Week 3 - Introduction to Network Administration.pdf

Asian SEED Academy of Technology Network Administration Week 3 09309786098 [email protected] IP Addressing and Subnetting Important Terminologies Terminologies Bit - Short for "binary digit," a bit is the smallest unit of data in a computer. It can have one of two value...

Asian SEED Academy of Technology Network Administration Week 3 09309786098 [email protected] IP Addressing and Subnetting Important Terminologies Terminologies Bit - Short for "binary digit," a bit is the smallest unit of data in a computer. It can have one of two values: 0 or 1. Bits are the building blocks for all digital data. Byte - A byte consists of 8 bits. It is a larger unit of data used to represent a single character, such as a letter or a number, in most encoding systems (like ASCII). Bytes are commonly used as the basic addressable element in memory and storage systems. Terminologies Subnet Mask - A subnet mask is a 32-bit number used in IP networking to divide an IP address into network and host portions. It helps identify which part of an IP address is used to identify the network and which part identifies individual devices (hosts) on that network. Octet - An octet is a group of eight bits. In the context of IP addresses and subnet masks, it represents one of the four segments of the address. Each octet is separated by dots in the standard notation of IPv4 addresses. Terminologies Host - A host refers to any device that is connected to a network and is capable of sending and receiving data. This could be a computer, server, printer, smartphone, or any other networked device. Network - A network is a group of interconnected devices (hosts) that communicate with each other. The network allows these devices to share resources, like files, printers, or internet connections. Decimal to Binary (Review) Decimal to Binary Conversion 1 0 Decimal to Binary Conversion 3 2 1 0 2 2 2 2 1 0 8 4 2 1 Subtract 8 from 10? YES = 2 Subtract 4 from 2? NO 1 0 1 0 Subtract 2 from 2? YES = 0 10 = 10102 Decimal to Binary Conversion 1 5 4. 3 1. 1 6. 1 3 Decimal to Binary Conversion 1 5 4. 3 1. 1 6. 1 3 10011010.00011111.00010000.00001101 Binary to Decimal (Review) Binary to Decimal Conversion (Technique 1) 1 0 1 02 Binary to Decimal Conversion (Technique 1) 1 0 1 02 0 0x2 =0 0 + 2 + 0 + 8 = 10 1 1x2 =2 2 0x2 =0 10102 = 10 3 1x2 =8 Binary to Decimal Conversion (Technique 2) 1 0 1 02 Binary to Decimal Conversion (Technique 2) 1 0 1 02 8 4 2 1 10102 = 10 8 + 2 = 10 Binary to Decimal Conversion (Technique 2) 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 2 Binary to Decimal Conversion (Technique 2) 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 2 155 IP Address IP Address An IP Address (Internet Protocol Address) is a unique identifier assigned to each device connected to a network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. It allows devices like computers, smartphones, servers, and other networked hardware to identify and communicate with each other over a network, including the internet. The Internet Protocol (IP) is a set of rules that governs how data is sent and received over the internet or other networks. It is responsible for routing and addressing packets of data so they can travel from the sender to the correct destination. IP Address It encodes a network number (ID) and a host number (ID). Types: IPv4 Address - An IPv4 address is a 32-bit number, typically written in dotted decimal notation, divided into four octets. For example: 192.168.1.1 IPv6 Address - An IPv6 address is a 128-bit number, written in hexadecimal and separated by colons. For example: 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334. IP Address (IPv4) 1 5 4. 3 1. 1 6. 1 3 10011010.00011111.00010000.00001101 Types of IP Address based on use Public IP Address A Public IP Address is an address that is globally unique and assigned to devices that are directly accessible over the internet. Assigned by - Internet Service Providers (ISPs). Used for external communication; allows devices to connect to the broader internet. Visibility - Publicly visible; other devices on the internet can see and communicate with the device using this address. Example: 203.0.113.5 Private IP Address A Private IP Address is an address that is used within a private network (like a home or office network) and cannot be accessed directly from the internet. Assigned by - Routers or local network administrators. Used for internal communication within a local network; not routable on the internet. Visibility - Only visible within the local network. Example: 192.168.1.10 Classes of IP Address Class A Range: 1.0.0.0 to 126.255.255.255 Subnet Mask: 255.0.0.0 Network/Host Division: The first octet identifies the network, the remaining three octets identify the host. Usage: Suitable for very large networks (e.g., multinational corporations, large ISPs). Private IPs: 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 Loop Back Address The loopback address is a special IP address used to test the network configuration of a device, specifically to verify that the TCP/IP stack is functioning properly on that device without sending any data across the network. Class B Range: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0 Network/Host Division: The first two octets identify the network, the remaining two octets identify the host. Usage: Medium to large-sized organizations (e.g., universities, large companies). Private IPs: 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 Class C Range: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 Network/Host Division: The first three octets identify the network, the last octet identifies the host. Usage: Small networks (e.g., small businesses, home networks). Private IPs: 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 Class D (Multicast) Range: 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 Usage: Reserved for multicast groups (sending data to multiple destinations at once). No specific host assignment, only used for group communication. Examples: Streaming Services, Online Gaming, Video Conferencing. Class E (Experimental) Range: 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 Reserved for experimental purposes and future use; not used for public addressing. Researchers and developers might use Class E addresses for testing new networking protocols or technologies that are not yet standardized. Class E addresses are reserved for potential future networking innovations that might be developed and standardized. IP Address Class Identification 192.168.1.1 10.0.0.5 172.16.5.9 225.4.6.8 240.0.0.10 8.8.8.8 203.0.113.25 150.25.30.40 5.200.100.50 198.51.100.45 IP Address Class Identification 192.168.1.1 - C 10.0.0.5 - A 172.16.5.9 - B 225.4.6.8 - D 240.0.0.10 - E 8.8.8.8 - A 203.0.113.25 - C 150.25.30.40 - B 5.200.100.50 - A 198.51.100.45 - C Default Gateway Default Gateway The default gateway is a network device (usually a router) that serves as an access point for devices on a local network to communicate with devices on other networks, such as the internet. IP Address: Typically the local router's IP address. Purpose: Directs data packets from devices in a local network to the appropriate external destination, particularly when the destination is outside the local subnet. Example: If your device's IP address is 192.168.1.10, the default gateway might be 192.168.1.1. Traffic Movement to a Default Gateway Traffic Traffic refers to the flow of data (packets) across a network. This includes any requests (outbound) or responses (inbound) between devices or systems. Traffic Movement A device sends data to another network. If the destination IP is outside the local network, the packet is sent to the default gateway. The default gateway checks the destination IP using its routing table (a map that guides packet delivery paths). The default gateway forwards the packet to the appropriate network (another router or the internet). The packet travels through routers to reach the final destination (e.g., a web server). Traffic Movement The destination sends a response back through the default gateway. The gateway forwards the response to the original device on the local network. Common Types of Default Gateway Home/Residential Default Gateway A typical router provided by an ISP for home networks. Connects home devices (like computers, smartphones, and smart devices) to the internet and manages traffic within the local network. Example: A Wi-Fi router with an IP address such as 192.168.1.1. All devices on the home network use this router as their default gateway to access external websites and services. Business/Enterprise Default Gateway A more complex router used in larger business or enterprise environments. Connects internal company networks to the internet or other external networks. It also manages traffic between different internal network segments. Example: A router with multiple IP addresses and interfaces, handling traffic between different subnets like 10.0.0.0/24 and 172.16.0.0/24, and providing internet access. QUESTIONS?  Asian SEED Academy of Technology Network Administration Week 3 09309786098 [email protected]