World History Final Study Guide PDF

World History Semester 1 Study Guide (All topics come from the review sheet) Made by Kyle Paras IMPORTANT POINTS - The test is worth 15%, there are no writing questions on the test, and there will be analytical questions covering maps and passages on the test. Key D...

World History Semester 1 Study Guide (All topics come from the review sheet) Made by Kyle Paras IMPORTANT POINTS - The test is worth 15%, there are no writing questions on the test, and there will be analytical questions covering maps and passages on the test. Key D - Main Topics D - Page Numbers D - Important Ideas D - Difficulty of Topic (1-5, 1 is easy 5 is hard) D - Unknown / No Info 1) Pillars of Islam - pg. 275 - 2 a) All believers have five duties i) Faith (1) To be a Muslim, one must testify to “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.” (2) Is heard a lot in Islamic rituals and Muslim daily life ii) Prayer (1) Five times a day (2) Face Mecca (3) May assemble at a mosque, Islamic house of worship, or wherever iii) Alms/Charity (1) Muslims give money to the poor (religious tax) iv) Fasting (1) During Ramadan, Muslims fast from dawn to dusk (2) Reminds Muslims that spiritual needs are greater than physical needs v) Pilgrimage (1) All Muslims should do their hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) at least once (2) Wear identical garments so everyone is equal 2) Leaders of Islam - pg. 278-283 - 4 a) Abu-Bakar becomes first caliph (deputy) after Muhammad's death  b) Many people split off from Islam, refused to pay taxes, and more. i) Abu-Bakar invokes jihad (1) Jihad means “striving” and refers to struggle against evil (2) Used jihad to expand Islam c) Abu-Bakar dies and Muslim state controls all of Arabia d) Other caliphs continue to expand Muslim control and gain territory e) Four caliphs followed Muhammads wish to spread Islam i) They fought to defend Islam f) Muslims were successful in conquering lands because Byzantine was strict on religion i) They allowed conquered people to follow their own religion (1) Qur’an forbade it ii) Tolerance was practiced in Muslim territories g) Umayyads come to power i) Moved capital to Damascus ii) Eventually created a split in Islam iii) Sunni (1) Followers of Muhammad’s example (2) Accepted Umayyads’ rule iv) Shi’a (1) Party of Ali (2) Believed Caliph should be a descendent of Muhammad h) Abbasids overthrew Umayyads and took control i) Moved capital to Baghdad in Iraq ii) Abbasids taxed goods and non-Muslims i) Cultural blending allowed for advancements in art and science 3) Life of Muhammed - pg. 272-280 - 3 a) Born in a powerful Meccan family (Orphan at six) b) Worked in caravan trade and became a business manager for Khadijah (Later married) c) When he was 40, Muhammad heard a voice while meditating in a cave outside Mecca. It was a messenger of Allah (Gabriel). d) Began to teach that Allah was the only God i) People who agreed to this principle of Islam were Muslims (1) Islam means “Submission to the will of Allah” (2) Muslim means “One who has submitted” ii) First followers were his wife and close friends iii) Began to preach in Mecca but people didn’t want to anger Arab gods and feared Mecca would not be the pilgrimage center  iv) After his followers were attacked, Muhammad left Mecca v) Moved to Yathrib north of Mecca (Known as the Hijrah) (1) Marked a turning point for Muhammad (2) He drew converts who agreed with his message vi) Muhammad and 10,000 followers marched to Mecca and destroyed idols (1) Many Meccans converted to Islam vii) Muhammad died two years later viii) Unified the entire Arabian Peninsula under Islam 4) Muslim Art - pg. 288-291 - 2 a) Muslim scholars used Greek ideas and set the stage for the revival of European learning b) Muslims went into areas rich with artistic traditions i) Muslims continued these ideas but with an Islamic twist ii) Muslims believed only Allah can create life and the art of living beings was discouraged iii) There were no pictures of Muhammad because he didn’t want people to worship him iv) Calligraphy is the art of beautiful handwriting v) Muslim art sometimes focuses on geometric patterns c) It is the architecture that the cultural blending of the Muslim world can be seen i) A building could reflect the culture of that area ii) They blended Byzantine architecture with Muslim ideas iii) These blended styles were found in all lands occupied by Muslims 5) Byzantine Empire (significance, events) - pg. 348-353 - 4 a) Justinian i) Ruled the state AND the church ii) Justinian Code (1) Had over 500 Roman laws (2) Included regulations that covered marriage, slaver, property, inheritance, women’s rights, and criminal justice iii) Unites the empire to a size almost as big as the Romans b) Constantinople i) Center for law and religion ii) Hagia Sophi (1) Means “Holy Wisdom” (2) Considered the best Christian church in the world (3) The connection between church and state (4) Great example of Byzantine architecture c) Preservation of Greco-Roman Culture i) Valued education  (1) Included Greek, Latin, and Philosophy d) Fall of empire i) Justinian dies ii) Plague of Justinian (BUBONIC PLAGUE) iii) Constantinople falls to the Turks in 1453 6) Schism in Christian Church - pg. 353-355 - 2 a) Christianity developed differently in Western and Eastern Roman Empires i) Lack of contact and distance b) Eastern Church i) Patriarch - Leading bishop of the East (1) Bowed to the emperor ii) Emperor banned icons - Religious images used by Eastern Christians (1) People rebelled (2) Icons eventually restored by Theodora c) Western Church i) Contradicted East and supported icons ii) Pope excommunicated a Byzantine emperor d) In 1054, the pope and patriarch excommunicate each other i) As a result, Christianity splits between Roman Catholic Church (West) and Orthodox Church (East) 7) Mongol conquest of Russia - pg. 360-363 - 5 a) Mongols came to Russia in the mid-1200s under Ghengis Khan i) Moved across the steppes of Asia and into Europe ii) Ghengis dies in 1227 (1) Successors continue to conquer land iii) Mongol empire controlled areas from the Yellow Sea to the Baltic Sea and the Himalayas to northern Russia iv) Mongols demolish Kiev under Batu Khan (Grandson) (1) Mongols rule south Russia for 200 years v) Named “Khanate of the Golden Horde” (1) Khanate means “Kingdom” (2) Golden was the royal color of the Mongols (3) Horde means “Camp” vi) Russians could follow customs but couldn’t rebel (1) Mongols tolerated their religions vii) Mongols wanted two things from Russia (1) Absolute obedience (2) Many tributes/payments viii) Alexander Nevsky (1) Advised fellow princes to cooperate with Mongols  ix) Moscow (1) Located near three rivers which could control all European Russia and could challenge Mongols (2) Prince Ivan I (a) Earned respect of Mongols (b) Mongols made him tax collector of all Slavs (c) “Ivan Moneybag” (d) Convinced patriarch to move to Moscow (i) Gained the Church as an ally (e) Gained territory (3) Ivan III (a) Challenged Mongol rule (b) Gained title of czar (i) Czar means emperor (c) Russians and Mongols fought at Ugra River 150 miles southwest of Moscow (i) Neither side advanced and both armies went home (ii) Russia marks this battle as liberation from Mongols 8) Compare/Contrast World Religions 9) Holy Roman Empire (significance, events) - pg. 394-397 - 4 a) Created by Otto I b) Church hated how kings have control over clergy i) They hated lay investiture - when kings appointed church officials, often for money ii) Pope banned it c) Emperor responds by making Pope Gregory step down i) The Pope excommunicated Henry ii) Henry ended his excommunication by standing in the snow for three days d) Fredrick I was first to call his lands “Holy Roman Empire” i) Invaded rich Italian cities ii) Pope sided with the Italians iii) Fredrick made peace with the Pope and went back to Germany e) Successors tried to revive Charlemange’s empire and alliance with pope i) They were unsuccessful f) Feudalism remained in Germany 10) William the Conqueror (significance) - pg. 417 - 1 a) Two people claimed the English Crown i) Harold Godwinson ii) William the Conqueror  iii) They fought at the Battle of Hastings (1) Harold died of an arrow to his eye b) After the battle, William declared England his property c) William kept ⅕ of the empire and gave the rest to loyal Norman lords d) William united lands and laid the foundation for centralized government in England 11) Feudalism in Europe & Japan - pg. 337-339, 376-379 - 3 a) Feudalism in Japan i) Heian period declined along with government power ii) Large landowners made private armies thus starting the feudal system in Japan iii) Samurai (1) Bodyguards to lords (2) Lived according to Bushido (a) Bushido - A code of behavior (i) Demanded courage, fairness, and generosity (3) Dying an honorable death was more important than a long life iv) Kamakura Shogunate (1) Won power in Japan (2) Gave Minamoto title of shogun (a) Shogun - Supreme general of the emperors army (b) Had powers of a military dictator (3) Brought stability to Japan but didn’t end conflict with limited farmland (4) Shoguns turned back two invasions by the Mongols led by Kublai Khan (a) Drained shoguns treasury v) Feudal Japan could no longer contact China but still absorbed Chinese ideas and shaped them into Japanese ideas. b) Feudalism in Europe i) System based on rights and obligations ii) Lord (1) Gave areas of land (called fiefs) to knights or peasants in exchange for military protection or food (2) Person receiving fief was called a vassal iii) Knights (1) Gave loyalty to defend lord's lands in exchange for fiefs iv) Peasants (1) Homeless people who provided food for the lord  v) Serfs (1) People who couldn’t leave their birthplace (2) Were not slaves but worked for the lord vi) Manor (1) Lord’s estate (2) Lord gave land to serfs, serfs gave food, knights receive land for protection of lord and serfs (3) Peasants paid a high tax called tithe (4) Tithe was a tax that was 1/10 of their income (5) Peasants believed that God determined a person’s place in society c) Comparison i) King equals Emperor ii) Nobles/Lords/Church Officials equal Daimyo iii) Knights equal Samurai 12) Christian Church power in Middle Ages - pg. 392-393 - 1 a) Church power began to increase as government decreases b) Church structure based on status i) Power goes from Pope, to bishops, to priests ii) Religious officials were called clergy c) Most Christian's life was hard and Church provided hope and life in heaven d) Church administered sacraments i) Led to path of salvation for peasants e) All Christians, kings included, followed canon law i) Included laws about marriage and religious practices f) Excommunication meant denial of salvation g) Interdict is where sacraments could not be performed in a certain area 13) English Common Law (c/reation, significance) - pg. 417-418 - 1 a) Henry sent royal judges to all of England once a year i) They collected taxes, settled lawsuits, and punished crimes ii) He also introduced use of a jury in England (1) Jury was a group of local people (2) They answered a judge’s questions about the case (3) Became popular method of settling disputes b) Over centuries, England’s royal judges formed a body of law called common law c) Principles of common law are basis for English countries now such as the United State d) Is a collection of laws in the United States it is a single document 14) Japanese government leadership - pg. 337-339 a) See Topic 11 15) Magna Carta (significance) - pg. 418 - 1 a) John failed as a leader and got nickname “John Softsword” b) He was cruel and wanted money c) Raised taxes to an all-time high d) Nobles revolted and forced him to sign the Magna Carta  i) A document was drawn by English nobles that guaranteed basic political rights ii) Nobles wanted feudal rights and wanted to limit King’s power (1) No taxation without representation (2) Right to a jury trial (3) Protection of law e) Guaranteed basic legal rights in current countries such as England and US 16) Contributions of Church in Middle Ages a) See Topic 12 b) See Topic 20 17) Merchant & Craft Guilds - pg.408-413 - 2 a) Guild - an organization of individuals in the same business or occupation working to improve the economic and social conditions of its members b) Craft guilds trained young people, regulated the price and quality of goods, and were a major force in community life i) Apprentices paid for training and lived with a master ii) Journeymen worked for a salary and had to make a masterpiece to become a master iii) Masters owned their own shops and worked with other masters to protect trade c) Commercial Revolution i) Increased trade led to more peasants moving into towns to trade and work ii) More banking and lending services were created which gave businesses more money to expand iii) Merchant’s taxes increased the king's power d) Burghers were merchant-class town dwellers i) They created a new social class above the peasants but below the knights ii) They received freedom from certain tolls and the right to govern the town 18) Gothic Architecture - pg. 400-401 - 1 a) Church had access to more money which helped build churches b) New style of architecture known as Gothic i) Gothic comes from a Germanic tribe named the Goths c) Gothic cathedrals reach upwards to heaven d) Light pours in through huge stained glass windows e) Other arts incorporated Gothic architecture such as sculpture and stained glass f) Elements meant to inspire worshiper with the magnificence of God g) Cathedral of Norte Dame rose more than 100 feet h) 500 Gothic churches built between 1170 and 1270 19) Bubonic Plague (significance, events) - pg. 424-426 - 2 a) Killed one-third of Europe and millions more in Asia and Africa  b) Thought that it was spread by fleas that lived on rats c) First hit Mongol armies d) The disease made its way onto ships and traveled with merchants e) First hit Europe through ports in Italy f) Effects i) Old manorial system crumbled ii) Town populations declined iii) Trade declined and prices rose iv) Serfs left manors to find better wages v) Nobles resisted demands for higher wages and peasants revolted vi) Jews were blamed for the plague vii) The Church lost prestige when prayers failed to stop the plague 20) Lay Investiture (significance, events) - pg. 395-396 - 1 a) Lay Investiture was when kings and nobles appointed church officials b) Church reformers disagreed and Pope Gregory VII banned it c) Henry called the bishops he appointed and ordered Gregory to step down d) Henry was excommunicated (SEE TOPIC 9) 21) Crusades (significance, events) - pg. 402-407 - 3 a) Pope wanted to reclaim Jerusalem and Palestine and reunite Christendom b) Byzantine emperor felt threatened that Muslims in Palestine were close to Constantinople c) Byzantine Emperor asked Pope for help against Turks d) Pope called for a holy war e) Effects i) Power of the Church lessened with failures ii) Merchants expanded trade with southwest Asia iii) Feudal nobility lessened and kings power increased iv) Relationships between Muslims, Jews, and Christians decreased 22) African Trade/Culture (significance, events, people) - pg. 459-464 - 5 a) Empire of Ghana i) Ghana became a kingdom in the 700s and its rulers became rich by taxing traders that came through their kingdom. ii) Gold-Salt Trade (1) Gold came from a forest region between the Niger and Senegal rivers (2) While rich in gold, West Africa lacked salt, which is vital to human life (3) Sahara contained deposits of salt, and so traders crossed the desert with a lot of salt (4) African traders brought gold north from the forest regions  (5) Slaves were taken from West Africa and sold in North Africa and India (6) This trade created new trade routes that connected West Africa with North Africa, the Mediterranean, and Europe iii) Ghana’s king controlled trade and had a vast army (1) He demanded taxes and gifts from neighboring lands (2) King owned a lot of gold nuggets and slabs of salt (3) The King limited the supply of gold which stopped the price from plummeting iv) As Ghana developed, people became to connect with one another and cities developed similarities v) Ghana social structure (1) The King was the supreme ruler (2) The administrative class helped rule the government (3) Skilled craftsmen had a special place in society and were sometimes recognized by the king's court (4) Matrilineal society - Ancestry was traced through the mother’s lineage vi) Islamic Influences (1) Islam mainly spread through trade (2) Ghana’s ruler converted to Islam (3) Most of the population never converted (4) After the Muslim Almoravids tried and failed to conquer Ghana, Ghana never regained its power and the gold-salt trade was disrupted b) Empire of Mali i) Founders were Mande-speaking people who lived south of Ghana ii) The wealth of Mali was built on gold iii) Sundiata was the first leader of Mali (1) Through military victories, he took over Ghana and important trading cities (2) He put administrations in charge of certain areas of government such as finances and defense iv) Mansa Musa (1) Muslim (2) A skilled military leader that had control over the gold-salt trade and put down all rebellions (3) His army protected Mali from outside forces (4) Empire stretched over twice the size of Ghana (5) He went on a hajj to Mecca  (6) When he came back, he built new mosques in two important trading cities (7) Timbuktu became an important city because it was big on trade and attracted Muslim scholars and religious leaders because of the mosques and universities (8) Mansa Musa supported Islam but did not force the faith onto his subjects 23) Islamic Empires 24) 100 Years’ War (significance, events) - pg. 427-429 - 3 a) Started when the last Capetian king died without a successor b) Introduced the longbow as a new powerful weapon that showed deadly arrows and slaughtered the French c) Joan of Arc i) Felt moved by God to rescue France ii) At 13 had visions that urged her to drive English from France iii) Joan became victorious but was handed over to Church authorities and condemned as a witch iv) She was burned at the stake d) Impact of the 100 years war i) Knights and castles were obsolete because of the longbow and gunpowder ii) Nationalism emerged in England and France because they fought for the glory of a country, not a feudal lord iii) Power of French monarch increases iv) English suffers internal turmoil because two houses fought for the throne 25) Yuan Dynasty (significance, events) - pg. 325-329 - 4 a) Kublai Khan (Grandson of Ghengis Khan) split the Mongol Empire into four khanates b) Also founded the Yuan dynasty c) Lasted less than a century d) It united China for the first time in 300 years e) It opened China to more foreign contacts and trade f) Kublai Khan tolerated Chinese culture and didn’t change a lot of the government g) Abandoned the idea of moving around and settled in the manner of a Chinese emperor h) Moved the capital to China was a sign that Kublai wanted to make his mark i) Failure to capture Japan i) Kublai Khan tried to control Japan ii) Forced Korea to make boats for the Mongol fleet iii) Both fleets he sent were crushed by a typhoon j) Kublai needed non-Mongol officials to rule China  i) Kept Chinese out of high government but used them to control local lands ii) Believed foreigners were more trustworthy k) Restored the Grand Canal which gave a supply of grain and other goods from the north l) Trade i) Kublai increased trade with Europe and western Asia m) Yuan overthrown i) Kublai spent too much on wars and public works ii) Kublai died and the Yuan began to fade iii) Rebellions broke out and the Chinese overthrew the Mongols 26) Chinese Civil Service (significance, events) - pg. 311 - 1 a) Restored from the Han Dynasty to restore China’s vast bureaucracy b) Few candidates passed c) Those who passed went into a group of scholar-officials d) The test was open to all men but only the wealthy could afford the proper education e) Men with connections could get high positions without the test f) After the exam was passed, talent and education were more important than noble birth 27) Zheng He explorations (significance) - pg. 618 - 1 a) Zheng He led the seven voyages of the Ming dynasty ordered by Yonglo b) They traveled very far with many crewmates on each journey c) Zheng He distributed gifts to show Chinese superiority d) As a result, 16 countries sent tribute to the Ming court e) Chinese officials (Confucianists) complained that the trips were wasting resources, so the voyages were stopped and China went into isolation 28) Native American Cultures (North, Central, & South America) - pg. 503-531 - 5 a) North American cultures were less developed than South America i) Mississippian culture ii) Also known as the mound builders iii) Created villages based on farming and trade iv) Iroquois was a group of tribes speaking related languages (1) Lived in the Great Lakes region v) Connections between North American tribes were economic and cultural vi) Also connected by religious beliefs and nature spirits b) Mayan culture was located in Mexico and Central America i) Olmec heavily influence the Mayans ii) Mayan was linked by alliances and trade iii) Mayans believed in many Gods  iv) Offered blood and human sacrifice because they believed that was brought the sun up every day v) Created the calendar and a math system vi) Writing consisted of Glyphs and pictures vii) Mayan decline was unknown but faced invaders from the north c) Aztecs i) Nomadic people from northern Mexico migrated to where Huitzilopochtli told them to go ii) Formed the Triple Alliance with two other city-states (1) Became the leading force in the Mexican valley iii) Based power on military conquest iv) Aztecs were very brutal in their expansion v) Tenochtitlan became the biggest city in the Americas controlled by Montezuma I vi) The religion of their Gods was very important and huge ceremonies were conducted including sun god sacrifices vii) Empire began to weaken under Montezuma II d) Incans i) Lived in the Valley of Cuzco ii) Created an intricate road system that connected the whole Incan empire (1) 14,000 miles long (2) Ment for postal service and the ease to bring troops from one place in the empire to another 29) Renaissance - pg. 538-549 - 3 a) Means rebirth i) Revival of art and learning b) Renaissance artists portray religious subjects but used a realistic style c) Perspective i) Way of showing three-dimensional figures on a flat surface d) Renaissance focuses on individuals (Began to paint prominent citizens) i) Individualism - Belief in the importance of an individual e) New social class called the middle-class i) This class included merchants, bankers, and tradespeople f) Knowledge was retained by the Byzantine Empire i) When Ottomans captured Constantinople, the Byzantine scholars left for Italy g) Paper was being more produced which increased the number of libraries and spread of ideas h) Rise of city-states in Italy also contributed to the Renaissance i) Increase in trade  ii) The economy was based on commerce and not agriculture iii) Banks became an important aspect of the economy 30) Masters of Renaissance - pg. 546-548 - 2 a) Michelangelo i) Was a sculptor, poet, architect, and painter ii) Used a realistic painting technique when painting the human body b) Leonardo da Vinci i) Was a painter, sculptor, inventor, and a scientist ii) Was considered a true renaissance man iii) Studied parts of the body such as muscles and other things like veins in a leaf iv) Sketched machines similar to modern-day helicopters and tanks v) Painted the Mona Lisa vi) Also painted The Last Supper c) Raphael i) Learned from Michelangelo and Leonardo ii) He was famous for his use of perspective iii) He filled the walls of Pope Julius’ library with paintings iv) He painted figures such as Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, as well as himself d) Anguissola i) Was the first woman artist to gain a reputation ii) Known for portraits of her sisters and King Phillip e) Gentileschi i) She trained with her father ii) She painted pictures of strong, heroic women 31) Niccolo Machiavelli - pg.550 - 2 a) He watched the Medici rulers be driven from Florence b) Machiavelli was not concerned with moral rights but with what was politically effective i) Thought that rulers should base their actions on the needs of the situation ii) Thought that most people are selfish and corrupt iii) Prince must be strong as a lion and shrewd as a fox iv) Thought that a prince must sometimes mislead the people and lie to opponents v) The leader should overcome suspicions but gain the trust of others 32) Humanism - pg. 543 - 1 a) Intellectual movement based on human potential and achievements b) Humanists studied classical texts to understand Greek values c) They influenced artists and architects to reflect this classical education  d) Popularized study of topics such as history, literature, and philosophy e) They believed that people could live a life without offending God f) Secularism started to grow 33) Reformation (significance, events, people) - pg. 570-575 - 4 a) Renaissance emphasis on secularism challenged the Church b) The printing press also made ideas spread fast and many works were translated into the vernacular (common) language c) People claim the Church was corrupt i) For example, Pope Alexander pursued worldly values instead of spiritual ones d) Martin Luther became a monk and wanted to be a good Christian ` e) Luther took a stand against Tetzel because Tetzel was selling indulgences (giving money in exchange for a pardon on sins) f) He wrote the 95 theses that demanded reform in the Church, but he did not want a new religion i) This started the reformation and led to the founding of Christian churches separate from the Pope ii) Said that people could receive salvation by faith or forgiveness iii) Church teachings should come from the Bible iv) All people with faith are equal g) Pope wanted Luther to revoke his statements and when he didn’t, the Pope excommunicated him h) Charles V summoned Luther to the town of Worms to stand trial but Luther once again refused and Charles declared Luther an outlaw i) Prince Fredrick disobeyed Charles and hid Luther in his castle j) Luther was surprised to see that people began to use his ideas and those people were called Lutherans k) Some princes supported Lutheranism because they liked his ideas but others wanted to take advantage of it to take Church property and gain independence from Charles l) These princes became known as Protestants m) All German princes met for a gathering that said that every prince could choose the religion of their state i) Known as the Peace of Augsburg 34) 30 Years’ War - pg. 686-687 - 3 a) Lutherans joined together and the Catholics formed together b) Ferdinand ruled the Holy Roman empire c) He closed the Protestant churches which caused the Protestants to revolt against him  d) Started the 30 years war over religion and territory e) Phase of Hapsburg wins i) In the first 12 years, Hapsburg armies crushed Protestant troops ii) They put down the Czech uprising and defeated German Protestants that supported them f) Phase of Hapsburg defeats i) Hapsburg armies were driven out of northern Germany ii) Cardinal Richelieu and Mazarin dominated the rest of the war iii) Even though they were both Catholic, they feared the Hapsburgs more than the protestants iv) They didn’t want European rulers to have the same power as the French kings v) Richelieu sent French troops to join the German Protestants to help fight the Hapsburgs g) Peace of Westphalia i) Germany’s population went from 20 million to 16 million after the war ii) Germany’s economy was ruined iii) Treaty included many consequences for the Hapsburgs and France (1) Weakend Hapsburg states (2) Strengthened France with German territory (3) German princes were independent of the Holy Roman Empire (4) Ended religious wars in Europe (5) A new method of peace negotiation where all participants were presents h) Treaty abandoned the Catholic empire i) Recognized Europe as a group of nation-states j) Marked the beginning of the modern state system k) A nation-state is the only power within its borders that can have an army and governs on behalf of all its people 35) Ferdinand & Isabella - pg. 635 - 1 a) They were King and Queen of Spain during the late 15th century b) Sponsored Christopher Columbus on his first voyage c) When Columbus returned, he spoke of his incredible findings, and Ferdinand and Isabella funded three more trips d) This was a big motivation for Columbus and his explorations e) Reconquista - Wanted to get rid of Muslims 36) Exploration (significance, events, explorers) - pg. 608-616 - 4 a) Europeans wanted a better trade route to the west (Particularly India and Asia for their spices) b) They also wanted to spread Christianity c) Advances in technology made it possible to sail across the wind and more navigational tools were created d) Portugal i) Portugal was the first country to explore and establish trading ports on the coast of Africa ii) Prince Henry conquered Muslim cities in North Africa (1) He also wanted to spread Christianity (2) Wanted to create navigation schools (3) Eventually found a way to Asia iii) Bartolomeu Dias (1) Ventured down the coast of Africa all the way to the tip (2) Dias explored the south coast of Africa and almost tried going to India iv) Vasco da Gama (1) Explored the African coast (2) He reached southwest India (3) They traded for spices and silk (4) Their route gave Portugal a direct route to India e) Spain i) Like Portugal, they wanted a direct route to Asia ii) Christopher Columbus (1) Convinced Spain to let him try and find a route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean (2) When he found land, he thought it was India, but it turned out to be the Caribbean (3) Portugal got mad and thought that Columbus reached Asia and claimed land that had already been reached by Portugal (4) Pope Alexandar stopped the fighting and created the Line of Demarcation (a) Lands west of this line belonged to Spain (b) Lands east of this line belonged to Portugal (c) Both countries signed the Treaty of Tordesillas in which both countries agreed to honor the line f) Trading in the Indian Ocean i) Europeans finally found a direct sea route to Asia ii) Portugal began to make a trading empire in the India Ocean (1) They stopped Muslim traders from getting to India (2) They destroyed mosques and Hindu temples iii) English and Dutch began to challenge Portugal  (1) Dutch became a huge sea power and owned the largest fleet of ships (2) Both countries created a trading company in India (3) Dutch East India Company was more powerful than the English and they then kicked the English out (4) Dutch East India Company was founded by the government, as opposed to Portugal founding their company with a monarch. (5) The Dutch, unlike Portugal, did not want to spread Christianity and only focused on expanding their economy 37) Encomienda System - pg. 640 - 2 a) Spanish wanted to exploit the North and Central American land for resources b) They enslaved the Native Americans in a system called encomienda i) Natives farmed, ranched, or mined for Spanish landlords ii) Landlords had rights to the natives’ labor iii) Holders of the encomienda promised Spain that they would act fairly to the Native Americans iv) However, this was almost never the case, so the Native Americans were not treated correctly and some were worked to death c) Spanish banned the encomienda system in 1542 and turned to African slaves d) Encomienda vs Slavery i) Encomienda (1) Native Americans were not property of Spanish landlords (2) Native people were often forced to relocate for labor of the Spanish (3) Landlords had to give their word to the Spanish crown that they would treat the Native Americans fairly ii) African Slave Trade (1) African slaves were property (2) African slaves were taken from their homeland and brought to the Americas (3) No promise to slaves for respect or fairness 38) Columbian Exchange - pg. 658-660 - 2 a) Global transfer of goods and animals at the time of the colonization of the Americas b) Ships from America brought tons of goods back to Europe that they had never seen before c) Staple crops such as corn and potatoes were spread from the Americas to the world and were cheap and nutritious d) However, plants such as weeds came from Europe to the Americas and ruined the ecosystem  e) Europeans cut down many trees which killed plants and animals living in forests f) Europeans introduce cattle such as horses and sheep to the Americas g) Diseases brought over from Europe such as smallpox and measles brought millions of deaths to the Native Americans 39) Joint-Stock Companies - pg.661 - 2 a) The partnership of investors that bought shares of stock in a company b) They combined wealth for a common purpose c) That purpose was American colonization d) Investors paid a small amount of money in hope that the colony would succeed e) If the colony failed, investors would only lose a small amount of money f) Jamestown was funded by a joint-stock company g) As these join-stock companies grew and became more profitable, they became more and more like modern-day companies 40) Mercantilism - pg. 662-663 - 3 a) The theory that a country’s power depended on its wealth b) The goal of every nation was to accumulate as much wealth as possible c) In theory, a country could obtain wealth in two ways d) Obtaining as much silver and gold as possible e) Favorable balance of trade i) Selling more goods than buying ii) This was because the goal of mercantilism was to be self-sufficient and not dependent on other countries f) Was similar to colonization because colonies provided raw materials, gold and silver, and provided a market for the mother country 41) Capitalism - pg. 661 - 2 a) An economic system based on private ownership and the investment of resources or money for profit b) Governments were not the owners of great wealth c) Colonies were where most investors put their money into d) Profits from investments could help merchants reinvest money into more colonies e) An increase in economic activity led to an increase in the national money supply f) This led to the introduction of inflation i) Occurs when people have a lot of money to spend which leads to more demand for goods ii) Costs of goods skyrocketed iii) As more gold and silver comes into Europe, the less it costs 42) Tokugawa Shogunate - pg. 627-630 - 4 a) Founded by Ieyasu b) Food production and the population rose, but peasants still lived a dull life filled with heavy taxes  c) Emperor was just a figurehead d) The actual ruler was a shogun who was the military commander e) Under the shogun was the daimyo and then came the samurai f) Underneath all of that were the peasants which took up ⅘ of the population g) This era was marked by the rebound of Confucian values and ideas i) Came from China ii) Influenced ideas about society iii) Said that society depended on agriculture, not commerce iv) Farmers > Merchants h) Japan’s cities started to grow i) The City of Edo hit one million ii) Women were still restricted to the household iii) Samurai attended cultural ceremonies iv) Cities began to create new styles of literature and art v) Read haiku, which was a type of poetry vi) People attended theaters where actors performed in traditional costumes 43) Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade - pg. 651-657 - 3 a) Advantages of using African slaves in the Americas compared to Native Americans i) Africans had been exposed to European diseases and had immunity to them ii) Africans had experience in farming iii) Africans were less likely to escape because they didn’t know the land well iv) Their skin color made it easy for them to be caught if they tried to live among other people b) Atlantic slave trade became a huge business c) Spain was the first to transport Africans to the Americas d) Slaves were not paid e) England became to dominate the slave trade f) Many African rulers and merchants sold Africans to the Europeans in exchange for guns and other goods g) Triangular Trade i) Europeans exchanged goods in Africa for slaves ii) They transported slaves to the Americans and sold them for goods iii) They brought these goods back to Europe h) Middle Passage i) This was the part of the slave trade where slaves were packed into boats and taken to the Americas ii) It was extremely brutal for slaves and many of them died along the way i) African slaves lived hard lives in the Americas and some started to resist  j) They introduced their culture such as music traditions to the Americas k) Consequences i) Many African families were torn apart ii) The introduction of guns to African tribes brought the urge to acquire new territories from other tribes iii) African slaves contributed heavily with their labor to the production of many colonies 44) Ming Dynasty (significance, events) - pg. 617-618 - 2 a) European voyages led to new trade routes b) Hongwu was the head of the army that drove out the Mongols in 1368 i) Became the first Ming Emperor ii) Began reforms to restore agriculture and promote China’s power and prosperity iii) Respected traditions and brought stability to China iv) Encouraged a revival in Confucian moral standards v) Vassal states had to pay tribute to the Ming overlords to show submission and wanted Europeans to do the same c) Later, Hongwu became known as a tyrant and was paranoid about his officials d) Restored the civil service exam e) Zheng He i) See Topic 27 45) Louis XIV - pg. 678-685 - 4 a) Louis thought that the state and himself were one i) Said “I am the state” b) He weakened the power of nobles and increased the power of government agents called intendants (They collected taxes and administered justice) c) He devoted himself to helping France obtain a higher economic and political structure d) His most trusted assistant, Jean Baptiste Colbert, helped with finance and believed in mercantilism i) Colbert tried to make France self-sufficient ii) He gave government funds to French companies and taxed other country's goods e) After Colbert died, Louis canceled the Edict of Nantes (Which protected the religious freedom of Huguenots) and slowed the economy i) Thousands of Huguenot people fled France and therefore Louis lost many skilled workers f) Louis had all his nobles live in his palace of Versailles he built  i) This helped increase royal authority because it made the nobles dependent on Louis and it took them from their home, giving more power to the intendants g) Louis’ wars i) Louis wanted to expand France’s boundaries ii) He wanted to capture the Netherlands, but they were forced to retreat because the Dutch opened their dikes and flooded the whole country iii) In the 1680s, many countries in Europe joined together to stop France iv) Together, the smaller countries equaled France’s power h) Effects of Louis i) France was then a huge powerhouse in Europe ii) France ranked better than other European countries in art and literature iii) France was the military leader of Europe (1) Allowed France to develop a strong empire of colonies which provided them with resources iv) However, France was heavily in debt due to the wars they had been in 46) Glorious Revolution - pg. 703-704 - 1 a) James took over the title of King after his father, Charles, died. b) James offended subjects by showing his Catholicism i) He appointed many Catholics to high positions which angered the people and was a violation of English Law c) Parliament protested and James dissolved it d) Protestants were scared of Catholicism and the idea that there would be a line of Catholic kings e) James’ older daughter Mary was protestant i) Parliament invited Mary and her husband to try and overthrow James f) When they tried to take him over, James fled, and the bloodless overthrow of King James was called the Glorius Revolution 47) Enlightenment (significance, events, people) - pg. 718-727 - 4 a) An intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems b) Thomas Hobbes i) Was convinced that all humans were naturally selfish and wicked ii) He thought that without governments there would be chaos iii) He believed in a social contract between the people and the government (1) People gave their power to the ruler to keep them under control (2) He thought that an absolute monarchy would keep order and obedience c) John Locke i) Believed people could learn from experience and improve themselves  ii) He thought that people could govern their own affairs iii) He criticized absolute monarchy and favored self-government iv) Believed all people are born free and equal (1) Life, Liberty, and Property (2) The purpose of government is to protect these rights v) These ideas helped inspire struggles for liberty in Europe and the Americas d) Philosophes believed in five concepts i) Reason - Truth could be discovered through reason or logical thinking (1) Also called rationalism ii) Nature - Rights that people have in their natural state as human beings and they cannot be taken away by anyone including the government iii) Happiness - Rejected the past idea that people find joy in the hereafter (Heaven) and thought that people should find happiness on earth iv) Progress - Society and humankind could improve v) Liberty - Liberties English people won in the Glorious Revolution and the Bill of Rights e) Voltaire i) Wrote many books of political essays, philosophy, and drama ii) Often targeted the clergy, aristocracy, and the government iii) Was sent to prison twice and exiled to England iv) He always fought for the freedom of speech, religious freedom, and tolerance f) Montesquieu i) Studied political liberty ii) Believed Britain was the best-governed and most politically balanced country in his present day iii) He described it as a separation of power iv) He wrote a book describing the basic principles of checks and balances g) Rousseau i) Committed to individual liberty ii) He disagreed with other Enlightenment thinkers (1) While other philosophes believed science and reason would improve life, Rousseau argued that civilization corrupted people iii) Believed the only good government was one made by the people and guided by the people (Direct Democracy) iv) Believed in the social contract but was different from Hobbes’ (1) While Hobbes believed the contract was between a society and its people, Rousseau believed it was an agreement between free individuals to create a government 48) Economic Theories - NOT ON TEST 49) Scientific Revolution - pg. 710-717 - 3 a) For a long time, everyone believed that the earth was the center, as God deliberately created humans at the center of the universe i) Called the geocentric theory b) Scientific Revolution challenged the old ways of thinking c) Nicolaus Copernicus created the heliocentric theory, which stated that the sun was the center and the earth revolved around it i) He did not publish his findings until he was on his deathbed for fear that people would become angry ii) His findings went against the teachings of the Church d) Galileo Galilei i) His findings scared both Catholics and Protestants because it went against church teachings and authority ii) If people found out, they might start to question other Church's beliefs iii) When Galileo didn’t agree to the Church’s request to stay silent, the Pope put him on house arrest and made him confess that he was wrong e) Scientific Method i) A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas ii) Deductive reasoning is when scientists start with a theory and test it with experiments iii) Inductive reasoning is when scientists look for patterns in experiments to come up with conclusions iv) Bacon and Descartes (1) Bacon believed that scientists needed to improve people's lives (2) He attacked medieval scholars for relying on Aristotle's conclusions (3) Descartes developed analytical geometry (4) Both believed that scientists should reject old assumptions and teachings (5) These laws help scientists express things mathematically and can lead people to a better understanding of how the world works 50) Peter the Great (significance, actions) - pg. 693-697 - 3 a) He was known as one of Russia’s greatest reformers b) Serfdom continued in Russia longer than in the rest of Europe because the serfs provided resources for most of Europe c) Peter’s goal was westernization and wanted to make Russia stronger d) To force change, Peter became an absolute monarch e) Westernizing Russia i) Introduced potatoes  ii) Started Russia’s first newspaper iii) Raised women’s status iv) Ordered nobles to give up traditional clothes for Western fashions v) Advanced education by opening schools for navigation and sciences f) Establishing of St.Petersburg i) Peter wanted a seaport that would make it easier to travel to the West ii) He began to make a new city on Swedish lands (1) He forced serfs to do labor g) Through all of this, Peter tried to westernize and reform the culture and government of Russia h) By 1725, Russia was a huge power in Europe 51) Catherine the Great (significance, actions) - pg. 730-731 - 2 a) She was considered to be one of the enlightened despots b) Exchanged letters with Voltaire c) Ruled as an absolute monarch but wanted to reform Russia d) She recommended religious toleration and the abolition of torture but this never happened e) She did little to improve the life of peasants f) When peasants revolted against her, she did nothing to end serfdom and Russian serfs lost their traces of freedom g) Cathrine wanted to access the Black sea h) She also expanded her empire into Poland i) At the end of her reign, Cathrine greatly expanded the Russian empire and made important improvements to Russia’s government and economy j) However, she became known as a tyrant 52) Vikings - NOT ON TEST 53) Medieval China (dynasties, practices...)’ a) See Topic 25 b) See Topic 26 c) See Topic 27 d) See Topic 44 54) Travelers (Polo, Battuta..) - pg. 327, 464 - 3 a) Marco Polo traveled the silk roads with his father and uncle b) He arrived at Kublai Khan's court c) Kublai Khan sent him to many Chinese cities on government missions d) On one journey, Polo was captured and sent back to Italy e) In prison, he talked about his travels and adventure and spoke about China’s fabulous cities, wealth, and all the other goods he encountered f) He mentioned coal in Chinese homes (Europe had never seen it before)  g) Many Europeans did not believe him, but Polo believed that he had visited the greatest civilization in the world h) Ibn Battuta i) He had traveled for 27 years, visiting most of the countries in the Islamic world ii) He visited Timbuktu and other cities in mali iii) He could travel without fear of crime iv) As a Muslim, he praised other Muslim people i) See Vasco da Gama j) See Zheng He Other Important Information Unit 6 Scientific Revolution/ Enlightenment https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/63993281224fac001e4c22f0?sou rce=quiz_sh