Week II Diversity in Natural Resources and Environments PDF

PERTANIAN INOVATIF (IPB 110C) Week II DIVERSITY IN BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTS by...

PERTANIAN INOVATIF (IPB 110C) Week II DIVERSITY IN BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTS by: Teaching team Prof. Dr. Ir. Hadi Susilo Arifin, M.S. (coordinator)  3/38 Learning Outcome After taking this course, students are expected to have basic knowledge skills and be able to : 1. Briefly explain the conceptual meaning of biodiversity, biological resources, and the environment. 2. Explain the potential of biological resources available in nature. 3. Explain the groups and types of terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity. 4. Explain the potential and description of the use of biological resources and the environment in Indonesia for food, energy, pharmaceuticals, materials, and environmental services 5. Provide examples of the types and diversity of biodiversity and the environment that Indonesia has, especially in their respective regions. 6. Explain and provide examples of the traditional knowledge and local ethnic wisdom of Indonesia about Kehati 7. Briefly explain the arguments for the need to preserve biological resources and the environment for the sustainability of life on earth  4/38 Lecture Topics : 1. Introduction: understanding biological resources, biodiversity, and the environment 2. Biological wealth owned by Indonesia 3. Potential and utilization of biodiversity in Indonesia: food, energy, pharmaceuticals, materials, environmental services. 4. Wealth of knowledge and local ethnic wisdom of Indonesia about biodiversity 5. Some important reasons for the preservation of biological resources and the environment.  5/38 Introduction: 1) Natural Resources: Everything that is under or above the surface of the earth including land, which is still potential, has not been involved in the production process to increase the availability of goods and services; Resources or production factors provided by nature and not man- made Sumber Foto: HS Arifin  6/38 Natural Resources: Natural environment conditions that have value to fulfill human needs; Elements of the natural environment, both physical and biological, that are needed by humans to fulfill their needs and improve their welfare. BASED ON ITS NATURE BASED ON ITS BASED ON THE RECOVERY HABITAT Physical resources (soil , Terrestrial Renewabler esources: land, water, water and air) resources forests, grasslands, and fish populations, etc. Biological natural resources Aquatic Non-renewable natural resources (fund (forests, grasslands, resources or stock resources): oil, coal, natural gas, agricultural crops, plantations, iron ore, etc. mangroves, wildlife, fish populations, etc.). Continuous resources: solar energy, tidal energy, air and water in the hydrological cycle.  7/38 UTILIZATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES Natural resources Physical and biological resources Aquatic Terrestrial Air - Mining - fresh water - Agriculture; Forestry - Gas - Fishery fishery - Mining - Energy - Transportation - Drinking - Housing; Industry; - others - Tourism water - Transportation; Tourism - Others - Other  8/38 2) The meaning of biodiversity: The diversity of living things - in the form of flora, fauna and microorganisms - is shown by various variations in form, appearance, role (function), number and nature/character which are visible at various levels of living communities, including genetic, species (population) and ecosystem levels.. Three levels of biodiversity: (1) Genetic diversity: The degree of genetic diversity in a species, measured by genetic variation/traits that can be passed down from generation to generation (hereditary traits); (2) Species diversity: indicated by the total number of species of living things on earth; (3) Ecosystem diversity: Diversity of habitats, indicated by the diversity of habitat types, communities and ecological processes within them.  9/38 The Wealth of Indonesia's Biodiversity (2017 LIPI data) Estimated Number of Major Biota Species in the World No Group Number No Group Number 1 Bakteri, 4.700 11 Crustacea 35.000 2 Fungi (jamur) 46.903 12 insect 751.000 3 Algae (Ganggang) 26.900 13 Arthropoda 132.451 4 Bryophyta (lumut) 17.000 14 Molusca 50.000 5 Gymnospermae 760 15 Starfish 6.100 6 Angiospermae 250.000 16 Fish 19.056 7 Protozoa 30.800 17 Amphibi 4.148 Indonesia has 17% of the world's total species, namely: 8 Sponge 5.000 18 Reptilia 6.300 11% flowering plants 9 Coral & Jellyfish 9.000 19 Birds 9.195 12% mammals 10 worms 24.000 20 Mamalia 4.170 15% herpetofauna 17% birds 37% fish  10/38 Indonesia's Tropical Forest Ecosystem and the Diversity of Its Inhabitants FUNGI TROPICAL RAIN FOREST ECOSYSTEM HUMAN WILD LIFE wATER MICROBES  11/38 Examples of Genetic Diversity  12/38 (2) Examples of the Wealth of Diversity of Flora and Fauna Species Sumber : https://rimbakita.com/kebun-binatang/  13/38 (2) Sagu Salak  14/38 (2) Examples of Fungal Species Diversity on Wawonii Island, Southeast Sulawesi (Rugayah dkk, LIPI, 2019)  15/38 PROFILE OF AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY Sumber : PROFIL KEANEKARAGAMAN HAYATI PERAIRAN I Seri 1: Biota Perairan Dilindungi dan Teran cam Punah  16/38 (2) Indonesia memiliki sekitar 1.700 jenis crustacea (udang, kepiting, dan kelomang) Sekitar 310 jenis memiliki nilai ekonomi penting, diantaranya suku Penaeidae (udang niaga), Palinuridae (lobster), Portunidae (rajungan dan kepiting bakau), dan Scyllaridae (udang kipas dan udang pasir)  17/38 (3) Ecosystem Diversity Ecosystem Terrestrial Ecosystem Aquatic Ecosystem  18/38 Definition of Environment: ▪ The sum total of the external conditions around which an organism, community, or object is located. ▪ The environment can also include organisms that are part of another organism's environment. (Dictionary of Ecology and Environmental Science. Henry W. Art, 1993). Potential and Utilization of Biological Wealth Food, Energy, Pharmaceuticals, Biomaterials, Environmental Services  19/38 Taro Sago Rice Maize Various agro- Sweet potato Cassava coastal lowland dry field ecosystems highland dry land rice talas singkong2  20/38 Food : Sagu (Metroxylon sagu)  21/38 Diversity of Fruits and Vegetables  22/38 DIVERSITY OF PROTEIN SOURCES Sumber: Badan Pangan Nasional  23/38 ENERGY FROM BIOMASS Sumber : https://www.google.com/search?q=Energi+biomassa&safe=strict&rlz=1C1DIMC_  24/38 Utilization of biomass from palm oil Raw materials for bioenergy 25/38  26/38 Biodiversity for Pharmaceutical Raw Materials GENES HUNTING AND POST GENOMIC ERA Anti-bacterial, Anti-viral Anti-fungal Anti-malarial Herbicide Anti-tumor, anti-cancer Immunostimulant Anti-rheumatic Termination of Amfibia sebagai Bahan Obat pregnancy Indonesia memiliki 303 jenis Contraceptive amfibi (8 jenis caecilian dan 295 katak) Amfibi telah lama digunakan sebagai: Bahan antibiotik Bahan obat anti nyeri Bahan obat anti diabetes Mekanisme regenerasi Mekanisme kerja organ  27/38 Marine biodiversity for pharmaceuticals  28/38 Examples of SPONGE Diversity for Pharmacy Bee Diversity for Pharmacy Bees have special bioactive ingredients, namely: SPONGE (Phylum porifera) Protein 50%; Carbohydrate 25% Has a nano-sized silicon dioxide structure on Fat 16%; Mineral 2%; R-factor 7% its spicules. Used for anti-bacteria, fungi and tumors, lowering Bioactive components are diverse: Cytotoxic, blood cholesterol and triglycerides, and repairing Antibiotic, Anti-tumor, Anti-fungal and tissue enzyme inhibitors  29/38 BIOMATERIAL Wood products Natural fibers and non-wood products Can you identify other forms of utilization? Indonesia has 3,124 types of wood consisting of commercial, non-commercial, unknown and cultivated wood types.  30/38 Natural fibers have been utilized for : 1. Textile materials 2. Rope materials 3. Craft materials 4. Paper materials 5. Building construction materials 6. Automotive components D E  31/38 Forest ecosystem services  32/38 Environmental services: Ecotourism  33/38 4. Traditional Knowledge & Local Wisdom of Indonesia about biological wealth For a long time, the Dawan people on Timor Island have used their traditional knowledge in utilizing plants as raw materials for making cloth, including for dyes..  34/38 Local Wisdom of Traditional Communities  35/38 5. Why is Conservation of Biological Resources Necessary? Sustainability of Life on Earth 1. Socio-Cultural Argument -> biological resources as a socio- cultural commodity needed to meet the needs of human life sustainably 2. Ecological Argument -> biological resources as part of a life support system that needs to be maintained to ensure the certainty of support for the sustainability of life and quality of life 3. Ethical-Moral Argument -> biological resources as God's creation whose existence must be maintained by humans as leaders (caliphs), civilized and cultured beings; the existence of the right to life of all living things on the surface of the earth  36/38 Examples of types of conservation areas:  37/38 Main resource "Indonesia's Biodiversity must be utilized sustainably with justice, civility and sovereignty as a prerequisite to support the welfare and healthy life of the Indonesian nation with sustainable quality" in accordance with the ideals of the State Foundation: Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution"  Selamat Belajar…. Sampai Bertemu Kembali pada Kuliah Minggu ke-3 Unduh materi di: class.ipb.ac.id Pertanian Inovatif (IPB110C) Direktorat Pendidikan Kompetensi Umum Gedung CCR Lantai 1 Kampus IPB Darmaga Bogor