Week 3 Counseling and Helping Relationships PDF

Week 3: Counseling and Helping Relationships • 1. Psychoanalytic Theory (Sigmund Freud): • Key Points: • • • • Unconscious mind: Emphasizes the role of the unconscious in shaping behavior and personality. Id, Ego, Superego: Three components of the psyche that influence thoughts and behaviors. Psych...

Week 3: Counseling and Helping Relationships • 1. Psychoanalytic Theory (Sigmund Freud): • Key Points: • • • • Unconscious mind: Emphasizes the role of the unconscious in shaping behavior and personality. Id, Ego, Superego: Three components of the psyche that influence thoughts and behaviors. Psychosexual stages: Developmental stages that impact personality formation. Defense mechanisms: Strategies to protect the ego from anxiety. • 2. Person-Centered Theory (Carl Rogers): • Key Points: • • • Unconditional positive regard: Providing nonjudgmental acceptance to foster self-exploration. Empathy and genuineness: Core conditions for a therapeutic relationship. Self-actualization: Facilitating clients' natural drive toward personal growth. • 3. Gestalt Therapy (Frederick Perls): • Key Points: • • • Focus on the "here and now": Emphasizes present experiences and awareness. Holism: Views individuals as whole entities, considering mind, body, and emotions. Techniques like empty chair and role-playing for self-discovery. • 4. Individual Psychology (Alfred Adler): • Key Points: • • • Striving for superiority: Individuals are motivated to overcome perceived inferiorities. Social interest: Emphasizes the importance of community and social connections. Birth order: Birth order influences personality development. Tip: Make connections, for example: ID, Ego, Superego – ID is the little devil on your shoulder (driven by the pleasure principal), the Superego is the little angel on the other side (extreme morality), Ego is you in the middle balancing it out. • 5. Transactional Analysis (Eric Berne): • Key Points: • • • Ego states: Analyzes transactions between three ego states - Parent, Adult, and Child. Life scripts: Unconscious life plans developed in childhood. Strokes: Units of recognition or acknowledgment exchanged in social transactions. • 6. Existential Therapy (Frankl and Yalom): • Key Points: • • • Existential concerns: Focus on freedom, isolation, meaning, and death. Authenticity: Encourages individuals to take responsibility for their choices. Emphasis on the client's experience of existence. • 7. Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT): • Key Points: • • • Developed by Marsha Linehan for emotion regulation and interpersonal effectiveness. Combines cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness strategies. Focus on dialectics, balancing acceptance and change. • 8. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (Albert Ellis): • Key Points: • • • ABC model: Examines the relationship between Activating events, Beliefs, and Consequences. Disputing irrational beliefs: Challenging and changing irrational thoughts. Focus on changing cognitive processes to influence emotions and behaviors. • 9. Reality Therapy (William Glasser): • Key Points: • • • Choice theory: Emphasizes personal responsibility and choice in behavior. Focus on the present: Addresses current behaviors and choices. WDEP (Wants, Doing, Evaluation, Planning) process for problem-solving. • 10. Solution-Focused Brief Therapy: • Key Points: • • • Future-oriented: Focuses on solutions rather than problems. Goal-setting and scaling questions: Tools for exploring client goals. Brief and goal-directed sessions. • 11. Narrative Therapy: • Key Points: • • • Externalization of the problem: Separating individuals from their problems. Storytelling: Examining and reshaping the narratives individuals use to make meaning. Deconstructing dominant narratives to empower clients. • 12. Multimodal Therapy: • Key Points: • • • Developed by Arnold Lazarus, integrating various therapeutic modalities. BASIC ID: Conceptual framework covering Behavior, Affect, Sensation, Imagery, Cognition, Interpersonal relationships, and Drugs/biology. Tailoring interventions to individual needs across multiple dimensions. • Note: • Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs – motivational theory in psychology From the bottom of the hierarchy upwards, the needs are: physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem and selfactualization. This five-stage model can be divided into deficiency needs and growth needs. • Williamson: (trait-factor); people are born with the potential to be good or bad but need education and the help of others to become good. • Frankl: (logotherapy); people are good with sense and freedom to make decisions rationally. • Bandura: (behavior); people grow and develop through conditioning. Observation and modeling plays a primary role in how and why people learn. • Skinner: (behavior); people mimic animalistic behavior by responding to the things in our environment and aren’t inherently good or bad. • Adler: (individual psychology); people are pretty much good, but birth order affects behavior. • Jung: (analytic psychology); people move towards self-fulfillment and individuality. • Rogers: (person-centered); people are good and naturally move towards growing and selfactualization. • Berne: (transactional analysis); people end up being good or bad by how their childhood was. • Freud: (psychoanalysis); people are motivated by unconscious forces and biological instincts. • Glasser: (reality); people want to meet their needs and have a purpose for themselves and those around them. • Perls: (Gestalt); people aren’t good or bad but part of surrounding. • Ellis: (REBT); people inherently think badly but can be taught otherwise. • Counseling Skills: 1. Active Listening: 1. Attending fully to the client, showing genuine interest, and providing feedback to demonstrate understanding. 2. Empathy: 1. Understanding and sharing the client's feelings, conveying a deep sense of compassion and connection. 3. Reflective Skills: 1. Reflecting on the client's emotions and thoughts to deepen their self-awareness and facilitate exploration. 4. Questioning: 1. Using open-ended and probing questions to encourage clients to express themselves and explore their concerns. 5. Paraphrasing: 1. Restating the client's words in a condensed form to clarify and confirm understanding. 6. Summarizing: 1. Reviewing and organizing key points in a session to provide a concise overview and enhance clarity. 7. Confrontation: 1. Gently challenging clients' perceptions or behaviors to promote insight and self-awareness. 8. Problem-Solving: 1. Collaboratively working with clients to identify and explore solutions to challenges or issues. 9. Cultural Competence: 1. Demonstrating an understanding of and respect for diverse cultural backgrounds, adapting counseling approaches accordingly. 10.Facilitation of Expression: 1. Encouraging clients to express themselves freely, fostering a non-judgmental and safe space. 11.Goal Setting: 1. Collaborating with clients to set realistic and achievable goals for personal growth and change. 12.Feedback and Reinforcement: 1. Providing constructive feedback and positive reinforcement to acknowledge clients' progress and efforts. • Conditions Influencing Counseling: 1. Empathetic Understanding: 1. Creating an atmosphere of warmth, acceptance, and understanding to build a trusting therapeutic relationship. 2. Unconditional Positive Regard: 1. Offering nonjudgmental acceptance and respect for clients, regardless of their thoughts or behaviors. 3. Genuineness/Authenticity: 1. Being open, honest, and genuine in interactions with clients, promoting authenticity and transparency. 4. Trust: 1. Building and maintaining a trusting relationship where clients feel secure sharing their thoughts and feelings. 5. Client Autonomy: 1. Recognizing and respecting clients' ability to make choices and decisions about their lives. 6. Confidentiality: 1. Ensuring the privacy and confidentiality of client information, establishing trust in the therapeutic process. 7. Cultural Sensitivity: 1. Adapting counseling approaches to be culturally sensitive and inclusive, recognizing and valuing diversity. 8. Non-directive Approach: 1. Allowing clients the autonomy to explore their concerns at their own pace, without imposing the counselor's agenda. 9. Positive Regard: 1. Communicating a positive and caring attitude toward clients, fostering an environment of support and encouragement. 10.Respect: 1. Showing respect for clients' values, beliefs, and perspectives, even when they differ from the counselor's. 11.Hope and Optimism: 1. Instilling a sense of hope and optimism in clients, emphasizing their potential for positive change. Additional Information • Johari Window - The Johari Window is a psychological model that illustrates interpersonal awareness by categorizing information about oneself and others into four quadrants: Open (known to self and others), Blind Spot (known to others but not to self), Hidden or Façade (known to self but not to others), and Unknown (neither known to self nor to others). The model is used to enhance self-awareness and mutual understanding through feedback and communication. 1. Kinesics: 1. Definition: Kinesics refers to the study of non-verbal communication through body movements, facial expressions, gestures, and posture. 2. Proxemics: 1. Definition: Proxemics is the study of how people perceive and use personal space in various social and cultural contexts • The locus of pathology (location of the problem) is not within the person but is a system dysfunction: Instead of saying an individual is the problem we say the system is dysfunctional. Trying to blame a problem on one person or trace a conflict to the beginning is a waste of time. • Catharsis – Client begins to purge emotions after talking through painful feelings. • Genograms – allows counselors to look through past family history and the various hereditary and psychological factors that have an effect on the client’s state of mind. • Paradoxical Intention – a cognitive technique that consists of persuading a patient to engage in his or her most feared behavior.