Lecture Notes - Personality, Psychopathy, ASPD PDF

lecture notes - Personality, Psychopathy, ASPD 8:17 start 9:50 finish Trait approaches Gordon Allport (1897 - 1967) Founded personality psychology at Harvard Wrote the first textbook on personality...

lecture notes - Personality, Psychopathy, ASPD 8:17 start 9:50 finish Trait approaches Gordon Allport (1897 - 1967) Founded personality psychology at Harvard Wrote the first textbook on personality introduced idiographic vs nomothetic distinction idiographic: interested in unique individual monographic: interested in what is common amongst people interested in unique individual traits cardinal (dominant trait), central (how sociable a person is), secondary traits (preferences) Personality traits Traits: Dispositions or tendences to act in meaningfully consistent ways across time Traits are stable nature over nurture (there is an interaction) Nurture works in how we express our traits Nomothetic approach: Traits as dimensions Quantitative approach application of trait reasearch Identifying traits lecture notes - Personality, Psychopathy, ASPD 1  Lexical hypothesis: traits can be identified through language: Factor analysis: pull out a dictionary and ask people to self rate themselves on shown adjectives, and then see which responses correlate with one another Eysenck’s 3 factor account 1. Extraversion-introversion 2. Neuroticism-normality 3. Psychoticism biological basis of traits Ascending Reticular activation System (ARAS) Cortical excitation and inhibition High ARAS arousal predisposes to introversion postulated that an introvert is more overly stimulated within and were always withdrawing from stimulation to decrease it believed the opposite for extroverts - lower internal stimulation so they seeked it out in highly stimulating behaviour/contexts Limbic system (visceral brain) and neuroticism Higher activation in the limbic system may mean that you are more likely to be emotionally upset at things lecture notes - Personality, Psychopathy, ASPD 2  Five factor model and theory (McCre and Costa 1990 2004 2015) Traits are ‘enduring tendencies to think, feel and behave in consistent ways’ Is assessable via self-report NEO-PI-R, useful for job selection/screening tool Study by Black (2000) to predict qualities in police officers; through police selection as a screening measure in NZ The model is popular because it is applicable to a range of settings to predict behaviour Role of environment? Limited impact of the environment on personality traits Traits are highly heritable: ‘relatively untouched by life experience’ Role of culture: McCrae 2004: “According to FFT, traits are not affected by culture, but by biology which is the common heritage of the human species” Culture shapes the expression of traits lecture notes - Personality, Psychopathy, ASPD 3  Personality disorders and personality traits DSM-5 A) Enduring patterns of thinking/feeling/acting/relating B) Culturally deviant C) Pervasive and inflexible D) Lead to distress or social impairment Categorical VS Dimensional approach lecture notes - Personality, Psychopathy, ASPD 4  Categorical model: Separate PD categories qualitatively distinct clinical syndromes Failute of the categorical model: a. Extensive co-occurance of PD’s b. Extreme heterogeneity - anyone can reflect this disorder in a huge variety (256 different ways to diagnost BPD) c. PD NOS most common diagnosis (doesn’t fit into any of the categorities) d. Poor inter-rater reliability Alternative model of PD (AMPD): Impairment and pathological traits An alternative dimensional approach: “Personality disorders represetn maladaptive variats of PT that merge into normality and into one another” PD involve: Criterion A: impaired personality functioning lecture notes - Personality, Psychopathy, ASPD 5  problems with identity, self empathy and relationships Criterion B: pathological personality traits pathological personality traints based on the five factor model AMPD and Clinical implications: Widiger (2017): FFM and AMPD potentially better for treatments options: Extro/Agrbl: working on interpersonal goals Neuro: working on emotional stability goals Conscien: work related goals Openn: cognitive goals AMPD evaluation: Krueger and Hobbs (2020): meaningful clinical correlations (eg. preicts self harm; treatment dropout) acceptable/improved interrater reliability reasonable psychometric properties Personality and health: lecture notes - Personality, Psychopathy, ASPD 6  Research considerations: Complexity: personality is only one factor amongst many Methodological heterogeneity: diverse samples and methods can make comparing studies difficult Correlational evidence and causal interpretation time frame issues (whether growing cancers actually happened during study timeframe or after) Personality and health 1850s: Psychosomatic illnesses 1895: Freud and hysteria depending on different theories that women were likely to suffer physiological/health symptoms through paralysis and other things but did not have a cause postulated that it was psyhological lecture notes - Personality, Psychopathy, ASPD 7  Freud postulated of the theory or repression that it causes development of physical symptoms 1950s: Type A personality and coronary heart disease (CHD) assumed that people with these traits were likely to suffer from CHD highly competitive ambitious work driven time-conscious stressed aggressive There is not enough consistent evidence to support this theory. lecture notes - Personality, Psychopathy, ASPD 8  Type D personality: distressed personality: Negatvie affect and socially inhibited lecture notes - Personality, Psychopathy, ASPD 9