Week 1b- A whistle-stop tour - final slides PDF

4FO509: Forensic Science and the Forensic Scientist- A whistle-stop tour Varsha Warrier [email protected] On successful completion of this session, you should be able to demonstrate an understanding of: What is forensic science? Fundamental principles and laws of Forensic Science The Ro...

4FO509: Forensic Science and the Forensic Scientist- A whistle-stop tour Varsha Warrier [email protected] On successful completion of this session, you should be able to demonstrate an understanding of: What is forensic science? Fundamental principles and laws of Forensic Science The Role of the Forensic Scientist The Questions of Interest The Trace The Trace in the investigation The use of traces and interpretation  Forensic Science- What do you understand? Access code- 78583714 Quirky answers only! https://www.menti.com/al7jviq7xhxq  Forensic Science- What do you understand? Access code- 78583714 https://www.menti.com/al7jviq7xhxq So, what is Forensic Science? Etymology: Forensic- derived from forensis (Latin) What does Forensis mean? – Forum. What does it mean? – of, or before a forum or place of assembly. Historical origin? – In the Roman empire, a criminal charge involved arguing the case before a group of public individuals in a forum. Both the accused and accuser would present their sides of the story. The side with the best arguments and delivery would win. So, what is Forensic Science? How is this linked to the modern context? - the two modern uses of the word forensic: as a form of legal Forensic science? evidence and a category of public presentation. Modern day usage? - One can often find the terms forensics and Forensic Science being used inter- changeably. Forensic? So, what is Forensic Science? Etymology: Science- derived from scientia/ scire (Latin) What does scientia/ scire mean? – know. What does that mean? - body of reliable knowledge that can be logically and rationally explained; dynamic and sustainable process. Forensic vs Forensic Science- a clash of terms Forensic- overly restricted concept of the discipline as a single and simplified process serving the purpose of court (mitigation of risks of inaccuracies in presenting information to the court). This has resulted in the removal of the connection of forensic science to nature of criminal activity. Forensic vs Forensic Science- a clash of terms Forensic- Furthermore, chemistry, biology, physics or computer sciences are viewed as core enabling scientific disciplines and associated technologies. Forensic chemistry, forensic biology or computer forensics are technical applications of the enabling disciplines based on the exploitation of samples / specimens collected at the crime scene and transmitted by the police or the justice system. Forensic vs Forensic Science- a clash of terms Forensic Science- has an object (the study of crime and its traces). Forensic Science concentrates on supporting the large variety of processes of the criminal justice system (including but not limited to the court). What is Forensic Science? – Different perspectives But first, some ground rules JIGSAW UP! In your assigned groups for this session, discuss the specific perspective regarding Forensic Science, allotted to you. Note the points that stand out on the sticky note in front of you. Now as we discuss these perspectives, note points of similarity and differences to the one you have. Some ground rules! Remember to: 1. Be thoughtful and inclusive to everyone in your group. Encourage everyone in your group to share their thoughts. 2. Delegate- You can assign one or more members to make notes. 3. Get to know your group mates. 4. Have loads of fun! What is Forensic Science? – Different perspectives Oxford Dictionary “The application of scientific methods and techniques to matters under investigation by a court of law.” Traditional Definition “Forensic science groups the scientific principles and technical methods applied to the investigation of crimes, the results of which may be presented as scientific expert evidence in a court of law.” Translation of Legal Question “The role of forensic science is to translate the relevant legal questions into a scientific question.’’ [Inman & Rudin, 2001] What is Forensic Science? – Different perspectives Forensic Science is Science "Forensic science is a discipline concerned with the post-data question of drawing inferences about a particular case from evidence which is actually available. It is these inferential questions which give forensic science unity and distinguish it from other areas of science. “ [Robertson & Vignaux, 1995] “Forensic science has an object: the study of crime and its traces. These are silent witnesses that need to be detected, seen, and understood to make reasonable inferences about criminal phenomena, investigation or demonstration for intelligence, investigation and court purposes.” [Margot, 2011] What is Forensic Science? – Different perspectives Forensic Science is Science “Forensic science is looking at the least likely, fragmented, imperfect, uncontrolled element in an event: the trace, which, by definition, is a pattern, a signal or material transferred during an event (often unknowingly by the actors of the event). It is the remnant (the memory) of the source (identity – who, with what?) and of the activity (what, how, when, why?) that produced it. It has to be decoded and understood to elicit some knowledge about the event. The study of its relation to other traces as well as their environment provides many, and sometimes unsuspected, clues about the event and is a rich source of hypotheses to be tested as well as providing knowledge about reality. This reality is a construction that allows going back to its primitive source in a sort of recurrent logic.” [Margot, 2011] What is Forensic Science? – Different perspectives Modern perspective- The Sydney Declaration “Forensic science is a case-based (or multi case- based) research-oriented, science-based endeavour to study traces – the remnants of past activities (such as an individual’s presence and actions) – through their detection, recognition, recovery, examination and interpretation to understand anomalous events of public interest (e.g., crimes, litigations, security incidents).” [Roux et al., 2022] What is Forensic Science? – Different perspectives Share your observations and put together the puzzle. Do you notice any points of commonality? Do you see any differences? With time? Time to reflect- how did this activity help? The rest of the module will help you develop similar skills. Forensic vs Forensic Science What do you think is the need of the hour? Can the integration of “forensic science” at each of these stages help correct this issue? Link this to the previous definitions/ perspectives. Forensic vs Forensic Science A holistic inter-disciplinary approach A multidisciplinary approach with court which starts right from the investigation being the end point stage Forensic vs Forensic Science Tools, processes, quality Trace So, now how would you define Forensic Science? Put together a brief definition of Forensic Science, write it down on the piece of paper in front of you. Create a paper envelope and fly it out to another group in the class. Time to share!! Read the definition you caught. Criminalistics? A term coined by Hans Gross. He saw the rich resources that science and medicine could provide to magistrates; using a scientific methodology for questioning witnesses and suspects; questioning a silent witness represented by the traces associated with the criminal event. A whole theory and methodology classifying investigative, tactical and evidential information that could lead a magistrate to solve and understand crimes and help convict criminals. Study of event traces created during an event, which encompasses the detection, recognition, identification, process of individualization toward source attribution, and evaluation of the physical record created (be it an item, pattern, or signal) (Ristenbatt et al., 2021). Criminology? “Criminology is the social science that studies anti-social behaviour and the social response to it.” (Marcelo F. Aebi) Objects of study of Criminology: 1.Perpetrators of anti-social behaviour (deviants and offenders) 2.Anti-social behaviour (deviance, delinquency) 3.The victims 4.The social reaction to anti-social behaviour A short detour…… l e oy Who am I? D a n n n Clue 1: Author Co Clue 2: What do Robert Downey r Jr and Benedict Cumberbatch h u have in common? r t Clue 3: 22 1B Baker Street A Principles and Laws of Forensic Science a) Principle of mutual exchange b) Law of probability c) Law of progressive change d) Principle of analysis e) Law of individuality f) Principle of comparison g) Law of circumstantial facts Principles and Laws of Forensic Science JIGSAW UP! In your assigned groups, read the descriptions of the principle/ law assigned to you, and discuss what you understand. Some points to discuss: What does this principle/ law talk about? Can you think of a hypothetical example to provide context to this principle/ law? Describe what the principle/ law states, its meaning, and your thought of example to the entire cohort. Principles and Laws of Forensic Science https://derbyuni.padlet.org/vwarrier1/principles-and-laws-of-forensic-science-44uo51dphbimvt6g Principles and Laws of Forensic Science As relevant as these principles appear, they present with some inherent limitations. For e.g. Kirk’s principle of individuality is largely philosophical, and Locard’s ‘every contact leaves a trace’ is majorly sociological. These principles define a complete tradition within Forensics, a set of techniques and methods focussed on court questions; a reduction of Forensic Science. What is the solution? The Sydney declaration, and its seven principles. Principles of Forensic Science- The Sydney declaration These seven principles are born from the modern definition of Forensic Science. These are: 1.Activity and presence produce traces that are fundamental vectors of information. 2.Scene investigation is a scientific and diagnostic endeavour requiring scientific expertise. 3.Forensic science is case-based and reliant on scientific knowledge, investigative methodology and logical reasoning. 4.Forensic science is an assessment of findings in context due to time asymmetry. 5.Forensic science deals with a continuum of uncertainties. 6.Forensic science has multi-dimensional purposes and contributions. 7.Forensic science findings acquire meaning in context. Principles and Laws of Forensic Science JIGSAW UP! In your assigned groups, read the descriptions of the modern principle assigned to you, and discuss what you understand. Some points to discuss: What does this principle state? Do you see any connection/ links to the previously principle/ law? Describe your findings to the entire cohort. Do you notice any similarity or connect between the seven principles? Principles of Forensic Science- The Sydney declaration https://derbyuni.padlet.org/vwarrier1/principles-and-laws-of-forensic-science-sydney-declaration-ieoa3al666gk2kg0 Time for a coffee break..or snack break..or whatever Energy level check 3 1 2 6 4 5 Role of the Forensic Scientist Traditionally the role of the forensic scientist is: To decode and understand the trace (i.e. the object of study of forensic science) to elicit some knowledge about an event. To reconstruct what happened. To test hypotheses and interpret the results. To write a report for non-scientists (magistrates, lawyers, police officers, etc) and sometimes to present evidence in Court. More broadly, to study the relation of the trace with other traces as well as their environment. Role of the Forensic Scientist Crime detection Investigation Detecting Lab traces work/analyses Crime scene Forensic Science Intelligence Court Crime analysis Expert opinion Security Evaluation issues Functions of the Forensic Scientist Intelligence What is the criminal phenomenon surrounding the cases under investigation Evaluator Can that trace be explained by this particular activity? -- Investigator Assessing the trace according to the On the crime scene… hypothesised What is that material? scenario(s) What is the origin of the trace? Role of the Forensic Scientist Ethics within Forensic Science The forensic scientist carries a great responsibility. Liberty of a human being is often depending on the investigative work of that person. Its conduct and ethics should be irreproachable. The forensic scientist should not be an advocate of one party’s cause, but only an advocate of truth. What principle within the Sydney declaration does this link to? Questions of Interest During an investigation systematic questioning includes: (“6W” or “5W+H”) WHO was involved? WHAT happened? WHERE did it take place? WHEN did it take place? HOW did it happen? WHY did it happen? Questions of Interest Related to the identification of the perpetrators Who perpetrated the offence?​/ and/or victims, often the focus of the investigation. Who Who is the victim? Signatures associated with serial offenders come in at this point. What happened, what is Offense/ crime type: What the nature of the crime?​ What is Homicide? Suicide? Accident? Robbery? Aggression?... the mode of death (if)? Related to the crime scene and its location, it also might be Where Where did the event take place?​ plural with different locations involved (House, car, street…)​- single, or multiple crime scenes. Related to the chronology of the event, it is a question often When When did the event occur? raised when reconstructing an event​ Here it refers to the means used to commit the offense, often referred as the “Modus Operandi”. It also important to How How was the event committed?​ determine the modus operandi when reconstructing an event​. Why was the offense Why What was the motivation to commit the offense?​ committed?​ Questions of Interest Questions of interest and hierarchy of propositions Who? What? Where? When? How? Why? Distinguishes between the sub-source level, the source level, the activity level, and the offense level. Hierarchy of propositions Offense Level 3  Crime Activity Level 2  Link between a person and an action Source Level 1  Link between trace and potential source Sub-source Level 0  Link between DNA and potential source Learning objectives check What is forensic science? Fundamental principles and laws of Forensic Science The Role of the Forensic Scientist The Questions of Interest The Trace The Trace in the investigation The use of traces and interpretation A short detour…… r n bo Os Who am I? a n Clue 1: Helped investigate the r m Lindbergh kidnapping. h e Clue 2: Father of Questioned t S documents. e r Clue 3: Founder of American Society of b Questioned Document Examiners. A l What is a Trace? How many different perspectives had the term ‘trace’ in it? Access code- 82791040 https://www.menti.com/alukgvgkqmfu What is a Trace? A fragmented, imperfect, uncontrolled pattern, signal or material transferred during an event (often unknowingly by the actors of the event). It is the remnant (the memory) of the source (identity – who, with what?) and of the activity (What, how, when, why?) that produced it.” Do you see any link to the hierarchy of propositions? What is a Trace in the context of Forensic Science? The object of Forensic Science. Primitive source of information within Forensic Science. Typology of traces Traces At times, latent (invisible to the naked eye) or visible. Impression and pattern Microtraces Digital traces 2D 3D CCTV, Residues Hairs, fibres, smartphones, Gunshot, drug, Tire, shoe, finger, Tire, shoe, finger, glass, paint tablets, computers, explosives handwriting tool, firearm GPS Positive? Negative? Physical, Chemical, Biological, Digital….. Typology of traces Macroscopic? Microscopic? Typology of traces Two main categories for physical traces: Traces linked to a living being (human, animal, plant). Traces linked to an object (firearms, tools, footwear, etc.). Which is which? Trace complexity The trace is linked to a single action which happened in the past. It is a unique vestige of that activity The trace is imperfect Deposited in uncontrolled environment, without the awareness of the source. e.g. Fingermarks, DNA, Shoemarks The trace is incomplete The trace is not representative of the whole of the source (specimen). e.g. Glass; few fragments of glass does not automatically represent the composition of an entire window. Trace complexity Trace- sample or specimen? Because of the inherent complexity surrounding traces materials, the appropriate nomenclature must be used: Trace = Specimen Specimen is unique In a great majority of forensic contexts, a specimen represents a single (possibly fragmented, degraded or even contaminated) item found on a crime scene. Not necessarily representative of its source. Can be fragmented, degraded, imperfect. But can be measured. Example: a stain, a fingermark, a shoemark, etc. Trace ≠ sample Sample is chosen It is a statistic choice and is representative of the whole source. The choice of item is conducted in a way that should allow reasoning about the properties of the source population. Examples: seizures of items thought to contain something illegal. Trace complexity: Mark vs print? There is an essential difference between a mark and a print, with reference to the environment in which the deposition is made: Marks are deposited in an uncontrolled environment in an uncontrolled way. For instance: you deposited fingerMARKs on the coffee mug you used this morning Prints, however, are deposited in a controlled environment with controlled parameters For instance, police services take your fingerPRINTs by inking your finger and press them onto the 10-prints card. Trace complexity: Mark vs print? Mark Print Trace complexity: Mark vs print? Mark Print Trace in investigations What do the different perspectives say about traces in investigations? “Forensic science has an object: the study of crime and its traces. These are silent witnesses that need to be detected, seen, and understood to make reasonable inferences about criminal phenomena, investigation or demonstration for intelligence, investigation and court purposes. After all, traces are the most elementary information that result from crime.” [Margot, 2011] Forensic science is a case-based (or multi case-based) research-oriented, science- based endeavour to study traces – the remnants of past activities (such as an individual’s presence and actions) – through their detection, recognition, recovery, examination and interpretation to understand anomalous events of public interest (e.g., crimes, litigations, security incidents).” [Roux et al., 2022] Trace in investigations: Transfer What does Locard’s exchange principle talk about transfer of traces? “The truth is that no one can act with the intensity required for criminal activity without leaving multiple traces of his/her passage. […] The types of traces I want to show here are of two kinds: sometimes the offender has left traces of his/her presence at the scene, sometimes through inverse action, he/she has taken with him/her on his/her body or their clothes signs of his/her presence or of their actions. Left or taken, these traces are of extremely different sorts.”​ Trace in investigations: Transfer What does Locard’s exchange principle talk about transfer of traces? Notion of intensity Traces are generated by the criminal activity. Genesis and transfer of traces favoured by the criminal activity, without the author's knowledge. Notion of relevance Traces of interest must be located, detected, recognised and observed. Criminal activity vs. Legitimate pre/post-criminal activity (“background noise”). Notion of reconstruction Based on the traces found (persistence, effect of time and/or activity). Trace in investigations: Transfer What does Locard’s exchange principle talk about transfer of traces? Transfer Notion of intensity in the contact between the source and the subject. Persistence Notion of time, forensic scientists investigate events that occurred in the past. Relevance Notion that all traces on the crime scene are relevant to the case under investigation – contamination are also traces. Trace in investigations: Transfer What does Locard’s exchange principle talk about transfer of traces? Transfer Trace in investigations: Transfer What does Locard’s exchange principle talk about transfer of traces? Persistence Forensic investigation Event occurring at time 0 POI arrested at Time T PERSISTENCE How do the traces of interest behave over time? Trace in investigations: Transfer What does Locard’s exchange principle talk about transfer of traces? Relevance Traces due to the criminal activities. Traces from a legitimate activity prior to the crime. Traces from a legitimate activity posterior to the crime. Traces left by chance. Layers of traces: transfer, persistence, and relevance Compression of all layers of information representing the entire spectrum of traces present on the crime scene Traces left after the event: contamination by posterior activity on the scene or by the Time different intervenant. Traces left during the event by the perpetrator(s) and victim(s). Traces of interest for the investigation Traces present before the event under investigation: Background traces unrelated to the event One could say that forensic science is the art of detecting and analysing imperfect but relevant traces. Trace: Contamination vs Pollution Contamination relates to the non-pertinent traces (natural background noise) present on investigation scenes before any intervention (of emergency services, crime scene service, etc). Since it cannot be avoided, collecting and analysing elimination or control Contamination specimens can help in identifying these traces as being contaminations. The weathering of the investigation scene (e.g. weather conditions, geological events, insects or scavenging animals) can also contribute to the creation of contamination but will more often lead to the loss and destruction of traces. Pollution refers to the introduction of traces that are not related to the crime, added to the investigation scene or to the forensic material due to careless handling by the people working on the case. Pollution can occur at any time during the intervention of the first responders (e.g. Pollution paramedics, police and firemen), the processing of the crime scene (e.g. police, crime scene investigators), the transport and storage of the traces (at short and long term), and during the laboratory analysis of the traces. It can be avoided by adopting appropriate protective measures or can be documented in certain circumstances (e.g. medical help). Trace in investigations- continued….. The first consequence is that a trace just happens to be where it is, without any specific meaning, unless it can be connected with the event under investigation. Traces are therefore pertinent for forensic science when they result from an event that is litigious (according to the law or other rules). More often than not, traces are thus unknowingly transferred by the authors, and events of interest have perturbed the normal equilibrium of the immediate environment. The event is different from habitual activities in this environment. The trace is often mistaken for physical evidence. It is not evidence until the decision is taken that it is relevant to the case in question. It becomes first a sign whose signification may not be clear, yet it can be decoded to bring knowledge and meaning. Some signs have immediate and universal meanings to all and do not need to be decoded; some others do need complex measurements and interpretation. Most contact traces fall into this category. Trace in investigations- continued…. A second consequence is that it may not be detected, unless one has an indication of the type of event that is being investigated. It is the result of an activity, which is in the past and cannot be reproduced, only inferred. A third consequence is that the type of information that is brought by traces is not only its potential for identification, but also for reconstruction and association (trace-to-person, person-to-trace, trace-to-trace and person-to-person). More on this later…… Time for a coffee break..round 2 Energy levels? A short detour…… Who am I? rd a Clue 1: Gave a prominent principle within o c Forensic Science. L Clue 2: Started the first Police Forensic n d Laboratory. o Clue 3: Also known as the Sherlock d m Holmes of France. E The investigation process The investigation process POI arrested POI accused Crime? Searching Investigation, Trial courtroom Identifying structure the Localising evidence, individuals Arrest involved Recovery of traces 1 2 3 The investigation process 1 Activity under cause DNA TRACES shoemarks investigation Relation between the activity and the trace …etc 2 Observation Relevancy of detection the traces Logical Reasoning Hypothesis Reconstruction Evidence 3 Logical reasoning in Forensic Science A clinical approach to reconstruct a past event of presence or activity. Based on C.S. Pierce’s ‘Key of Logic’, or the ‘Pierce’s Triangle.’ Logical reasoning in Forensic Science Chemistry Rules Physics Biology … Deduction: From the circumstances of the case and the rules of science we can deduct the potential traces generated during the activity. Criminal activity Fingermarks CCTV Events Traces DNA Witnesses … Reports … Logical reasoning in Forensic Science Chemistry Rules Physics Biology … Abduction: From the rules of science and the traces detected on the crime scene we can generate hypothesis on the case: abductive reasoning. Criminal activity Fingermarks CCTV Events Traces DNA Witnesses … Reports … Logical reasoning in Forensic Science Chemistry Rules Physics Biology … Criminal activity Fingermarks CCTV Events Traces DNA Witnesses … Reports … Induction: From the circumstances of the case and the traces detected on the crime scene we can generate scientific knowledge. E.g. touching a surface transfers fingermark, DNA…etc​. Decision process Forensic investigation is a decision making process based on hypothesis formulated and updated from the observations (hypothetico-deductive reasoning). Contrary to the name, HD HD reasoning: A test reasoning involves all three- cyclical method deduction, induction, and of reasoning abduction. Information/ based on Hypothesis Decision-making process observations. Observations Not always foolproof. generate Each case is different and requires different hypothesis and reasoning when approaching the crime scene. Contextual information helps forensic scientists to formulate hypothesis based on the known information about a case. Context during an investigation Number? Alphabet? A 12 13 14 C Context can often create bias. As Forensic Scientists we need to avoid getting influenced by any bias. Context during an investigation Carefully look at this picture of two old people. Context during an investigation There is an ongoing debate on the contextual information given to the forensic scientists. There are 2 schools of thoughts: The first suggests that forensic scientist needs contextual information to perform a more accurate and more selective trace search, analysis and to provide a meaningful interpretation of the traces. The second suggests that forensic scientists must be kept away from the context of the case in order to limit the risks of cognitive bias (such as the confirmation bias) during the phase of analysis and interpretation. Acceptable risk during an investigation Managing false positives and false negatives POI arrested POI accused Crime? Searching Investigation, Trial courtroom Identifying structure the Localising evidence, individuals Arrest involved Recovery of traces 1 2 3 Traces in investigation….continued Sign Trace Clue Proof Traces in investigation Analyse Collect Interpret Decide Recognise Evaluate Trace Sign Clue Proof Data Information Knowledge Intelligence Trace, sign, clue, proof The sign The trace becomes a sign when it is recognised, decoded to bring knowledge and meaning. The clue The sign becomes a clue when it supports one hypothesis/proposition more than another. The clue is a forensic trace that points towards a direction, provides a lead, has a meaning. Three types of clues: Source, Action, Intelligence. The proof The proof is the acceptance of the clue as decisive / relevant to the question asked. Evidence The term ‘evidence’ is generic. From a strict scientific point of view, evidence refers to outcomes of forensic examinations (findings) that, at a later point, may be used by legal decision-makers in a court of law to reach a reasoned belief about a proposition. Evidence should be a term kept for lawyers. Sign Clue Trace Proof “Evidence” A short detour…… o n Who am I? l l rti e Clue 1: French Police Officer B s e Clue 2: Applied anthropometry to law enforcement o n p h Clue 3: Inventor of mug shot A l The identification process The real aim of forensic science is to establish individuality, or to approach it as closely as the present state of the science allows.” [Paul Kirk]. ‘Every object of our Universe is unique’. What principle does this link to? Identity of properties ≠ Identity of source (only inferred). For the forensic scientists, identifying a person or an object means that it is possible to distinguish this object from all objects considered. The identification process can be seen as a reduction process, from an initial relevant population of control persons or objects to a restricted class or, ultimately, to unity. Decision theory in Forensic Science Deductive decision (deterministic)- categorical conclusion Exclusion Inconclusive Identification Is that the right way?? Inductive decision (Probabilistic or Bayesian approach) LR < 1 LR > 1 LR = 1 Bayesian approach Likelihood ratios (LR) allow to one understand the link between the probability and the odds/chance of something happening. This is extremely useful in situations where there are degrees of uncertainty. LR strengthens our understanding/belief of unknown situations on the strength of further evidence. All reports will soon have to be reported in terms of LR. More on this later…. Bayesian approach Pr 𝐻1 𝐼 E.g. A fingermark likely to be Prior odds Pr 𝐻2 𝐼 involved Court, judges, juries × multiplied to Pr 𝐸 𝐻1 , 𝐼 Combined with Associated with Likelihood ratio The probabilistic argument Pr 𝐸 𝐻2 , 𝐼 The expert (forensic scientist) (LR) = Pr 𝐻1 𝐸, 𝐼 Court, expert’s witness To determine on a fact Posterior odds Pr 𝐻2 𝐸, 𝐼 Retrace the story: Hashtag/ tagline of the day In your respective groups, create a tagline or a hashtag which best summarises your understanding of today’s session. Don’t be afraid of being creative and quirky. Use your sticky notes. Share away!! Claim your share! Retrace the story: Hashtag/ tagline of the day What’s mine? Learning objectives check What is forensic science? Fundamental principles and laws of Forensic Science The Role of the Forensic Scientist The Questions of Interest The Trace The Trace in the investigation The use of traces and interpretation Questions? What next??- Post lesson activities  What next??- Post lesson activities Feedback on this test will be given during next week’s lecture. If you have more queries, remember to post it on the discussion forum. What next??- Post lesson activities (2) (PDF) ENFSI guideline for Evaluative reporting in forensic science. Strengthening the Evaluation of Forensic Results across Europe (STEOFRAE). European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (researchgate.net) Developing further skills https://libguides.derby.ac.uk/critical-reading https://libguides.derby.ac.uk/presentations https://libguides.derby.ac.uk/group-work https://libguides.derby.ac.uk/academic-wellbeing https://libguides.derby.ac.uk/academic-wellbeing Graduates First  Next Week Photography and Imaging Lecture (Pre-lecture activity) derby.ac.uk Pre-lecture activity Next week you will learn about forensic imaging Before the lecture, you will need to review the slides about “Light Theory” On Blackboard > Week 2-5 – Photography Imaging Lectures > Week 2 - 4FO509_pre-lecture Test your knowledge with the formative assessment- pre-session tasks. Bring any questions you may have about light theory. 4FO509 derby.ac.uk Principles and Skills in Forensic Science University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby, DE22 1GB T +44 (0)1332 591044 E [email protected] Varsha Warrier [email protected] derby.ac.uk