Week 35. SOLAS Convention-1 (1).pptx

Safety of Lives at Sea. (SOLAS) Geir M.Moholdt USN –høst 2024. 13.11.2024 Oppsummering kvalitativ 1  Læringsmål Background Objectives Organization/structure Certificates Fire prevention Safety appliances Radio communication Titanic; it al...

Safety of Lives at Sea. (SOLAS) Geir M.Moholdt USN –høst 2024. 13.11.2024 Oppsummering kvalitativ 1  Læringsmål Background Objectives Organization/structure Certificates Fire prevention Safety appliances Radio communication Titanic; it all started here! International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974 The lucky ones who had ticket on 1.class  General Safety onboard is an important issue because the ship is very often far from any possible assistance  SOLAS sets minimum safety standards in the construction, equipment and operation of merchant ships However, safety on board is not guaranteed by rules and regulations  Prevention through recognition, rectification and avoidance of unsafe actions and/or situations are of utmost importanse  SOLAS Convention Is generally regarded as the most important of all conventions The first version was adopted in 1914, following the sinking of the Titanic with the loss of more than 1500 lives Since then there have been four more versions of SOLAS The present version was adopted in 1974 and entered into force in 1980 The Convention in force today is sometimes referred to as SOLAS 1974, as amended.  (Reglene er bygget inn i norske regler gjennom skipssikkerhetsloven) Ulykker til havs var ikke noe nytt. Hvorfor var denne ulykken så spesiell? Tap av over 1,500 liv? Mange prominente/rike mennesker om bord. England var en verdensmakt på havet, bygget/konstruert et skip som ikke kunne synke > sank på jomfruturen. Luksusen om bord grenset til det ekstreme. Skipet skulle til New York, verdensmetropolen. De tekniske nyvinningene kom til kort. Undersøkelsen avdekket dumskap, dårskap og elendig sjømannskap og en total uakseptabel behandling av et stort antall passasjerer. Main objective ; Is to specify minimum standards for the construction, equipment and operation of ships Safety onboard is an important issue because the ship is very often far from any possible assistance  Technical provisions Flag States are responsible for ensuring that ships under their flag comply with its requirements, and a number of certificates are prescribed in the Convention as proof that this has been done Control provisions also allow Contracting Governments to inspect ships of other Contracting States Port State Control (PSC) inspect vessels in their respective ports  Chapter I - General Provisions Includes regulations concerning the survey of the various types of ships and the issuing of documents signifying that the ship meets the requirements of the Convention The Chapter also includes provisions for the control of ships in ports of other Contracting Governments Chapter II-1 - Construction - Subdivision and stability, machinery and electrical installations The subdivision of passenger ships into watertight compartments so that after damage to its hull, a vessel will remain afloat and stable  The maximum permissible distance between two adjacent bulkheads varies with the ship’s length and the service in which it is engaged  Stability requirements  Tank ships and Bulk ships to be designed and constructed to be safe and environmentally friendly, preventing marine pollution  Watertights compartments Pre Titanic Post Titanic  Chapter II-1 Requirements covering machinery and electrical installations are designed to ensure that services which are essential for the safety of the ship, passengers and crew are maintained under various emergency conditions  Chapter II-2 - Fire protection, fire detection and fire extinction Division of the ship into main and vertical zones by thermal and structural boundaries Separation of accommodation spaces from the remainder of the ship by thermal and structural boundaries Restricted use of combustible materials; detection of any fire in the various zones Protection of the means of escape or of access for fire-fighting purposes; ready availability of fire-extinguishing appliances  Water The most versatile, easiest and cheapest medium available for extinguishing a fire. Therefore ships are provided with:  Fire pumps  An emergency fire pump  Pipe-line system and fire hydrants at regular distances  Fire hoses  When the water is evaporated by the heat of the fire, it takes a large quantity of energy from the fire  When there is sufficient evaporation the fire will die Fire Fighting Squad Onboard  Fire detectors-alarms Sensors and detectors are placed at various locations to detect the possibility of a fire and avoid an emergency situation on board the ship  Smoke detectors  Heat detectors  Flame detectors  The presence of smoke, heat or flames trigger the alarm Manual alarm call points are designed for the purpose of raising an alarm manually  Carbon dioxide (CO2)  CO2 system which requires evacuation of personnel before operation  It reduces the oxygen content to a level at which fire cannot exist  Such a system can only be used in closed compartment  Head count before release!!  When the bottles are opened, the CO2 alarm is trigged Chapter III - Life-saving appliances and arrangements Requirements for life-saving appliances and arrangements, including requirements for life boats, rescue boats and life jackets according to type of ship. The International Life-Saving Appliance (LSA) Code gives specific technical requirements for LSAs  Life buoys A number of life buoys, depending on the ships length, are positioned around the ship Some are provided with light and/or line There has to be a life buoy with a man-over-board float on each bridge wing When released it drops by gravity into the sea and produces dense  Lifeboats………… Mostly lifeboats are enclosed Every lifeboat must have a diesel engine, started by batteries and manually back-up Lifeboats have to be capable of beeing lowered and launced when the ship is listing up to 20 degrees and with a trim of 10 degrees No ship’s power is needed to lower a lifeboat Lifeboats on tankers have to be provided with internal air supply so the boat can pass through burning oil on the water  Freefall lifeboat Alternatively a freefall lifeboat is innstalled on the stern, large enough to accomodate the whole crew The seats are positioned facing astern to prevent injuries due to impact The lifeboat must have sufficient buoyancy to detach itself if the ship should sink or roll over  Pyrotechnics Parachute signals must be available must be available in or near the wheel house (12) and in each lifeboat (4) Hand flares in lifeboats (6) and rescue boat (4) Smoke signals in each lifeboat (2) (Line throwing apparatus)  Search And Rescue Transponder (SART)  Liferafts and lifeboats are difficult to see on radar because of their poor radar-reflecting properties  It operates on the 9GHz frequency band (9.2 to 9.5 GHz) and generates a series of clips on the radar it is interrogated by (3 cm/X Band radar).  Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB) EPIRB is a device to alert search and rescue services (SAR) in case of an emergency at sea. It is a tracking equipment that transmits a signal on a specified band (406 MHz) to locate a lifeboat, life raft, ship or people in distress. (hydrostatic release)  Life jackets Life jackets are provided for everyone on board They are usually stored in cabins, but sometimes in boxes near lifeboats A lifejacet has to be made of watertigh and fire retarding material with sufficient buoyancy It has to turn an unconscious person upright and keep his/her mount 12 cm above the water level They have to be fitted with reflective material  The details for construction and operating requirements are given in SOLAS chapter II under LSA code which was recently amended in July 2010.  Life rafts On cargo ships inflateable life rafts are located on each side of the ship A throw-overboard raft must have its painter connected to the ship and secured with a band held by a hydrostatic release If the ship sinks, the release opens and the raft floats  Training and drills Regular drills are held on board to ensure crew is safety-conscious, and trained to follow procedures, and use of all necessary equipment in the event of an accident  In an emergency situation people are not logical thinkers, but tend to act instinctively using what they have learned during drills  When crew are unfamiliar with the situation (accident) they tend to panic Inadequately traind crew on tankers in fire have jumbed overboard, often with fatal consequences  Chapter IV - Radiocommunications The Chapter incorporates the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) All passenger ships and all cargo ships of 300 gross tonnage and upwards on international voyages are required to carry equipment designed to improve the chances of rescue following an accident, including satellite emergency position indicating radio beacons (EPIRBs) and search and rescue transponders (SARTs) for the location of the ship or survival  1988 Version – replaced Morce code with GMDSS Radiostation before Radiostation after 1992 1992 (GMDSS)  Chapter V - Safety of navigation Navigation safety services which should be provided by Contracting Governments  Maintenance of meteorological services for ships; the ice patrol service; routeing of ships; and the maintenance of search and rescue services  This Chapter also includes a general obligation for masters to proceed to the assistance of those in distress and for Contracting Governments to ensure that all ships shall be sufficiently and efficiently manned from a safety point of view  Chapter V - Safety of navigation The chapter makes mandatory the carriage of voyage data recorders (VDRs) and automatic ship identification systems (AIS).  Voyage Data Recorder (VDR) (black box) Ships of 3,000 GT and upwards are required to have a VDR A ship’s VDR stores navigational data;-pos, speed, course and recording bridge communicationt less than a period of 12 hours A VDR is capable of withstanding heavy weather, collisions fires and pressure conditions even when a ship is at a depth of several meters in water  Chapter VI - Carriage of Cargoes The Chapter covers all types of cargo (except liquids and gases in bulk) "which, owing to their particular hazards to ships or persons on board, may require special precautions" The regulations include requirements for stowage and securing of cargo or cargo units (such as containers) The Chapter requires cargo ships carrying grain to comply with the International Grain Code  Chapters… Chapter VII - Carriage of dangerous goods Chapter VIII - Nuclear ships Chapter IX - Management for the Safe Operation of Ships Chapter X - Safety measures for high-speed craft Chapter XI-1 - Special measures to enhance maritime safety  Chapters… Chapter XI-2 - Special measures to enhance maritime security Chapter XII - Additional safety measures for bulk carriers Chapter XIII - Verification of compliance Chapter XIV - Safety measures for ships operating in polar waters  youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K ZucJ29F_  Exemption Warships Fishing vessels Ships below 500 gross tonnage not engaged on international voyages  Questions 1. Why are regular safety drills on board necessary? 2. How is the safety on ships regulated by IMO? 3. How can fire protection be realized through construction? 4. What is the main principle of fire-fighting on board a ship? 5. Give the components of the fire triangle and explain the connection between these. 6. How does water put out a fire? 7. What is a muster list and what is its function? 8. What is the rules regarding life boat position and capacity? 9. How can life rafte be launched? 10. How is a life raft inflated? 11. What is GMDSS? 12. What is EPIRB and how does it function?  Facts - Titanic The Titanic's lookout was not equipped with binoculars to see icebergs in time to avoid collision The ship received six warnings about icebergs during the voyage First Officer William Murdoch attempted to turn the ship to swing it past the berg If only four of the Titanic's watertight compartments had been breached, it would have stayed afloat. The iceberg sliced through six If the ship had hit the berg head on, Titanic probably would have survived because of the strength of its bulkheads  Facts - Titanic The Titanic's crew failed to fire correct distress signals after hitting the iceberg. Random rockets were fired, but according to the British inquiry into the wreck, the message sent by the rockets' pattern never signaled "distress." Instead, the incorrect rocket pattern signaled to any ship in the are a the message: "I'm having navigation problem. Please stand clear“ The Titanic held no passenger lifeboat drills during its voyage The Titanic originally was designed to carry 64 lifeboats. To save from cluttering decks, the ship ended up carrying 20 on her maiden voyage The final SOS position the Titanic sent out was incorrect