Week-5-and-6-Soil-Resources-and-Conservation.pdf

Soil Resources Lesson Outline  Overview The Status of the World’s Soil Resources Introduction to Soil Resources Lesson What is Soil and How It is Formed? Soil Profile Outline Human Activities that Affects Soil Resources Sources of Eros...

Soil Resources Lesson Outline  Overview The Status of the World’s Soil Resources Introduction to Soil Resources Lesson What is Soil and How It is Formed? Soil Profile Outline Human Activities that Affects Soil Resources Sources of Erosion Ways of Conserving Soil Resources How Can We Conserve our Soil Resources?  Overview The Status of the World’s Soil Resources The Status of the World’s Soil Resources Introduction to Soil Resources What is Soil and How It is Formed? What is Soil and How It is Formed? Soil Is part of regolith that supports the growth of plant. Regolith Is the layer of rock and mineral fragments that covers most of Earth’s land surface Composition of Soil Mineral Matter Water Air Humus (Organic Materials)  What is Soil and How It is Formed? The most important factors in soil formation are parent material, time, climate, organisms, and slope. Parent Material The source of the weathered mineral matter from which soils develop Residual Soil – came from the bedrock as parent material Transported Soil – unconsolidated sediments that have been carried away elsewhere.  What is Soil and How It is Formed? The most important factors in soil formation are parent material, time, climate, organisms, and slope. Time Important component of every geological process; weathering requires time.  What is Soil and How It is Formed? The most important factors in soil formation are parent material, time, climate, organisms, and slope. Climate Variations in temperature and precipitation determine whether chemical or mechanical weathering predominates  What is Soil and How It is Formed? The most important factors in soil formation are parent material, time, climate, organisms, and slope. Plant and Animals Organisms influence the soil’s physical and chemical properties. Furnish organic matter to soil.  What is Soil and How It is Formed? The most important factors in soil formation are parent material, time, climate, organisms, and slope. Topography Slope of a surface Steep slopes – develops poor soils Optimum slopes – flat-to- undulating upland surface; good soils Slope orientation – the direction a slope is facing Introduction to Soil Resources Soil Profile Soil Profile Soil varies in composition, texture, structure, and color at different depths. Soil horizons are zones or layers of soil. Soil profile is a vertical section through all the soil horizons. Solum is the term for “true soils”; the soil forming processes are active and that living roots and other plant and animal life are largely confined Topsoil - consist of O and A horizons; generally have large humus content Subsoil – B horizon; generally composed of fine clay; referred to as zone of accumulation Human Activities that Affects Soil Resources Sources of Erosion  Sources of Erosion The following are some of the actions that speeds up erosion: Agricultural Depletion - tilling the soil, breaking it up and loosening it so the new plants can take root. Once the plants are harvested, the loose soil remains and wind or rain can easily wash it away.  Sources of Erosion The following are some of the actions that speeds up erosion: Overgrazing Animals - They wander over the area and eat grasses and shrubs. They can remove large amounts of the plant cover for an area.  Sources of Erosion The following are some of the actions that speeds up erosion: Deforestation - greatly increase the rate of erosion in a region by logging which kills these plants.  Sources of Erosion The following are some of the actions that speeds up erosion: Mining - major contributors to erosion, especially on a local level which involves shifting large amounts of earth, such as strip mining or mountaintop removal.  Sources of Erosion The following are some of the actions that speeds up erosion: Development and Expansion - can also exacerbate erosion, especially if the developers ignore the natural state of the land, by clearing the area of any plants or other natural defenses against soil erosion.  Sources of Erosion The following are some of the actions that speeds up erosion: Recreational activities - causes erosion through activities like hiking and riding off-road vehicles. Ways in Conserving Soil Resources How Can We Conserve our Soil Resources? How Can We Conserve our Soil Resources? Agricultural Overgrazing Deforestation Depletion Animals Drive tractors as Keep animals Reduce logging little as possible away from soil resources How Can We Conserve our Soil Resources? Mining Development Recreational & Expansion Activities Avoid mining on Landscape with Stay on steep land plants designated trails  “The Nation that destroys its soil destroys itself.” - Franklin D. Roosevelt Quote References References Carlson, D.H., Carlson, Plummer, C.C., and Hammersley, L., 2011. Physical Geology: Earth Revealed. McGraw-Hill. 645 p. Desonie, D., 2015. CK-12 Earth Science High School. http:// www.ck12.org/earth-science/ Junine, J.I., 2013. Earth Evolution of a Habitable World. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press. 304 p. Kirkland, K. 2010. Earth Science: notable research and discoveries. Facts on File, Inc., 212 p. Lutgens, F.K., Tarbuck, E.J. and Tassa, D., 2013. Essentials of Geology. 11th Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall, 554 p. Tarbuck, E.J. and Lutgens, F.K., 2008. Earth – An Introduction to Physical Geology. 9th Edition Pearson Prentice Hall, 703 p. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/edu/ http://study.com/academy/lesson/soil-erosion-effects-prevention.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ykgEwEOA25w  Thank You PREPARED BY : Mr. Mark Lester M. Cabaluna PRESENTED B Y: BRYAN O. DELLOMOS