ABE147 Final Exam PDF

ABE147-FINAL EXAMINATION Write your answers on flow 61. Steady the provided answer sheet. 62. Hy...

ABE147-FINAL EXAMINATION Write your answers on flow 61. Steady the provided answer sheet. 62. Hydraulic roughness Name:________________________________________ I. Identification. Identify 63.the following Hydraulic terms efficient based on the description provided. section TEST I. IDENTIFICATION 64. Specific energy 1. Soil conservation 1. The practice of managing 65. Criticalsoil to prevent degradation and promote sustainable use. depth 2. Erosion 2. The process of wearing 66. away Gradually orvaried removal flow of the earth’s surface by wind, water, or other natural forces. 3. Sustainability 3. The ability of an ecosystem 67. Weir / to maintain its essential functions and process over time. flume 4. Ground water 4. The act replenishing68. groundwater Gravity through various conservation methods. 5. Effective precipitation 5. A measure of the amount69. Froude of Number water that is available for use from rainfall, excluding runoff and evaporation. 6. Ecological conservation 6. The conservation strategy focused 70. Critical flow on maintaining the balance of the natural ecosystems. 7. Water conservation 7. The management of 71.water resources Best Hydraulic to minimize waste and maintain its quality. Section 8. Contour farming 8. Agricultural practice that involves planting across the slope to reduce soil erosion. 72. Levee 9. waterlogging 9. The phenomenon caused by excessive 73. Detention basin water infiltration leading to the rising of the water table. 10. Soil productivity 10. A measure of the fertility of land, often 74. Flood forecasting systemreduced by erosion or poor land management. 11. Precipitation 11. The process by which 75. River water restoration vapor in the atmosphere condenses and falls to the earth’s surface. 12. Orographic precipitation 12. The type of precipitation that occurs when warm, moist air is lifted over a mountain. 76. Spillway 13. Frontal precipitation 13. The precipitation that results from the collision of air masses with different temperatures. 77. Afforestation 14. Rainfall depth 14. The total amount of 78.precipitation Floodplain measured at a specific location over a given period of time. 15. Convective precipitation 79. Sandbag 15. The type of precipitation formed by intense heating of the earth’s surface, causing upward movement of air. 16. Rain gauge 80. Integrated 16. A device used to measure thefloodamountmanagement of precipitation at a specific location. 17. Millimeters or mm 17. The most common81. Check unit used dam to measure precipitation. 18. Hyetograph 82. Lined canalshowing the distribution of rainfall over time during storm event. 18. The graphical representation 19. Infiltration rate 19. The percentage of83. Earthen canal that infiltrates the soil and contributes to the ground recharge. precipitation 20. Interception 20. The phenomenon where 84. Cagayan River precipitation is intercepted by vegetation before reaching the ground. 21. Infiltration 21. The process by which 85. National water moves Water Resources from theBoardsoil (NWRB) surface into the soil. 22. Evaporation 86. San Roque 22. The loss of water from the soil or plant surfaces to the atmosphere. 23. Transpiration 23. The term describing 87.water Prismatic vaporchannels released from stomata. 24. Infiltration capacity 88. Non-prismatic 24. The ability of soil to absorb and transmit channelswater. 25. Runoff 25. The component of89. Lined channelsthat flows over the ground surface toward streams. precipitation 26. Hortonian overland flow 90. Unlined 26. The type of runoff that occurs channels when the rainfall rate exceeds the infiltration rate. 27. Percolation 27. The movement of 91. Openthrough water channelssoil and porous rock beneath the surface. 28. Infiltration rate 28. A measure of how92. Closed fast water channels infiltration soil, often expressed in inches per hour. 29. Potential evaporation 93. Hydraulic 29. The term for the maximum radius of water that can evaporate under given conditions. amount 30. Evapotranspiration 30. The combined process 94. Uniform flow of evaporation and transpiration. 31. Water erosion 31. The process by which 95. Critical depth are detached and transported by water. soil particles 32. Tolerable soil loss (T-value) 32. The maximum soil loss 96. Energy that can slopeoccur without adversely affecting crop productivity. 33. Contour farming 33. A vegetative practice 97. Froude usednumberto reduce runoff and trap sediment on sloping lands. 34. Rill erosion 34. The small channels98. Hydraulic formed bygrade line concentrated water flow that erode soil. 35. Splash erosion 35. The type of erosion99. Hydraulic caused byjump the impact of raindrops on the soil surface. 36. Threshold velocity 100. Laminar 36. The wind speed required flow the movement of soil particles. to initiate 37. Windbreaks 37. A control practice that reduces wind velocity at the ground level by using rows of trees or shrubs. 38. Silt 38. The soil particle sizeTEST II. FILL most IN THE BLANKS. susceptible to wind erosion. 39. Conservation tillage 1. Natural 39. A method of soil conservation that leaves crop residues on the soil surface. 40. Acceleration erosion 40. The continuous loss2.of Gullies top soil by both water and wind erosion over time. 41. Terracing 41. A soil conservation3.practice Soil involving earthen embankments constructed across slopes. 42. Graded terrace 42. The type of terrace4.designed Fresh to safely convey excess water to an outlet. 43. Land shaping 43. The process of shaping5. Hydrological the landorsurfacewater to reduce runoff and erosion. 44. Sediment basin 6. Contour 44. A conservation structure designed to store water temporarily and release it slowly. 45. Level terrace 45. The type of terrace7.thatFood holds water for infiltration and prevents runoff. 46. Check dam 8. Wind gully erosion by reducing water flow velocity. 46. A structure used to stabilize 47. Terrace interval 9. Buffer two consecutive terraces. 47. The slope length between 48. Drop spillway 48. A permanent structure 10. fertility that carries water from one level to another without causing erosion. 49. 0.5% 49. The minimum slope11.recommended Sheet for constructing broad-base terraces. 50. Diversional channel 12. Universal 50. A channel ditch designed to Soil Lossdischarge safely Equation water at a non-erosive velocity. 51. Watershed 51. The land area that13. Grasswater to a common outlet such as river, lake, or ocean. drains 52. Watershed divide 52. The imaginary line 14.thatTerraces separates adjacent watersheds. 53. Hydrology 15. Suspension 53. The study of the relationships between water, soil, and vegetation within a watershed. 54. Watershed management 54. A management practice 16. Properties that involves conserving soil and water resources in a watershed. 55. Topography 55. The primary factor17. Conservation influencing water flow direction and rate in a watershed. 56. Sediment transport 56. The process by whichRainfall 18. sediment erosivity (R) are carried by flowing water. particles 57. Bedload transport 57. The type sediment19. Windbreaks transport that occurs when particles roll or slide along the riverbed. 58. Sediment carrying capacity 58. The maximum amount 20. Sand of sediment a river can carry under given flow conditions. 59. Reservoir sedimentation 59. The process where the sediment settles and accumulates in reservoirs and lakes. 60. Sediment load 60. A measure of the concentration of sediment in a given volume of water. N 61. Steady flow 61. The type of flow in an open channel where the depth of water does not change over time. 62. Hydraulic roughness 62. A measure of the resistance to flow in an open channel, commonly represented by Manning’s equation. _______________________ 63. Hydraulic efficient section 63. The cross-sectional shape of the channel that minimizes the wetted perimeter for a given area. 64. Specific energy 64. The energy head in an open channel flow that includes depth, velocity head, and pressure head. 65. Critical depth 65. The depth of water at which energy is at its minimum for a given flow rate. 66. Gradually varied flow 66. The type of flow in an open channel characterized by varying flow depth along its length. 67. Weir / flume 67. A device used to measure flow rate in open channels by constricting flow and measuring depth. 68. Gravity 68. The force driving water flow in open channels, dependent on the slope of the channel bed. 69. Froude Number 69. The ratio of the inertial forces to gravitational forces in fluid flow or open channel. 70. Critical flow 70. The condition where flow velocity equals the wave velocity in open channel hydraulics. 71. Best Hydraulic Section 72. Levee 73. Detention basin 74. Flood forecasting system 75. River restoration  65. Critical depth 66. Gradually varied flow 61. Steady flow 67. 62.Weir / flume roughness Hydraulic __________ 7-FINAL EXAMINATION 68. 63.Gravity Hydraulic efficient 61. Steadysection flow 64.Froude 69. Specific Number energy 62. Hydraulic roughness ________________________________________ 65. Critical depth63. Hydraulic efficient section 70. Critical flow I. IDENTIFICATION 66. Gradually varied flow 64. Specific energy 71. The cross-section of an open channel that minimizes energy losses and maximizes flow efficiently for a given l conservation 71. 67.Best Hydraulic Weir / flume Section 65. Critical depth floor area. osion 72. 68.Levee Gravity 66. Gradually varied flow 72. A structure designed to redirect or contain floodwaters to protect a specific area from flooding. stainability 69. Froude Number 73. Detention basin 67. Weir / flume 73. A natural or man-made depression used to temporarily hold excess rainwater and reduce downstream flooding. ound water 70. Critical flow 68. Gravity 74. An early warning system that monitors water levels and rainfall to provide flood alerts. 74. 71.Flood Bestforecasting Hydraulic system 69. Section Froude Number 75. The practice of restoring natural waterways and wetlands to enhance water absorption and reduced flood risk. ective precipitation ological conservation 75. 72.River restoration 70. Critical flow Levee 76. A structural measure that allows excess floodwater to flow safely over or around a dam or levee without causing ater conservation 73.Spillway 76. Detention basin 71. Best Hydraulic Section damage. ntour farming 74. Flood forecasting 77. 72. Leveesystem Afforestation 73. Detention 77. A technique involving planting vegetation to stabilize soil and reduce runoff during heavy rainfall. terlogging 75. River restoration basin 78. A non-structural flood mitigation strategy that involves zoning laws and building codes to prevent development oil productivity 78. Floodplain 76. Spillway 74. Flood forecasting system in flood-prone areas. recipitation 79. 77.Sandbag Afforestation75. River restoration 79. A portable barrier or wall used during emergencies to temporarily block floodwaters. rographic precipitation 78.Integrated 80. Floodplain 76. Spillway flood management 80. The term for a flood protection strategy that combines structural and non-structural measures. rontal precipitation 79. Sandbag 77. Afforestation 81. A flood control structure that reduces river flow velocity by creating small pools or drops along the channel. 81. Check dam 78. Floodplain ainfall depth 80. Integrated flood management 82. A canal that has been constructed with a protective surface layer to reduce water seepage, prevent erosion, onvective precipitation 82. 81.Lined Checkcanaldam 79. Sandbag and improve flow efficiency. ain gauge 83. 82.Earthen Linedcanalcanal 80. Integrated flood management 83. A type of canal made from soil or earth, typically used for irrigation or water conveyance. Millimeters or mm 83.Cagayan Earthen 81. Check dam 84. The largest river system in the Philippines, which provides water for irrigation, energy, and other uses. 84. Rivercanal82. Lined canal yetograph 84. Cagayan River 85. The largest dam in the Philippines located on the Agno River in Pangasinan. It is a multipurpose dam used for nfiltration rate 85. 85.National National Water Resources 83. Earthen Water Board Resourcescanal (NWRB) Board (NWRB)hydroelectric power generation, irrigation, and flood control. nterception 86. 86.San Roque San Roque 84. Cagayan River 86. This agency is responsible for the management and regulation of water resources in the Philippines. 85. National Water Resources Board (NWRB) nfiltration 87.Prismatic 87. Prismatic channels channels 87. The channels with a uniform cross-section and shape along their length. 86. San Roque vaporation 88. Non-prismatic channels 88. The channels with a varying cross-section, shape, or bed slope along their length. ranspiration 88. Non-prismatic channels87. Prismatic channels 89. Lined channels 89. The channels with surfaces lined materials like concrete, masonry, or asphalt. nfiltration capacity 89. Lined channels 88. Non-prismatic channels 90. Unlined channels 90. The channels with natural bed and banks often composed of soil or loose materials. unoff 89. Lined channels 90. 91.Unlined Openchannels channels 91. The channels where flow is exposed to the atmosphere and is driven by gravity. ortonian overland flow 90. Unlined channels 92.Open 91. Closed channels channels 92. The channels that are enclosed, but partially filled, so the flow remains under atmospheric pressure. ercolation 91. Open channels 93. Hydraulic radius 93. The ratio of the cross-sectional area of flow to the wetted perimeter. nfiltration rate 92. Closed channels 92. Closed channels 94. The flow condition where the depth of flow does not change along the channel. 94. Uniform flow93. Hydraulic radius otential evaporation 93. 95.Hydraulic Criticalradius depth94. Uniform flow 95. The depth of flow at which the specific energy is at its minimum for a given discharge. vapotranspiration 94. 96.Uniform Energy flowslope95. Critical depth 96. The slope of the energy grade line in an open channel. Water erosion 97.Critical 95. Froude depth number96. Energy slope 97. The dimensionless number used to classify flow as subcritical, critical, and supercritical. olerable soil loss (T-value) 98. Hydraulic grade 97. linenumber Froude 98. The line that represents the sum of pressure head and velocity head along a channel. ontour farming 96. Energy slope 99. Hydraulic jump 99. A transition in the flow regime from supercritical to subcritical flow. ill erosion 98. Hydraulic grade line 97. Froude 100. numberflow Laminar 99. Hydraulic jump 100. The type of flow that occurs when water particles flow a parallel path with no mixing. plash erosion hreshold velocity 98. Hydraulic grade line 100. Laminar flow TEST II. FILL IN THE BLANKS. Test II. Fill in the blanks. Complete the sentences with the correct answer. Windbreaks 99. Hydraulic jump lt 1. Natural TEST II. FILL IN THE BLANKS. 100. Laminar flow 1. Natural 2. Gullies 1. The primary goal of conservation is to ensure the sustainable use of ___________ resources. onservation tillage cceleration erosion 3. Soil 2. Gullies 2. Soil erosion caused by heavy rainfall often leads to the formation of _______________. erracing 4. Fresh TEST 3. Soil II. FILL IN THE BLANKS. 3, One major environmental impact of deforestation increased _________________ erosion. 4. ______________ water is a critical component for agricultural irrigation and domestic use. raded terrace 1.5.Natural Hydrological or 4. Fresh water 5. The ___________ cycle is essential for replenishing water in ecosystems. and shaping 6. Contour 5. Hydrological or water ediment basin 2.7.Gullies Food 6. Contour 6. _____________ farming is a conservation method that reduces soil loss by slowing water runoff. evel terrace 3.8.Soil Wind 7. Food 7. Soil conservation is vital for maintaining _______________ security. heck dam 4.9.Fresh Buffer 8. Wind 8. The process of ___________ erosion can lead to the removal of the fertile topsoil layer. errace interval 10. fertility 9. Buffer 9. ________________ strips are used in farming to trap sediment and reduce runoff. Test III. TRUE OR FALSE 5.11. Hydrological Sheet or water 10. fertility 10. Soil _______________ is the capability of soil to support plant growth. 1. True rop spillway 2. False.5% 6.12. Contour Universal Soil11.LossSheet Equation 11. ____________ erosion occurs when surface water removes soil in thin layers. 3. False iversional channel 7.13. Food Grass 12. Universal Soil Loss Equation 12. The ____________________ equation is used to estimate soil loss from water erosion. 4. True Watershed 13. Grass 13. ____________ strips are areas of permanent vegetation used to control erosion along slopes.5. True 8.14. Wind Terraces 14. Erosion control ___________ are engineered structures designed to reduce water flow velocity Watershed divide 15. Suspension 14. Terraces TESTand erosion. IV. ENUMERATION ydrology 9.16. Buffer Properties 15. Suspension 15. ______________ erosion occurs when wind lifts and transports fine soil particles over large distances. Watershed management 10. Conservation16. Properties 17.fertility 16. Soil ________________, such as moisture, and texture, significantly affect susceptibility to wind6 erosion. Channels Based on Geometric Shape 1. Rectangular opography 11. Sheet 18. 17. Conservation Rainfall erosivity (R) 17. ______________ tillage helps reduce both water and wind erosion by maintaining soil cover. 2. Triangular ediment transport 19. Windbreaks 18. Rainfall erosivity (R) 18. The __________________ factor in the Universal Soil Loss Equation represents the erosive power3. Trapezoidal of rainfall. edload transport 12. Universal Soil Loss19.Equation Windbreaks 19. _______________ are barriers constructed perpendicular to prevailing winds to reduce erosion. 4. Circular 20. Sand ediment carrying capacity 13. Grass 20. Sand 20. ____________ dunes can form in areas of severe wind erosion where soil particles accumulate. 5. Parabolic 6. Semi-circular or Irregular eservoir sedimentation 14. Terraces ediment load 2 Channels Based on Flow Type 15. Suspension III. True or False. Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false. Write your answer on the space 1. Steady Flow Channel 16. Properties Test Test III. TRUE III. TRUE OR FALSE OR FALSE provided. 2. Unsteady Flow Channel 17. Conservation 1.1.TrueTrue ______ 1. Open channel flow occurs when the fluid surface is open to atmospheric pressure. 3 Channels Based on Flow Depth 2. False 18. Rainfall erosivity (R)3.2.FalseFalse ______ 2. Laminar flow is more common than turbulent flow in open channels. 1. Subcritical Flow 2. Critical Flow 4.3. True False ______ 3. The manning equation is used to calculate the Chezy coefficient. 19. Windbreaks 5.4. True True ______ 4. Critical depth occurs when the Froude number equals 1. 3. Supercritical Flow 20. Sand 5. True TEST IV. ENUMERATION ______ 5. Weirs are used to measure open channels flow rates. 2 Channels Based on Lining 1. Lined TEST IV.Based 6 Channels ENUMERATION on Geometric Shape 2. Unlined 1. Rectangular 2. Triangular Test IV. Enumeration. List down all main types of channels based on different criteria. 4 Channels Based on Function 6 Channels Based on Geometric Shape 3. Trapezoidal A. 6 Channels Based on Geometric Shape 1. Irrigation 1. Rectangular 4. Circular 2. Drainage 5.2. Triangular Parabolic B. 2 Channels Based on Flow Type 3. Navigation 6. Semi-circular or Irregular 3. Trapezoidal C. 3 Channels Based on Flow Depth 4. Flood Control 4. Circular D. 2 Channels Based on Lining 2 Channels Based on Flow Type 2 Channels Based on Flow Characteristics 1.5. Parabolic Steady Flow Channel E. 4 Channels Based on Function 1. Open 2.6. Unsteady Flow Channel Semi-circular or Irregular F. 2 Channels Based on Flow Characteristics 2. Closed 3 Channels Based on Flow Depth 1.2Subcritical Channels FlowBased on Flow Type 2.1. Critical SteadyFlow Flow Channel 3. Supercritical Flow 2. Unsteady Flow Channel