during the course of our profession, relations, etc. As such, we often have to deal with people who speak different languages. Religion and beliefs Another important element of culture is religion. An individual’s religious beliefs and norms, sacred objects, philosophical systems, prayers, and rituals are all parts of culture. Religion and belief affect the communication process. For example in India, some religious rites have become integral to our culture and have been adopted by people from other religions. Before starting any important project, it is a norm in India to follow certain religious rites and offer prayers. In conferences, it is observed that before starting the deliberation, prayers are offered and lamps are lit. Values and attitudes Different values and attitudes of individuals towards time management, decision- making, achievement, work, change, etc. are also important parts of culture. These attributes affect communication between people with differing values to a great extent. It becomes important ‘Preservation of one’s own culture does not require contempt or disrespect for other cultures.’. Politics and law The political system of a nation consists of national intents, power, ideologies, political risks, sovereignty, law of the country in which the organization works, rules and regulations imposed by the government, etc. Technology Technology includes scientific make-up, invention, communication media, urbanization, etc. and these are all essential parts of culture. For example, with the growth of information and communication technology, we have seen a tremendous change in the social and cultural framework of urban India. Social organization Social organization is an important element of culture. It consists of social institutions, the authority structure, interest groups, and status systems, etc. All these elements constitute the culture of a nation. For instance, maintaining eye contact with a senior during conversation was considered disrespectful in our culture until a few years ago. However, all this is changing in the professional world. Most organizations are adopting a corporate culture that might take some time to get oneself aquainted with. In most multinational companies, it is okay to address one’s senior with his/her first name. It is an American tradition, and does not show disrespect or over-familiarity like we think it does. So, one must be cognizant of the various hidden conventions that are prevalent in the professional world. What are the different types of emails? Here are 10 types of emails you can send to your subscribers, along with what to include in them to improve your marketing efforts: 1. Welcome emails Welcome emails introduce new subscribers to your brand and online marketing tone within 24 hours of joining your email list. Your welcome email expresses your appreciation for their interest in your business and provides them with the information they need to engage with it. When crafting welcome emails, aim to create a memorable and useful email rather than a plain introduction. You might include images and videos, links to blog content or descriptions of future communications your subscriber can expect. New subscribers are usually unfamiliar with the layout or features of your website, app or physical business. Provide them with links to the webpages that introduce the company's products and mission. If a subscriber needs to complete an account or provide any information to interact with a company, specify the first steps for them to take 2. Newsletter emails Newsletter emails reinforce your relationship with subscribers by providing updates about your employing company and its products or topics relevant to your audience. They remind subscribers why they trust your business and offer content to complement your goods or services. For instance, a physical therapy office might use a newsletter to remind clients of its new business hours, introduce a new therapist who has joined the practice and offer seasonally specific content, such as the health benefits of swimming during summer months. In your newsletter email, consider including: Useful content: You can share blog posts, articles, promotional or informational videos, product tips and guides with your audience. Prioritize content that empowers customers to learn and develop skills, involving your products when possible. 3. Offer emails Offer emails, also known as promotional emails, notify subscribers of discounts, limited-time promotions and deals your employing company is running. Their primary purpose is to convert email leads into purchases quickly. Successful offer emails rely on communicating: Product suggestions: Pair your discount or promotion with product suggestions that motivate subscribers to make a purchase 4. Milestone emails Milestone emails celebrate important dates or achievements with your subscribers, such as company anniversaries, customer birthdays or reaching a certain number of users. Milestone emails build a sense of community among subscribers by attributing your business's success to them or recognizing their personal accomplishments. For instance, a fitness watch company might send a milestone email when a user runs 100 miles, or an online publication might share that it has reached a million subscribers. 5. Survey emails Survey emails allow your business to engage with subscribers while gaining useful information. You might pose a single question or invite subscribers to take a lengthier survey. To encourage participation, you can offer perks or the potential for rewards. Survey emails are also useful for gauging customers' satisfaction at different points in your relationship with them. If a customer enrolls in a service, you might send a survey to better understand why they chose your brand. You could also send a survey to confirm customers are enjoying their recent purchases. 6. Review request emails Review request emails function similarly to survey emails, but they help you gather reviews your business can feature on its website and information for internal use. Reviews allow customers to share their thoughts in their own words rather than simply providing a numerical score to a product or service. Your business can, therefore, gather the information it might not have considered previously. Positive reviews are essential for online consumers who want to be sure other people have enjoyed shopping with them. In your review request email, explain what you'd like to learn more about and consider offering a discount or potential reward for participation. 7. Announcement emails Announcement emails communicate important developments within your business to subscribers. You might announce organizational changes, new company policies, upcoming products or new campaigns. Announcement emails are quick and easy to read and generate customer interest in your brand. When creating an announcement email, incorporate: 8. Curated content emails Curated content emails use the authoritative voice of your business to share trusted internal and external content with subscribers. You might link blog posts from your own website, share articles from news publications or recommend articles from other websites. Curated content emails usually have a central focus that helps organize content selection. For example, a wine producer might focus on the upcoming release of their new vintage. They might share blog posts about how the weather affected their vineyards, articles previewing their wines and news about the wine industry. 9. New product emails New product emails let your subscribers know when you introduce a new good or service. Most businesses have much better chances of earning repeat business from previous customers than from first-time buyers, so the successful launch of a product largely depends on informing your established customer base of new products early and often. 10. Abandoned cart emails Abandoned cart emails are crucial for helping customers follow through on purchases. A customer might accidentally close a browser or forget to return to a shopping cart and leave items unordered. Abandoned cart emails are not only considerate of your customers, but they also directly convert sales that your business otherwise might lose. Sometimes, customers fill a shopping cart but have some lingering concerns about whether the purchase is wise. Your abandoned cart email can address these concerns and give the recipient the confidence they need to place an order. Abandoned cart emails feature: Advantages of E-mail : E-mails provides faster and easy mean of communication. One can send message to any person at any place of world by just clicking mouse. Various folders and sub-folders can be created within inbox of mail, so it provide management of messages. It is effective and cheap means of communication because single message can be send to multiple people at same time. E-mails are very easy to filter. User according to his/her priority can prioritize e-mail by specifying subject of e-mail. E-mail is not just only for textual message. One can send any kind of multimedia within mail. E-mail can be send at any hour of day, thus ensures timeliness of message. It is secure and reliable method to deliver our message. It also provide facility for edition and formatting of textual messages. There is also facility of auto-responders in e-mail i.e. to send automated e-mails with certain text. To write an e-mail there is no need of any kind of paper, thus it is environment friendly. Disadvantages of E-mail : It is source of viruses. It is capable to harm one’s computer and read out user’s e-mail address book and send themselves to number of people around the world.  It can be source of various spams. These spam mails can fill up inbox and to deletion of these mail consumes lot of time. It is informal method of communication. The documents those require signatures are not managed by e-mail. To use facility of e-mail, user must have an access to internet and there are many parts of world where people does not have access to Internet. Sometimes, e-mails becomes misunderstood as it is not capable of expressing emotions. To be updated, user have to check inbox from time-to-time. To use facility of e-mail, user must have an access to internet and there are many parts of world where people does not have access to Internet. Sometimes, e-mails becomes misunderstood as it is not capable of expressing emotions. To be updated, user have to check inbox from time-to-time. What are blog posts? Blog posts are formal or informal text entries of information published on a website for a particular audience. These posts may include various content, such as text, photos, videos or infographics. Websites usually publish blogs in reverse chronological order, which means your most recent posts appear first or at the top of your web pages. Blog posts often focus on a single topic or subject. Businesses can use various types of blog posts, such as how-to guides and infographics, to promote content and share information with their audience. Blog posts can have many benefits for businesses, including: Boosting SEO: Consistently publishing blog posts can help improve your search engine visibility. You can use search engine optimization (SEO) techniques to match keywords customers may use to search for information related to your business. Strengthening customer relationships: Blog posts can help you engage with existing and potential customers by providing information to help them make informed purchasing decisions. Delivering this high-quality content can help you build more trust with your customers. Building brand awareness: You can use blog posts to showcase your company’s knowledge and expertise in a specific area, which may help increase traffic to your business website. This increased traffic can help you build brand awareness and become a leader in your market. Connecting with customers: Blog posts can help your audience understand the character, vision, standards and personality of your business. A personality helps customers connect and engage with your brand, which may lead to more conversions. Types of Blog Posts 1. Lists Lists are a popular type of blog post that provide information in a streamlined, ordered format. These posts are highly informative and easy for readers to skim to learn key information. A well-written list post can attract your audience’s attention and showcase your expertise. Readers may be more likely to share these blog posts with others, which can help you increase traffic to your business website.. Related: How To Write a Blog Post in 5 Steps (Plus Blogging Tips) 2. How-to guides How-to guides, also known as method posts, educate readers on a specific topic. Many people search online for methods to complete tasks, such as baking a cake or learning to sew. How-to guides can provide solutions for questions your audience may have about topics related to your business. These posts can show your industry knowledge, which makes your website more authoritative. If readers find your content helpful, they may be more likely to return to your website, engage with your content or make a purchase. 3. Guest blogs There are two ways you can use guest blogs for your business. You can publish a guest blog on another website or invite a guest writer to publish a post on your website. Writing a guest blog for another website can help you attract new readers and market your business to a larger audience. By hosting a guest blog, you may draw new readers to your own website and inform them about your company’s products or services. Both types of guest blogs can help you grow your audience. 4. News and current events This type of blog post focuses on newsworthy events being shared in the media. For example, if your community experiences record-breaking cold temperatures, you may write a blog post discussing the weather and referring people to your company’s selection of warm-weather gear. These types of posts appeal to people who want to read timely, informative content about issues affecting them. They can encourage your audience to view your business as an expert in the industry or community, which can lead to more conversions. 5. Personal stories Personal story blogs are posts based on the author's own experiences. These posts help you connect with your audience on an emotional level, which can increase trust in your brand. You can use your storytelling skills to engage the audience on a specific topic. For example, you may share how a product or service positively impacted your day-to-day life. Related: Understanding Narrative Writing and How To Use It 6. Interviews Interview posts are articles that provide perspective from another individual. This person, who’s often an expert in their area, answers a series of questions in a Q&A format. Interview posts can be useful when you have little time to conduct research because they provide an expert’s perspective, which helps your content sound authoritative. These posts have a high sharing potential, which can drive more traffic to your website. 7. Checklists Checklists are articles that provide a list of steps or items a reader can refer to achieve a particular goal. They’re different from how-to articles because the steps typically have no detailed explanations. For example, you may write a checklist blog post about items to pack for a camping trip. These blog posts can help save readers time on a task or project, which can help you create positive engagement with your audience. 8. Case studies Case studies are blog posts that examine real-life examples of a particular subject. For example, you may write a case study blog post about the way your company’s product or service helped a customer by sharing their story. Often, real experiences can influence customers’ purchase decisions more than product descriptions. Case studies can help you gain trust with readers, which can result in more sales. Related: What Is a Marketing Case Study? (Types and Components) 9. Infographics Infographic articles share information by using imagery, such as drawings, pictures and charts with minimal text. Infographics are highly engaging and shareable. These posts can help you increase visits to your site and raise awareness of your products and services. 10. Reviews Reviews are blog posts that assess a product or service to help customers learn more about the item. They also help customers make informed purchasing decisions. Many customers look for reviews before they purchase a product or service. For this reason, reviews can increase the potential for high traffic to your website. Some ideas for writing effective review blogs include: What is a press release? Press releases are statements that share important news with the press and the public. Usually, companies send press releases to journalists or news organizations, who then take the 0nprovided information and include it in their news broadcast or publication New hire press release When you first bring on a new team member, your number one priority is to ensure that they feel welcomed into your company. 2 New product press release Competitive businesses are always conducting market analysis for insight into which new products to release, and when. Once the decision has been made, the best way to spread the word about your new product is by writing a press release. 3 Event press release Likewise, the hosting of a business event is a cause for writing a newsworthy piece of copy. 4 Research findings press release Few companies are capable of shaping their public image based on their educational clout. Only the most successful can conduct effective market research that brings eyes to the table.The purpose of a press release on this topic is to generate excitement about the launch of an important research 5 New venture press release Markets are constantly changing places, and it’s common for established businesses to periodically launch new ventures. For example, a foray into a new field or the launch of a sister company.The primary purpose of this type of press release is to anticipate inquiries and to invite opinions from the customer base. 6 Business partnership press release This type of press release regards the launch or renewal of a business partnership and is especially attractive to advertisers. The reason being that those press release materials can be repurposed for marketing campaigns. For example, a company that invests in a sports club sponsorship may expect to receive several pieces of quality copy as part of the agreement. Such is the value of this, that a press release clause is often included in a standard sports club sponsorship agreement template. 7 Award press release Winning a business award is surely a high point for any company. Just as a restaurant would print out a certificate of award to be shown to customers in person, you should be writing press releases to market your achievement online. After all, the granting of a prestigious award is likely to precede a flurry of articles and media interest. 8 Book publication press release You will sometimes see press releases for the publication of a book. 9 Rebranding press release A rebranding is a big step for any business to take.If the launch of a rebranding is rushed or staggered across platforms, you may end up confusing your customers and losing their business. As such, it’s crucial to spread the word of any rebranding efforts to media outlets. 10 Crisis management press release Sometimes businesses get the big calls wrong. For example, they might be called out for an unpopular business decision by the media or their own customers. Types of Web Content There are different types of content on the web that you can use to cater to your audience’s needs. You will have to adjust your strategy depending on what type of content you use, as it directly impacts your site’s performance based on its quality and amount. Below are the some of most common types of web content: Text Content The first and most common type of content found online is text. Unlike other forms of media, the text is easily adaptable, and it can be written in many different styles. It can be formal and professional or casual and personal. This feature of the text is easily adaptable to different audiences and uses. Text is a continuous series of characters, often without spaces or punctuation, which is represented visually as text in the form of writing, usually in the creator’s language. The text is easily adaptable to different audiences and is used through this feature. Image-Based Content Images are becoming more and more popular on the internet, where the following type of content comes in. Images accompany the text and provide visual context for readers when reading text that doesn’t include images. One can also upload images in their own right instead of being added through a short text post. Images are a prominent feature on the web and are created through photographs, graphics, vector art, or video. Images are widely used for branding. Video Content Video is another type of content that makes it onto sites’ homepage pages because it’s an effective way to attract attention. Videos can make your site more appealing through emotional appeal and visual appeal. It can be both fun and informative, or severe and educational. Video is an effective way to attract attention because it’s a continuous series of images, sounds, or video clips represented visually as moving images in the form of communication. Using video on your site will make your site more appealing because it represents information clearly through a visual medium. Multimedia Content Multimedia content is considered any online media that includes more than one type of media. The most common forms of multimedia content include audio and video. Audio is music or sound used to show emotion or give spatial depth in a piece of writing. Sounds and music can accompany the images to create a practical effect when delivering a message in the video. E-books An e-book is a text-only book downloaded onto computers or other electronic devices, such as phones, where it can be displayed on a screen. It means that the user can read the book without using paper. E-books are also known as eBooks E-book is an acronym for electronic book, a term coined by Sony. E-books are available in a wide range of formats and have varying levels of interactivity. Audio-Visual Content An Audio-Visual A/V is any media that includes audio and visual material such as television, film, slideshows, and computer-generated images. It means they are also known as Spoken Word – Visual Content. They are mainly used for entertainment, education, and information purposes. A good speech If you’re wondering what a good speech is, here are some of its qualities: Clear Message And Key Ideas A good speech always starts with a key idea and a well-defined message. Many people make the mistake of burying their ideas in the middle or at the end. That’s a mistake. The audience may get distracted halfway into your speech, and leave without even knowing what you’re talking about. If you want people to understand your big idea, present it right at the start. That will set the context for the rest of the speech. Impactful Oral Delivery Remember to consider every aspect of the speech. Your oral delivery—pitch, pause and pace—also influences the audience’s response. Modulate your voice and pace to keep your listeners interested in your words. You should be also prepared to make impromptu adjustments to your delivery if you sense the audience drifting away. For instance, if you’re talking about statistical data, make it interesting by asking questions or engaging in a dialogue with the audience. This way, you keep them involved. Sprinkled With Personal Anecdotes Don’t rely only on facts and figures. If you can support your claims with personal experiences, it’ll make it more interesting. Start with a personal anecdote that’s linked to your big idea and that your audience can relate to. Humor is also a fun way to break the ice and put everyone at ease. Informative, But Not Repetitive Your speech needs to be informative and packed with fresh and new information to have an impact. Be careful not to recycle old ideas packaged in fancy words.. Being original and sharing relevant, critical and helpful information will make your speech memorable. Edit your speech carefully to ensure there are no repetitions or data gaps. You can also add inspiring quotes for a good speech. Powerful Nonverbal Cues One of the most important qualities of a good speech is nonverbal communication. You may believe that your words do all the work. But your posture, facial expressions and gestures are equally, if not more, important. Imagine someone making a speech with a blank expression on their face or just reading their words off a page without emotion. That doesn’t make for a good speech. It’s about building tension, asking provoking questions and engaging with the audience. There’s power in using nonverbal cues, like making eye contact with someone in the audience. Using these cues well can greatly improve the quality of your speech. The importance of listening can’t be overstated. How Listening as an important skill? While learning to communicate what you want to say is important, knowing how to listen using different types of listening skills is just as crucial for communicationNot only can it help you process information on different levels, but it can also help you build relationships with othersThat’s because listening goes deeper than just hearing.It’s also much more than listening to the words someone else is saying. While this is one type of listening, it isn’t the only one that matters types of listening skills Informational listening Discriminative listening Biased listening Sympathetic listening Comprehensive listening Empathetic or therapeutic listening Critical listening There are several types of listening you can develop both at home and at work 1. Informational listening When you want to learn something, you’ll use informational listening to understand and retain information. It usually takes a high level of concentration to perform this type of listening. That’s because you need to be highly engaged to understand a new concept. Some examples of informational listening include:Work training,Self-paced learning at home or at work Listening to an educational ebook 2. Discriminative listening Discriminative listening is the first listening type that you’re born with.Everyone innately has discriminative listening skills.You use this type of listening before you even know how to understand words. Instead of relying on words, discriminative listening uses tone of voice, verbal cues, and other changes in sound. Discriminative listening is how babies understand the intention of a phrase before they can understand words. If someone speaks to them in a happy and amused tone of voice, they’ll smile and laugh back..If you’re listening to a conversation happening in a foreign language, you’ll likely automatically use your discriminative listening skills.These will allow you to analyze tone and inflection to get an idea of what is going on.to say 3. Biased listening Biased listening is also known as selective listening. Someone who uses biased listening will only listen for information that they specifically want to hear. This listening process can lead to a distortion of facts. That’s because the person listening isn’t fully in tune with what the speaker wishes to communicate. Here’s an example: Let’s say your superior is briefing you on a new project. You’re waiting to hear about the details of this assignment because you’ve been excited for a long time about it.Because you’re so focused on the details of the assignment, you don’t fully hear everything your superior says. As a result, you hear your superior explain how you’ll be judged on this project, but you don’t fully process it.Because you don’t have this information, you may not perform as well as you could if you had understood all the details. 4. Sympathetic listening Sympathetic listening is driven by emotion.Instead of focusing on the message spoken through words, the listener focuses on the feelings and emotions of the speaker. This is done to process these feelings and emotions.By using sympathetic listening, you can provide the support the speaker needs. 5. Comprehensive listening Unlike discriminative listening, comprehensive listening requires language skills. This type of listening is usually developed in early childhood. People use comprehensive listening to understand what someone is saying using words. You’ll need to use comprehensive listening to analyze the words and understand the message.You’ll also use comprehensive listening when you receive feedback. 6. Empathetic or therapeutic listening Empathetic listening is useful to help you see from other people’s perspectives. Using this type of listening, you can try to understand someone else’s point of view as they’re speaking. You can also try to imagine yourself in the other person’s shoes.Instead of just focusing on their message, you can use empathetic listening to relate to someone else’s experiences as if they were your own. Instead of getting upset, you understand why your superior made this decision. That’s because you can imagine what it’s like to be in their shoes at this moment 7. Critical listening If you need to analyze complex information, you’ll need to use critical listening.Using critical thinking while listening goes deeper than comprehensive listening. Instead of taking the information at face value, you can use critical listening to evaluate what’s being said.Critical listening is crucial when problem-solving at work.. Why is listening so important in life and at work? Listening is a key component of effective communication skills. Regardless of the type, listening is key to understanding what other people are really trying to say. Without listening, it's easy to get something wrong and make assumptions. On the other hand, when you actively listen, you can fully communicate with someone else.Listening is the most important part of communication. That’s because it allows you to come up with a substantial and meaningful response. You can pick up on subtleties you wouldn’t have otherwise, especially with body language.If something isn’t clear, you can ask clarifying questions. This is something you might not have done without active listening.At work, communication is an important soft skill. According to LinkedIn's 2019 Global Talent Trends report, 80% of companies say that soft skills are increasingly important to their success.Listening is also important for productive collaboration What is a statement of purpose? A statement of purpose is a description of who you are as a student, including your professional goals and interests and what you are looking for in your career. The statement of purpose allows colleges to get a quick understanding of why you are interested in attending their college, as well as how the college can assist you with those academic goals. A statement of purpose will include the following things: Personal introduction Previous career and academic experience Expressed interest in the college program A highlight of any professional memberships or academic achievements How to write a statement of purpose The statement of purpose should give the college in which you are applying a good understanding of what experience and professionals goals make you stand out from other applicants, while also informing them why you are interested in attending their college. You can write a statement of purpose with the following steps: Introduce yourself. Review the program requirements. Include experience and professional achievement. Discuss your professional goals and interests and how they relate to the college. What is a statement of purpose?: TEMPLATE As a recent graduate of [College] and a lifelong advocate of [Industry], I'm excited to be applying to the [Program] at [College]. An early interest in [Interest] has developed my passion for the [Industry]. Through [Professional Membership] and continuing education in my industry, I look forward to [Professional Interest]. Meeting the program's requirements, I have completed numerous internships with [Internship] and [Internship]. Prior to my academic experience, I have also volunteered with [Volunteer] and [Volunteer], where I have begun to develop my skills in [Skill] and [Skill].Throughout my undergraduate education at[College], I also worked with the [Employer] to develop hands-on experience in the industry. This experience has allowed me to [Developed Skills]. The program at [College] interested me because [Reason] and [Reason]. Mostly, I look forward to [Program Detail] and [Program Detail]. With the education earned from the [Program], I aspire to [Professional Goal]. What is a job application? A job application is a formal document created by employers for job candidates to fill out in response to an open position. Job applications can appear in print or online formats and require you to answer questions about your credentials, citizen status and other information included in your resume and cover letter documents. Types of Job Application 1. Solicited application A solicited application is any job application that is sent in response to a company's promotion of a job opening. Companies may ask for applications by creating hiring announcements on social media, via email or by posting a physical "Hiring" sign in their window. They may also post their opening on a job board or hiring website. When submitting a solicited application, follow the instructions given by the company as exactly as you can. They may receive a great number of applications and want candidates who are able to follow detailed instructions. It can also be helpful to submit your application as soon as you see the job opening posting. This may improve your chances of being considered if they are hiring on a rolling basis, and can also help demonstrate a proactive nature. 2. Unsolicited application An unsolicited job application is any application that is sent in without connection to a hiring announcement. You may send in an unsolicited application to a company that you're particularly interested in working for. In your unsolicited application, you can talk about your interest or admiration for the company and the work that they do, the skills and experiences that make you an ideal candidate and what sorts of jobs you might do for them. Some companies maintain an open call for submissions unrelated to specific openings on their website. A company may file away unsolicited applications for when they do have a position available. They may also consider you for a new or unpublicized opening. You may also inquire about setting up an informational interview to learn more. Regardless of whether there is a job immediately available, these tactics may help you become better acquainted with a company, which might help elevate your application if and when a position opens. When submitting an unsolicited application, it's helpful to be aware and gracious of the time that it may take someone to read it. 3. Paper application This traditional application form is still popular in some industries, including retail and customer service. You may fill out a paper application in person at the company's office or location. If you think you may fill out an in-person application, it may be useful to prepare all the information you may need ahead of time and bring a printed resume with you. This can help you accurately answer any specific employment history questions. You may also attach the resume itself to the paper application and write "see resume" when the application asks for a list of previous jobs. You may also complete a paper application by printing it out from a company website or email, then returning it by mail. In these cases, be sure that your handwriting is clear and that you leave enough time for the letter to be delivered before the application date has passed. The company may also give the option of scanning a paper application back into a digital form and returning it electronically. 4. Online applications Many companies use online systems for job applications. Some may take applications through a third-party job website. This sometimes allows candidates to create profiles and use them to apply to multiple jobs. Other companies require applicants to apply through a private company portal. The job posting itself often lists instructions for online applications. Sometimes, companies may specify a preference for application submissions at the end of their posting, so it can be helpful to read all postings thoroughly to the end. 5. Email applications Companies that ask for email applications often look for a brief personal introduction in the body of the email, with a cover letter and resume attached. Others may prefer the cover letter to make up the email's body. You can double check the submission instructions to see if the company to which you're applying has particular instructions. When submitting an email application, it can also be helpful to include an informative and concise subject line. This may include your name and the name of the position for which you're applying. This can help a hiring manager to find your application easily among other emails they may have received, and can also help ensure that it pops up if they search their email for your name or the name of the position BIO-DATA (HEADING) NAME  FATHER’s NAME DATE OF BIRTH – In expanded form ADDRESS AGE CONTACT NO. EMAIL ID NATIONALITY-Indian QUALIFICATIONS- your degree 1. Qualifications must be written in tabular form with the above mentioned heads. WORK EXPERIENCE– It should be written from latest to the oldest along with the duration. ACHIEVEMENTS Gold Medalist Graduate | 2016 | University of Travancore, LANGUAGES KNOWN SKILLS Hard Skills Coding Project management Data analysis Soft Skills Determination Problem-solving mentality Patience Software and Tools Python SQL WEAKNESSES HOBBIES REFERENCES DECLARATION All information in this resume is right and truthful./ hereby confirm and verify that all the information mentioned here, and I take full responsibility for its accuracy and authenticity. DATE PLACE SIGNATURE Job Application The following sample software engineer cover letter can help you gain an idea of how to create this document effectively: Alana Gomez (1123) 555-2299 [email protected] Dayton, Ohio September 21, 2021 Dear Lucas Bolton, I'm excited to write to you about the software engineer opportunity at DOT TECH Industries. With five years of experience in coding and development for web applications, including several high-volume, client-facing projects, I believe I'd make a valuable asset to your team. I'd be honored to join your award-winning organization to help create resilient, cloud-enabled software solutions for your clients. In my most recent role as an associate software engineer at Spectacular Software Co., I held responsibility for the full life cycle development of several innovative, multimillion-dollar software solutions. Last year, I led the development of a new inventory management system and helped transition over 50 clients migrate to this solution. During this project and others, I managed each step of the development process, from requirement gathering to coding, testing, documentation and finally, implementation of the software. I have technical expertise in several database and mobile applications, including Android. I also have advanced experience in several programming languages, including C++ and Java. As an employee of Spectacular Software Co., I received consistent recognition for my technical abilities and knowledge of best development practices,. My supervisors also complimented my interpersonal skills, which I used to present software proposals to clients that helped our company negotiate million- dollar contracts with global businesses. Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to learning more about this position and am excited about the opportunity to leverage my skills and experience to help your team develop first-in-class web and mobile applications for DOT TECH Industries. Please let me know if you need additional information or materials from me. Sincerely, Alana Gomez END