Week 3 Part 1_Competitive Market in Short Run (MGMG506 Thai Economy) PDF
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วิทยาลัยการจัดการ มหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล
Andreea CHIRITESCU
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This document discusses competitive markets in the short run, focusing on the principles of revenue and profit maximization. It includes examples, such as a hypothetical noodle shop, illustrating the cost/benefit analysis involved in running a business.
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MGMG506 Thai Economy in Global Context Slide: 3-1 Competitive Market in short run Book Chapter 14: Firms in Competitive Markets...
MGMG506 Thai Economy in Global Context Slide: 3-1 Competitive Market in short run Book Chapter 14: Firms in Competitive Markets PowerPoint Slides prepared by: Andreea CHIRITESCU Eastern Illinois University © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain 2 product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. The Four Types of Market Structure Economists who study industrial organization divide markets into four types—monopoly, oligopoly, monopolistic competition, and perfect competition. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain 3 product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. What is a Competitive Market? Competitive market (ตลาดแข่งขัน) – Market with many buyers and sellers - มีผู้ซื้อผู้ขายมากรายในตลาด – Trading identical products (homogeneous goods) - ทาสินค้าทีเ่ หมือนกันหมด – Each buyer and seller is a price taker. – ผู้ซื้อและผู้ขายเป็น price taker (ผู้รับราคา) No buyer nor seller can set the price. - ไม่มีผู้ขายรายใดสามารถกาหนดราคาเองได้ – Price is determined by the market. - ราคาถูกกาหนดโดยตลาด – Firms can freely enter or exit the market. – ผู้ผลิตสามารถเข้า/ออกจากตลาดได้เสรี © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain 4 product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Competitive Firm Objective of a firm –Maximize profit – วัตถุประสงค์หลักของธุรกิจ คือ แสวงหากาไรสูงสุด Total revenue minus total cost Total revenue = price times quantity =PxQ –Proportional to the amount of output since price is given by the market. (รายรับขึ้นอยู่กับปริมาณขาย เนื่องจากราคาถูกกาหนดโดยตลาด) © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain 5 product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Revenue Average revenue (รายรับเฉลี่ย = รายรับรวม ÷ ปริมาณการขาย) –Total revenue divided by the quantity sold Marginal revenue (รายรับส่วนเพิ่ม = รายรับที่เปลี่ยนแปลงไปจากการขายเพิ่มขึ้น 1 หน่วย) –Change in total revenue from an additional unit sold For competitive firms –Average revenue = P (TR = P x Q, AR = TR/Q = P) –Marginal revenue = P (MR = ∆TR/∆Q = P x ∆Q/∆Q = P) © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain 6 product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Table 1 Total, Average, and Marginal Revenue for a Competitive Firm © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain 7 product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Profit Maximization Maximize profit –Produce quantity where total revenue minus total cost is greatest –Compare marginal revenue with marginal cost If MR > MC – increase production (ถ้า MR > MC จะผลิตเพิ่มขึ้น) If MR < MC – decrease production (ถ้า MR < MC จะผลิตลดลง) Maximize profit where MR = MC จุดการผลิตที่ทาให้ธุรกิจได้รับกาไรสูงสุด คือ จุดที่ MR = MC © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain 8 product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Table 2 Profit Maximization: A Numerical Example © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain 9 product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Profit Maximization The marginal-cost curve and the firm’s supply decision – MC curve – upward sloping – ATC curve – U-shaped – MC curve crosses the ATC curve at the minimum of ATC curve – P = AR = MR © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain 10 product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Profit Maximization Rules for profit maximization: (กาไรสูงสุดเกิดขึ้น เมื่อ MR = MC) – If MR > MC – firm should increase output – If MC > MR – firm should decrease output – If MR = MC – profit-maximizing level of output Marginal-cost curve (MC คือ Supply curve) – Determines the quantity of the good the firm is willing to supply at any price – Is the supply curve © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain 11 product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Figure 1 Profit Maximization for a Competitive Firm Costs The firm maximizes profit by producing and the quantity at which marginal cost Revenue equals marginal revenue. MC MC2 ATC P=AR=MR P=MR1=MR2 AVC MC1 0 Q1 QMAX Q2 Quantity This figure shows the marginal-cost curve (MC), the average-total-cost curve (ATC), and the average- variable-cost curve (AVC). It also shows the market price (P), which equals marginal revenue (MR) and average revenue (AR). At the quantity Q1, marginal revenue MR1 exceeds marginal cost MC1, so raising production increases profit. At the quantity Q2, marginal cost MC2 is above marginal revenue MR2, so reducing production increases profit. The profit-maximizing quantity QMAX is found where the horizontal price line intersects the marginal-cost curve. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain 12 product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Figure 2 Marginal Cost as the Competitive Firm’s Supply Curve Price MC P2 ATC P1 AVC 0 Q1 Q2 Quantity An increase in the price from P1 to P2 leads to an increase in the firm’s profit-maximizing quantity from Q1 to Q2. Because the marginal-cost curve shows the quantity supplied by the firm at any given price, it is the firm’s supply curve. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain 13 product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Profit Maximization Measuring profit –If P > ATC – ที่ระดับราคาสูงกว่า ATC กาไรของธุรกิจจะเป็นบวก Profit = TR – TC = (P – ATC) x Q = Positive profit –If P < ATC - ที่ระดับราคาต่ากว่า ATC กาไรของธุรกิจจะเป็นลบ Loss = TC - TR = (ATC – P) x Q = Negative profit © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain 14 product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. ถ้าจะเปิดร้านบะหมี่หน้าวิทยาลัยแห่งหนึ่ง (กาหนดให้ร้านบะหมี่เป็นตลาดแข่งขัน) ในพืน้ ที่ อุปสงค์ของสินค้า (คือบะหมี่) มีอยู่ 10 ชาม และ Demand เป็น Inelastic ต้นทุนในการทาบะหมี่หนึ่งชาม มีต้นทุนผันแปรเฉลี่ย 20 บาท/ชาม และมีต้นทุนคงที่ เช่น ค่าเช่าที่ วันละ 100 บาท ถ้าราคาบะหมี่ในราคาตลาด อยู่ที่ชามละ 50 บาท คาถามคือ จะได้กาไรหรือไม่ ควรเปิดร้านหรือไม่ ถ้าราคาบะหมี่ ลดลงมาอยู่ที่ 25 บาท/ชาม - จะกาไรหรือขาดทุน จะเปิดร้านหรือไม่ ต้นทุนรวมเฉลี่ย 30 บาท ขายได้ชามละ 25 บาท ขาดทุนชามละ 5 บาท รวมแล้วขาดทุน 50 บาท ถ้าไม่ทาธุรกิจ จะกาไรหรือขาดทุนเท่าใด (ขาดทุนค่าเช่า เท่ากับ 100 บาท) ถ้าราคาลดลงมาเหลือชามละ 15 บาท จะทาหรือไม่ 15 ข้อสรุปคือ P > ATC มีกาไร ทาธุรกิจต่อ ATC > P > AVC ขาดทุน แต่ยังทาต่อ เพราะจะขาดทุนน้อยกว่า FC ATC > AVC > P ขาดทุน ไม่ต้องทาแล้ว ให้ตัดขาดทุนเท่ากับ FC Supply คือ เส้น MC แต่เฉพาะส่วนที่ P > Min. AVC เท่านั้น เพราะถ้า P < Min. AVC จะไม่มีการผลิตเลย 16 Figure 5 Profit as the Area between Price and Average Total Cost (a) A firm with profits (b) A firm with losses Price Price MC MC Profit ATC ATC Loss P ATC P=AR=MR ATC P P=AR=MR 0 Q Quantity 0 Q Quantity (profit-maximizing quantity) (loss-minimizing quantity) The area of the shaded box between price and average total cost represents the firm’s profit. The height of this box is price minus average total cost (P – ATC), and the width of the box is the quantity of output (Q). In panel (a), price is above average total cost, so the firm has positive profit. In panel (b), price is less than average total cost, so the firm has losses. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain 17 product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Profit Maximization Shutdown (หยุดดาเนินการ) – Short-run decision not to produce anything During a specific period of time Because of current market conditions – Firm still has to pay fixed costs (ถึงแม้จะหยุดดาเนินการ แต่บริษัทยังต้องจากต้นทุนคงที่) Exit (ออกจากธุรกิจ) – Long-run decision to leave the market – Firm doesn’t have to pay any costs (เมื่อผู้ผลิตตัดสินใจออกจากธุรกิจ จะไม่ต้องจ่าย ต้นทุนใดอีกต่อไป) © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain 18 product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Profit Maximization The firm’s short-run decision to shut down – TR = total revenue – VC = variable costs Firm’s decision: – Shut down if TR < VC (P < AVC) หยุดดาเนินการ ถ้ารายรับรวมน้อยกว่าต้นทุนผันแปร Competitive firm’s short-run supply curve – The portion of its marginal-cost curve (เส้น Supply เป็นสัดส่วนกับเส้น MC) – That lies above average variable cost (Supply curve (MC) จะอยู่เหนือเส้น AVC) © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain 19 product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Figure 3 The Competitive Firm’s Short-Run Supply Curve Costs 1. In the short run, the firm produces on the MC MC curve if P>AVC,... ATC AVC 2....but shuts down if P AVC: supply curve is MC curve ที่ระดับราคาสูงกว่า AVC เส้นอุปทานเป็นเส้นเดียวกัน MC –Market supply (นาปริมาณที่แต่ละกิจการผลิตมารวมกัน จะเป็นอุปทานของตลาด) Add up quantity supplied by each firm © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain 21 product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Figure 6 Short-Run Market Supply (a) Individual firm supply (b) Market supply Price Price MC Supply $2.00 $2.00 1.00 1.00 0 100 200 Quantity 0 100,000 200,000 Quantity (firm) (market) In the short run, the number of firms in the market is fixed. As a result, the market supply curve, shown in panel (b), reflects the individual firms’ marginal-cost curves, shown in panel (a). Here, in a market of 1,000 firms, the quantity of output supplied to the market is 1,000 times the quantity supplied by each firm. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain 22 product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.