Therapeutic Modalities 4 PDF

05/12/2024 This category includes:...

05/12/2024 This category includes: COUNSELING THEORIES AND APPROACHES 1.Client-centered Therapy It is also known as person-centered therapy or Rogerian therapy, It is a non- There are six major theoretical categories, they are (McAdam,2022) directive form of talk therapy (Cherry, 2021). COUNSELING THEORIES AND In this approach, the client acts as an equal partner in the therapy process, while 1. Humanistic Theories the therapist remains non-directive meaning they don't pass judgments on your APPROACHES, AND TCMP feelings or offer suggestions or solutions (Rogers, 1946). It holds that people have within themselves all the resources they need to live. The Therapists strive to create the conditions needed for their clients to healthy and functional lives, and that problems occur as a result of restricted or change. This involves a therapeutic environment that is conformable, non- PSYCHOLOGICAL COMPONENTS judgmental, and empathetic (Moon and Rice, 2012). unavailable problem-solving resources (McAdams, 2022).. Lesson 4 Humanistic therapists care most about the present and helping their clients achieve.2. Existential Therapy their highest potential. Instead of energy spent on the past or on negative behaviors, humanists believe in the goodness of all people and emphasize a person's self-growth It focuses on free will, self-determination, and the search for meaning, often and self-actualization (Northwestern University, 2015). centering on the person rather than on the client's capacity to make rational choices and to develop to his/her maximum potential (psychologytoday, 2022).. It aims to aid clients in accepting and overcoming the existential fears inherent in being human, such as Freedom and responsibility, Death, Isolation, and 2. Cognitive Approach This category includes: Meaninglessness. Existential therapists help clients find meaning in their lives by focusing on free will, This counseling theory focuses on how people's thinking nature and can change Cognitive Behavior Therapy self-determination, and responsibility (Northwestern University, 2015). feelings and behaviors. It is brief in oriented toward problem solving (McAdams, 2022). It teaches people different ways of thinking, behaving, and reacting to situations to 3. Gestalt Therapy. It holds that people experience psychological and emotional difficulties when help you feel less anxious and fearful (National Institute of Mental Health NIH, n.d.). their thinking is out of syne with reality. When this distorted or "faulty" thinking is It is a form of psychotherapy that is centered on increasing a person's awareness, applied to problem-solving, the result understandably leads to faulty solutions. It helps a person to become aware of ways of thinking that may be automatic but freedom, and self-direction. It focuses on the present moment rather than past Cognitive counselors work to challenge their clients' faulty thinking patterns so are inaccurate and harmful (for example, someone who has a low opinion of their experiences. It is based on the idea that people are influenced by their present clients are able to derive solutions that accurately address the problems they are abilities). The therapist helps the person find ways to question these thoughts, environment (WebMD, 2020). experiencing (Northwestern University, 2015). understand how they affect emotions and behavior, and change self-defeating..The word gestalt is a German term that generally means "whole" or "form." It is patterns (NIH, n.d.). an idea that views every individual as a blend of the mind, emotions, body, and soul with unique experiences and realities (WebMD, 2020). 1  05/12/2024 3. Psychoanalytic Approach Reality Therapy Object Relations Therapy It is also known as the historical perspective", and has its roots with Sigmund Freud, Reality therapy is a form of counseling that views behaviors as choices. It states who believed there were unconscious forces that drive behavior. The techniques he It is centered on person's internal relationships with others. The lifelong relationship that psychological symptoms occur not because of a mental health condition, but developed, such as free association, dream analysis", and transference40 are still used skills of a person are strongly rooted in his/her early attachments with their parents, due to people choosing behaviors to fulfill their needs (Nunez, 2021). by psychoanalysts today (Northwestern University, 2015). especially his/her mothers. Objects refer to people or physical items that come to It holds that psychological problems result from the present-day influence of symbolically represent either a person or part of a person. (Fritscher, 2020). A reality therapist's goal is to help people accept responsibility for these unconscious pychological drives or motivations stemming from past relationships and behaviors and choose more desirable actions enable them to connect with others experiences. 41 Four Stages of Adlerian Therapy (Nunez, 2021)...This category includes: ENGAGEMENT. The client and therapist begin to establish the therapeutic relation ship. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Adlerian Therapy The relationship should consist of collaboration towards addressing the cli ent's problems. The therapist should offer support and encouragement. It is a type of mindful psychotherapy that helps a person to stay focused on the. It is also known as individual therapy, emphasizes the individual's ability to bring present moment and accept thoughts and feelings without judgment. It aims to about positive change in his or her own life (Hopper, 2019). ASSESSMENT. The therapist works to learn more about the client's background, in help the client to move forward through difficult emotions so he/she can put their Adlerian therapy consists of four stages: engagement, assessment, insight, and cluding early memories and family dynamics. In this part of therapy, the therapist energy into healing instead of dwelling on the negative (WebMD, 2020). reorientat attempts to understand how the client may have developed certain styles of thinking ion." that are no longer helpful or adaptive for them. This category includes: 5. Systemic Approach INSIGHT. The therapist offers an interpretation of the client's situation. The therapist Ericksonian Therapy suggests theories about how past experiences may have contributed to issues the Itt holds that thinking, feeling and behavior are largely shaped by pressures exerted on client is currently experiencing, importantly, the therapist leaves it up to the client to It stresses the importance of the interactive therapeutic relationship, the people by the social systems within which they live. Accordingly, individual thinking. feeling and decide whether these theories are accurate and useful. partnership and purposeful engagement of the inner resources and experiential life behavior are best understood when examined in relation to the role they play within a person's of each and every individual (Integrative- med, n.d.). family or other important social networks (McAdams, 2022). REORIENTATION. The therapist helps the client to develop new strategies that the It holds that indirect suggestion could result in therapeutic behavioral change. He Systemically focused counselors work to revise social network dynamics that influence a that knowledge is merely an invented understanding of actual events in the world or preferred to converse with clients using metaphors, contradictions, symbols, and client's undesirable thoughts, feelings and behaviors (McAdams, 2022). "construct". While actual events in the world can trigger people's meaning-making antidotes to influence their behavior rather than direct orders. processes, it is those meaning-making processes, rather than the events themselves, (britishhypnosisresearch.com, 2020).. This category includes: that determine how people think, feel and behave (McAdams, 2022). Solution Focused Brief Therapy Structural Family Therapy It is a strength-based approach to psychotherapy based on solution- building It is a type of family therapy that looks at the structure of a family unit and improves the 4. Constructionist Approach interactions between family members (Cherry, 2021). rather than problem-solving. Unlike other forms of psychotherapy that focus on. Constructionist counselors work collaboratively with clients to examine and present problems and past causes, SFBT concentrates on the client's current. It suggests that dysfunctional family relationships can create stress and mental health revise problematic client constructions of self, relationships and the world (McAdams, problems for members of that family. By addressing how members of the family relate to one circumstances and future hopes (Cadell, 2021). 2022). another, the goal is to improve communication and relationships to create positive changes for SFBT therapist believes that change in life is inevitable. Because someone creates both individual family members and the family unit as a whole (Cherry, 2021 their own reality, they may as well change for the better (Cadell, 2021) 2  05/12/2024 Gottman Method Couples Therapy Full and honest disclosure is expected on the resident to elicit adequate and elaborate 3. To assist the residents to develop better coping skills and improve self-esteem. information and come up with the proper treatment plan. After the booking procedure, the 4. To explore the different psychological tools which promote the development of insight It is a short-term family therapy treatment that is often used for families with children or Counselor will conduct the initial intake interview to the newly committed residents using and increase self-efficacy among the residents. adolescents who are dealing with behavioral issues (Cherry, 2022). the intake interview form. This is done only in a designated area and one resident at a time It is based on the premise that the family plays the most important role in the life and (BJMP TCMP Manual, n.d.). By following this objectives the indicators for a successful individual counseling on the development of children. This type of therapy seeks to identify and change the structural. side of the PDLs are (BJMP TCMP Manual, n.d.): interaction patterns that make up the family environment. By addressing family behaviors. Individual Counseling Self-understanding and interactions that contribute to problem behavior (Cherry, 2022). Achieved a bigger, wider level of self-awareness. Individual counseling or one to one counseling is a helping tool between the residents and Established rapport Initial/ Intake Interview counselor. Residents are usually referred to the counselor as needed by peers or staff based Experienced relief from emotional distress. on the residents' behavior. It is done to accomplish the following objectives (BJMP TCMP. TCMP is introduced as a program for the development of PDLs while they are awaiting Manual, n.d.): Individual counseling is usually done one to two hours per session/ depending upon the trial. Participants in jail are unique as they are not necessarily drug users. The intake needs as designed by the counselor. The counselor uses different techniques and interview in the jail setting is is to done by a a Counselor to newly admitted residents. The. 1. To promote individual explorations and help surface complicated and troubled feelings methods in counseling. The resident discusses different issues which cause his/her main purpose i elicit information about the resident and provide information about the among the residents. difficulties. Follow-up sessions will be done depending upon the needs of the resident. program and what the expectations are on both parties. 2. To provide a regular source of counseled guidance to residents. The length of the sessions will be determined by the progress of the resident (BJMP TCMP Manual, n.d.). Types of Groups in TCMP Group Counseling Skills development groups, which focus on improving social skills in people with mental disorders or developmental disabilities Support groups, which provide a wide range of Static Group Group counseling or Group therapy is a form of psychotherapy that involves one or more benefits for people with a variety of mental health conditions as well as their loved provide therapists working with several people at the same time (Cherry, 2021). The objectives of a support to residents who fall behind and raise. The Static Group is a permanent group of peers and leaders that meet regularly while Group counseling are (BJMP TCMP Manual, n.d.): the residents are in treatment. It is a sort of home group who provides support for one 1. awareness about problematic behaviors. another and to the new members of the community. This is designed to provide a forum 43. The most common types of group therapy include: 2. To help solve and overcome the problem. for self-expression and disclosure. It is usually facilitated by senior members of the group. 3. To impart to residents the practice of TC norms and values. It focuses on group relationships and patterns of behavior. It is done one hour/once a Cognitive behavioral groups, which center on identifying and changing inac curate or 4. To develop awareness and insight into one's motives, feelings, and behavior week. It involves 10-15 residents and a Counselor (BJMP TCMP Manual, n.d.). distorted thinking patterns, emotional responses, and behaviors Interpersonal groups, which focus on your interpersonal relationships and social interactions, including how The indicators of a successful Group counseling are (BJMP TCMP Manual, n.d.): Procedure for Static Group much support you have from others and the impact these relationships have on your Encouraged commitments. Here are the procedures in conducting Static Group (BJMP TCMP Manual, n.d.): mental health Psychoeducational groups, which focus on educating clients about their Problems addressed 1. Once a resident enters the jail, he/she is assigned to a particular Static group. It serves as disorders and ways of coping often based on the principles of cognitive behavior therapy Developed sense of belongingness a permanent group that addresses the general issues in treatment. (CBT) 3  05/12/2024 7. When their emotional needs and problems are properly addressed, their positive 2. It utilizes confrontation from peers to evoke changes in behavior though the group is Procedure for Peer Confrontation Group behaviors and attitudes emerge and they will eventually feel better about themselves. primarily supportive. The group provides immediate support to new members of the Here are the procedures in conducting Peer Confrontation Group Manual, n.d.): 8. Focuses on the issues of the "here and now". Personal disclosure of the past is allowed if community. it affects the present. Confidentiality is strictly observed. 3. Each resident member is encouraged in expressing and Baclosing personal issues and 1. CMPTCMP participants will sit in a circle position. 9. The static group does away with negative socialization and employs positive re- concerns and receives feedback from the other members. Violence and threat of violence 2. Staff may sit just outside the circle or there may be no staff. socialization through a caring relationship with peers. are prohibited. 3. There is no particular order of speaking. It is conventional and free-wheeling.. 4. For each session the group may discuss any topic of desire or may follow certain themes 4. Participants may start with a prayer.. for a more systematic flow of discussion. 5. Participants may then say "What do o you say about me?" or "Please give me feedback Peer Confrontation Group 5. For each session the group may discuss any topic of desire or may follow certain themes on my progress here" or "how do you see me?" for a more systematic flow of discussion. 6. Any of the other participants may give an honest, straight- forward feedback. Tone The participants in Peer Confrontation group are selected by the staff and group according 6. By using confrontation, identification, support, affirmation and giving feedback, residents and feeling should be proportionate to the issue. to peers like adult members will go with the same date of entry in the facility and same goes learn and practice the TC norms and values. 7. Peer confrontation is done in a compassionate way where each resident tries to help with the middle and young members. It is done in a more compassionate way where each 7. The residents are oriented to new and positive coping styles which they can utilize to live a one another and identify certain issues which could be a hindrance to his recovery. resident tries to help one another. Participants confront each other on what they do for new lifestyle and attain personal growth and better relationships. 8. At the end of the sharing, the resident is asked to make a commitment about an issue themselves while in the facility and ask how they are coping with it. It is done one hour/ that he feels uncomfortable dealing with. twice a month, and involves 10-15 residents and a Coordinator (BJMP TCMP Manual, n.d.). Procedure for Encounter Group The Four Phases of Encounter Group Here are the procedures in conducting Encounter Group (BJMP TCMP Manual, n.d.): The four phases of Encounter Group are as follows (BJMP TCM Manual, n.d.): 3. RESOLUTION and COMMITMENT- After some realizations and attaining some insights 1. CONFRONTATION-This phase involves verbalization of concerns or honest disclosure of into their behaviors, the residents are now ready to move to the last phase to practice 1. A resident may drop a slip on another resident stating his name, the name of the emotions that has been provoked during interpersonal interactions with another resident. new behaviors. From the feedback received, the resident involved will now express how person he is dropping a slip and the reason for dropping the slip. Only feelings of Regardless of the cathartic nature of expression, the rules of the encounter group should he feels about the whole thing and may own up his behavior which has caused the hurt, anger and concern can be reasons for an encounter. conflict. He then goes on to make commitments to avoid such occurrences in the future. always be respecteds. This phase consists mainly of exchange of verbal expressions of 2. The staff will choose his co-facilitators who are also staff members. Once he has Such commitment made by the residents will be monitored to make sure that they are emotions as a way of release. gathered 2 or 3 slips, he may schedule an encounter group. being put to practice to avoid lapses. 3. The facilitator will arrange the group in a circle in such a way that the two parties 2. EXPLORATION-In this phase, all the feelings that were expressed are further examined involved are seated opposite each other. and explored and find out how it could have resulted in such a way in order to evoke 4. SOCIALIZATION- It is a structured social event where all those involved in an encounter 4. The facilitator should be able to guide the flow of conversation and should be awareness on the connection of behavior, feelings and attitude. will have ample time to mend fences with those they have offended or hurt in the past. skilled enough to interrupt anytime he feels that the safety of the group is being phase, blaming or finger pointing at one party is avoided. It will only cause resentment The purpose is to achieve closure, reaffirm relationships and maintain the unity of the compromised. from one party community so that all those involved can move on and leave the past behind. 5. The flow of the encounter should pass through the four (4) phases. 4  05/12/2024 The Extended Groups - are usually composed of 5-12 residents and are facilitated by 2 highly trained staff members. It may last for 8-72 hours. The participants must have at Women's Group- it is done one hour once a week/ might last for six sessions, and it Anger management - is a process that helps people identify stressors, and helps thems in least 4 months in the program and have shown adequate stability before they can be involves 8-15 residents, and a Counselor. It provides an opportunity for all female tay calm in anger management for them to handle tense situatiore MP it is notructive and included in the activity. It is a potentially intimate and intense session which needs a residents to share and discuss their feelings on women's issues: family, relationship, self- positive way (Good handle ong, 2018). In TCMP it is done 1 hour for 6 weeks or as needed significant amount of preparation. identity, self-image, societal role and reproductive issues. and is offriculum-based. It usually involves 10-15 residents. It is facilitated by a counselor. Questionnaires are provided to the residents to answer how they demonstrated their Specialized Groups- The goals of Specialized groups are: (BJMP TCMP Manual, n.d.): Men's Group- it is held 1 hour once a week and involves 8-15 residents, and a counselor. anger before they came for treatment and while in the facility and how they go through it. Topics include expression of feeling, reveal of true self, dealing with feeling and how to Participants are selected based on interview and attitude shown while in treatment. 1. To provide group support with the aim of resolving problems and restoring healthy avoid abusive relationship, family conflicts, sexuality and sexual relationships. functioning of the residents who have particular concerns/issues. Secrets- are a group activity where participants are given the opportunity to unload 2. To create a feeling of universality among residents who have similar issues or life Medication Support Group-It involves residents on medications and Jail health personnel: emotional baggage and thus experience freedom from internal psychological conflicts. It experiences. It is done as long as the residents are on medication. Counselor holds the group once a promotes trust among the participants knowing that each will reveal his utmost secrets 3. To explore issues based on certain themes as a guide. week who are on medical and psychiatric medication. Group members are educated on to the group. It also aims to deepen mutual respect among the participants. It involves a 4. To provide a safe environment where residents can freely express their feelings and different kinds of medical and psychiatric problems and its effects. Staff and 10-12 residents. It is usually done 1-2 hours, once a month (BJMP TCMP Manual, concerns. n.d.). Here are the procedures for Secrets Group Activity (BJMP TCMP Manual, n.d.): 6. The facilitator admonishes the participants to refrain from curiously Pre Release Interviews - are done before the PDL is scheduled to be released trying to find out the owner of the letters. Everyone is likewise to the community. The objectives of a pre release interview are (BJMP TCMP 1. Form a group of 10-12 residents, preferably of variedly different persons. 2. Each one is instructed to go to a place where they can be alone and free from admonished to keep the discussions strictly confidential. Manual, n.d.): distractions. 3. In a piece of paper, the resident will write a letter to himself about an event in his life 7. After all the letters were read, the facilitator will do a brief processing 1. To ensure that the resident to be released is/are well- prepared to face which he has been keeping as a deep secret because it has caused a lot of pain, guilt, focusing on the feelings of the participants and how it affected each one of new challenges in the community upon their reintegration into the shame or anxiety. mainstream of society. them. The group may choose to pray as a closing ritual. 4. The letter is written as if he is addressing it to somebody and could start as "Dear friend". He should not state his name or any name and place which could lead the group 2. To assess the various potentials of the resident which he can utilize to be a as to the writer. He may write it in a way that would not give away any hint. This is done 8. Before the group adjourns, the facilitators collect the letters and burn for 30 minute. productive citizen upon his release from the jail. them in a clay bag or garbage bin as a symbolic ritual of letting go of all the 5. The group then converges and all the rolled letters will be placed in a bag. The hurts and pains and not allowing them to hinder their future growth. residents will be seated in a circle. The first one will be asked to pick up a letter and read 3. To assess the effectiveness of the interventions provided and determine it aloud to everyone as if he is reading his own letter. what improvements or changes thatis needed. 5  05/12/2024 Indicators of a successful Pre Release Interview are (BJMP TCMP Manual, n.d.): 1. Residents prepared for their reintegration into the mainstream of society. 2. Changes in behavior noted 3. Recommendations provided 4. Concrete goals established 6