Week 12 - Test Bank 1 PDF

**1. What is a primary cause of language death?**\ a) Development of creole languages.\ b) Lack of written systems.\ c) Forced assimilation and globalization.\ d) Increased trade between nations.\ e) Excessive use of traditional languages. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** Language death ofte...

**1. What is a primary cause of language death?**\ a) Development of creole languages.\ b) Lack of written systems.\ c) Forced assimilation and globalization.\ d) Increased trade between nations.\ e) Excessive use of traditional languages. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** Language death often results from forced assimilation, colonization, and globalization, which replace minority languages with dominant ones. **2. What distinguishes a dormant language from an extinct language?**\ a) Dormant languages are dead, while extinct languages are being revived.\ b) Dormant languages are still understood and can be revived.\ c) Extinct languages exist in oral tradition only.\ d) Dormant languages are preserved exclusively through writing.\ e) Extinct languages are never documented. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** Dormant languages, such as Hebrew before its revival, can still be revived if they are understood, while extinct languages are no longer spoken or understood. **3. How did British colonization contribute to the extinction of Tasmanian Aboriginal languages?**\ a) Through forced assimilation policies in schools.\ b) By introducing global languages like English.\ c) By eradicating the Indigenous population through genocide.\ d) Through suppression of Indigenous spirituality.\ e) By integrating Indigenous practices into colonial governance. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** The genocide of Indigenous Tasmanians during British colonization led to the loss of their languages, erasing cultural and ecological knowledge. **4. What was a significant result of the revival of Cornish in the 20th century?**\ a) It became a dominant global language.\ b) It replaced English in certain regions of the UK.\ c) It preserved cultural identity through community efforts.\ d) It eliminated other local dialects in the UK.\ e) It introduced new grammatical rules to British English. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** The revival of Cornish in the 20th century demonstrates how community-led efforts can preserve and restore cultural identity. **5. Which example illustrates the link between cultural and linguistic genocide?**\ a) The survival of Hawaiian as a minority language.\ b) The integration of Christian rituals into Indigenous traditions.\ c) The extermination of the Beothuk people in Canada.\ d) The widespread adoption of creole languages.\ e) The creation of pidgins for trade. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** The extermination of the Beothuk people by European settlers resulted in the loss of their language, showcasing the connection between cultural and linguistic genocide. **6. What do language families help reconstruct?**\ a) The migration patterns of prehistoric peoples.\ b) The origins of written language systems.\ c) The development of trade networks in modern societies.\ d) The reasons for language extinction.\ e) The role of language in colonial expansion. **Correct Answer:** a\ **Explanation:** Language families reveal historical relationships between languages, helping reconstruct migration patterns and cultural exchanges in prehistory. **7. Which languages belong to the Indo-European family?**\ a) Hawaiian, Tagalog, and Maori.\ b) Mandarin Chinese, Tibetan, and Cantonese.\ c) English, Spanish, Hindi, and Russian.\ d) Swahili, Zulu, and Xhosa.\ e) Arabic, Farsi, and Turkish. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** English, Spanish, Hindi, and Russian are part of the Indo-European family, which originated from Proto-Indo-European. **8. How does the Austronesian language family reflect ancient cultural practices?**\ a) It demonstrates the spread of agricultural societies across Europe.\ b) It highlights ancient maritime navigation and trade networks.\ c) It shows the influence of colonial expansion on local dialects.\ d) It illustrates the impact of written language systems on culture.\ e) It encodes knowledge of mountain ecosystems. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** The Austronesian family spans languages like Hawaiian and Tagalog, showcasing ancient maritime navigation and trade across the Pacific and Indian Oceans. **9. How does TEK differ from scientific knowledge systems?**\ a) TEK focuses exclusively on global environmental issues.\ b) TEK is encoded in Indigenous languages and lacks direct translations.\ c) TEK relies on formalized data collection.\ d) TEK eliminates the need for cultural practices.\ e) TEK is only useful for spiritual rituals. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** TEK is deeply tied to Indigenous languages, encoding knowledge of ecosystems, biodiversity, and sustainability that often lacks direct translations into dominant languages. **10. What is an example of TEK in practice among the Tahltan hunters?**\ a) Using Western ecological theories to manage animal populations.\ b) Documenting knowledge exclusively through written records.\ c) Encoding precise knowledge of animal behaviors and ecological patterns in language.\ d) Relying on modern tools for sustainable practices.\ e) Creating universal conservation laws. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** Tahltan hunters encode ecological knowledge in their language, such as animal behaviors and seasonal cycles, which are vital for sustainability. **11. What characterizes the Anthropocene epoch?**\ a) The dominance of natural ecosystems over human activity.\ b) The isolation of human practices from environmental systems.\ c) The significant impact of human activity on climate and ecosystems.\ d) The exclusive use of fossil fuels for global energy needs.\ e) The elimination of biodiversity due to natural cycles. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** The Anthropocene is defined by the large-scale impact of human activities, such as deforestation, urbanization, and industrial pollution, on the planet. **12. How do the Maisin contribute to sustainability in the Anthropocene?**\ a) By promoting industrial logging for economic gain.\ b) By relying on Western conservation models exclusively.\ c) By integrating traditional practices with modern environmental activism.\ d) By abandoning traditional ecological practices.\ e) By focusing solely on agricultural expansion. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** The Maisin combine traditional ecological knowledge with modern environmental activism to resist deforestation and logging. **13. What does political ecology study?**\ a) The linguistic connections between politics and culture.\ b) The isolated effects of governance on culture.\ c) The intersection of political, economic, and environmental systems.\ d) The impact of global trade on Indigenous languages.\ e) The removal of cultural practices from resource management. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** Political ecology examines how power dynamics in political and economic systems affect resource use and environmental management. **14. Which event demonstrates political ecology in action?**\ a) The extermination of the Beothuk people.\ b) The development of Indo-European languages.\ c) The Maisin resistance to multinational logging companies.\ d) The loss of traditional ecological knowledge in the Anthropocene.\ e) The Standing Rock protests against the Dakota Access Pipeline. **Correct Answer:** e\ **Explanation:** The Standing Rock protests linked environmental issues, such as resource exploitation, to broader political and social power dynamics. **15. How does acculturation differ from assimilation?**\ a) Acculturation involves forced cultural loss, while assimilation allows cultural retention.\ b) Acculturation allows for cultural retention, while assimilation erases original identity.\ c) Assimilation promotes the revival of traditional practices.\ d) Acculturation requires abandoning all cultural traits.\ e) Acculturation is limited to minority communities. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** Acculturation allows minority groups to adapt to dominant cultures while retaining their identity, whereas assimilation erases their original identity. **16. What is an example of direct diffusion?**\ a) Agricultural technologies spreading globally via media.\ b) The adoption of Western music by Hawaiian musicians.\ c) The integration of Christian teachings into Maisin rituals.\ d) The spread of Buddhism through the Silk Road.\ e) The loss of Indigenous languages in colonial schools. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** Direct diffusion occurs through close interaction, such as the integration of Christian teachings into Maisin tapa cloth rituals. **17. What distinguishes core cultural traits from peripheral traits?**\ a) Core traits are borrowed, while peripheral traits are invented.\ b) Core traits are central to cultural identity, while peripheral traits are easily adapted.\ c) Peripheral traits are never influenced by outside cultures.\ d) Core traits focus on technology, while peripheral traits involve religion.\ e) Peripheral traits are exclusively tied to language. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** Core traits, like language and religion, are central to identity, while peripheral traits, like clothing, are more easily adapted. **18. Which example best illustrates indirect diffusion?**\ a) Christianity spreading to Papua New Guinea through missionaries.\ b) Hawaiian musicians adopting Western instruments like the ukulele.\ c) Buddhism reaching China via the Silk Road through trade intermediaries.\ d) The integration of Christian drumming into Maisin ceremonies.\ e) The forced adoption of dominant languages in colonial schools. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** Indirect diffusion occurs when cultural traits spread through intermediaries, such as Buddhism traveling from India to China along trade routes. **19. What cultural practice demonstrates Maisin acculturation?**\ a) Abandoning traditional drumming for church music.\ b) Integrating tapa cloth into Christian ceremonies.\ c) Fully assimilating into Western governance systems.\ d) Adopting Western logging techniques over sustainable practices.\ e) Retaining only Indigenous spiritual beliefs. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** Acculturation involves blending cultural elements, such as the Maisin using traditional tapa cloth in Christian ceremonies. **20. How does assimilation differ from diffusion?**\ a) Assimilation leads to cultural blending, while diffusion involves erasing identity.\ b) Diffusion spreads traits across societies, while assimilation replaces minority identities with dominant culture traits.\ c) Assimilation focuses on technology, while diffusion addresses religion.\ d) Assimilation promotes cultural innovation, while diffusion limits it.\ e) Diffusion eliminates the possibility of cultural retention. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** Assimilation involves the absorption of minority groups into a dominant culture, often erasing their identity, while diffusion spreads cultural traits across societies. **21. What does Ralph Linton suggest about cultural borrowing?**\ a) Most cultural traits are invented within societies.\ b) Borrowing only occurs when societies have equal power dynamics.\ c) Borrowed traits often undergo modifications to fit local values.\ d) Peripheral traits are rarely borrowed.\ e) Borrowing prevents cultural innovation. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** Linton emphasized that borrowed traits are frequently modified to align with local cultural values, illustrating the adaptability of cultures. **22. What is one reason language death often results in cultural loss?**\ a) Extinct languages always lack written documentation.\ b) Unique ecological and spiritual knowledge is encoded in language.\ c) Languages only serve as a means of daily communication.\ d) Dominant languages completely replace endangered ones.\ e) Language death prevents cultural exchanges. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** Language loss often leads to cultural loss because languages encode unique ecological and spiritual knowledge that may not be translatable. **23. How does the extinction of the Beothuk language illustrate the connection between cultural and linguistic genocide?**\ a) The language survived despite the extermination of the Beothuk people.\ b) Cultural practices replaced linguistic diversity.\ c) The extermination of the Beothuk people erased their language.\ d) The language was preserved through assimilation into dominant cultures.\ e) It was replaced by a creole language blending Indigenous and European elements. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** The extermination of the Beothuk people by European settlers led to the extinction of their language, showing the link between cultural and linguistic genocide. **24. How many languages are currently endangered worldwide?**\ a) Less than 1,000.\ b) Over 7,000.\ c) Around 2,000.\ d) Over 3,000.\ e) Nearly all minority languages. **Correct Answer:** d\ **Explanation:** Of the approximately 7,000 languages spoken today, over 3,000 are endangered, highlighting the urgency of preservation efforts. **25. What is an example of TEK threatened by language death?**\ a) Use of internet-based ecological tools.\ b) Recording animal behaviors in scientific journals.\ c) Sustainable harvesting practices encoded in Indigenous languages.\ d) Replacement of biodiversity knowledge with economic practices.\ e) Development of universal ecological policies. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** TEK often relies on Indigenous languages to encode sustainable practices, and language death threatens this vital knowledge. **26. What practice demonstrates the Maisin's use of TEK in forest management?**\ a) Relying solely on global conservation organizations.\ b) Adopting multinational logging techniques.\ c) Integrating traditional practices with modern resistance to deforestation.\ d) Creating monoculture forests to maximize biodiversity.\ e) Abandoning traditional knowledge in favor of industrial logging. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** The Maisin combine traditional ecological knowledge with modern environmental activism to resist deforestation, preserving both biodiversity and culture. **27. Why is TEK difficult to translate into dominant languages?**\ a) It lacks precise terminology for modern ecological issues.\ b) It is encoded in Indigenous languages with unique cultural contexts.\ c) It contradicts global conservation principles.\ d) It only applies to specific geographic areas.\ e) It relies on outdated ecological models. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** TEK is deeply tied to Indigenous languages, which encode specific ecological and cultural knowledge that often lacks direct translations in dominant languages. **28. How do Indigenous practices challenge dominant Anthropocene models?**\ a) By promoting unrestricted use of natural resources.\ b) By relying exclusively on industrial conservation methods.\ c) By offering sustainable alternatives rooted in long-term observation.\ d) By integrating economic policies into ecological practices.\ e) By isolating environmental management from cultural contexts. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** Indigenous practices, such as those of the Maisin, provide sustainable alternatives to dominant Anthropocene models, rooted in TEK and long-term observation. **29. What is a defining feature of the Anthropocene?**\ a) The absence of significant human impact on ecosystems.\ b) Human activities causing large-scale environmental changes.\ c) The preservation of untouched ecosystems.\ d) The dominance of natural forces shaping the environment.\ e) The reliance on traditional ecological systems for global governance. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** The Anthropocene is characterized by significant human-induced environmental changes, such as deforestation and climate alteration. **30. What does the Standing Rock protest exemplify about political ecology?**\ a) The separation of cultural practices from resource management.\ b) The rejection of Indigenous involvement in environmental activism.\ c) The intersection of governance, resource exploitation, and cultural identity.\ d) The abandonment of Indigenous ecological knowledge in modern contexts.\ e) The prioritization of multinational corporations in local governance. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** The Standing Rock protest demonstrates how political ecology connects governance, environmental resource exploitation, and Indigenous cultural identity. **31. How did the spread of agricultural technologies like maize and potatoes influence global cultures?**\ a) It replaced traditional farming practices worldwide.\ b) It exclusively benefited European economies.\ c) It transformed diets and economies across multiple regions.\ d) It created monoculture farming in isolated societies.\ e) It eliminated regional food practices in the Americas. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** The diffusion of crops like maize and potatoes revolutionized diets and economies worldwide, illustrating cultural enrichment through agricultural exchange. **32. What is a key characteristic of diffusion?**\ a) It replaces local cultures with dominant global practices.\ b) It only occurs through direct contact between societies.\ c) It involves the spread of traits through trade, migration, or colonization.\ d) It eliminates cultural diversity by creating uniform traditions.\ e) It exclusively focuses on linguistic changes. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** Diffusion occurs through mechanisms like trade, migration, and colonization, enabling cultural traits to spread between societies. **33. How did the spread of Christianity in Papua New Guinea demonstrate cultural diffusion?**\ a) It fully replaced traditional Indigenous practices.\ b) It was rejected by Indigenous societies.\ c) It integrated with traditional practices, such as using tapa cloth in ceremonies.\ d) It erased Indigenous knowledge systems and languages.\ e) It became entirely independent of Indigenous cultural influence. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** Christianity in Papua New Guinea adapted to local cultures by integrating traditional elements like tapa cloth into church rituals, showing cultural blending. **34. How does the diffusion of Buddhism along the Silk Road illustrate indirect diffusion?**\ a) It occurred through intermediaries, such as trade networks, rather than direct contact.\ b) It replaced other religions without integrating local practices.\ c) It relied on military conquest to spread across Asia.\ d) It eliminated regional variations of Buddhist practices.\ e) It avoided influence from trade networks and migration. **Correct Answer:** a\ **Explanation:** Buddhism spread from India to China along the Silk Road through intermediaries, illustrating indirect diffusion via trade routes. **Acculturation and Assimilation (Continued)** **35. Which example highlights assimilation rather than acculturation?**\ a) Hawaiian music incorporating Western instruments like the ukulele.\ b) Indigenous children in residential schools forbidden to speak their languages.\ c) The integration of tapa cloth into Christian ceremonies by the Maisin.\ d) The adaptation of Western conservation methods by Indigenous activists.\ e) Polynesian cultures retaining traditional navigation techniques alongside modern tools. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** Assimilation involves the erasure of cultural identity, as seen in Indigenous children forbidden to speak their languages in residential schools. **36. What makes acculturation distinct from assimilation?**\ a) Acculturation involves the erasure of minority cultural traits.\ b) Acculturation allows minority groups to retain elements of their original identity.\ c) Acculturation enforces dominant cultural practices over all others.\ d) Assimilation results in cultural blending, while acculturation is static.\ e) Assimilation promotes innovation within minority groups. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** Acculturation allows for cultural retention, blending new traits with original practices, unlike assimilation, which erases minority identity. **37. What cultural impact did Hawaiian music demonstrate through acculturation?**\ a) Adoption of Western instruments while retaining Indigenous melodies and themes.\ b) Replacement of traditional Hawaiian songs with Western pop music.\ c) Full assimilation into global music markets.\ d) Erasure of Indigenous themes to align with Western traditions.\ e) Abandonment of Indigenous instruments and compositions. **Correct Answer:** a\ **Explanation:** Hawaiian music exemplifies acculturation by blending Western instruments, like the ukulele, with Indigenous melodies and cultural themes. **Language Families (Continued)** **38. Which feature is common among languages in the Austronesian family?**\ a) They originated from Proto-Indo-European.\ b) They focus on land-based agricultural terminology.\ c) They reflect ancient seafaring and trade practices.\ d) They lack evidence of cultural migration or exchange.\ e) They primarily exist as dormant languages today. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** The Austronesian family, which includes Hawaiian and Maori, reflects ancient maritime navigation and trade practices. **39. What does the Indo-European language family reveal about cultural history?**\ a) It illustrates the absence of migration in prehistory.\ b) It provides evidence of the expansion of agricultural societies into Europe and Asia.\ c) It highlights the influence of dominant modern languages.\ d) It eliminates the need for studying ancient migration patterns.\ e) It exclusively includes languages from South Asia. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** The Indo-European family reveals the migration and spread of agricultural societies into Europe and Asia, shaping cultural history. **Traditional Ecological Knowledge (Continued)** **40. How do the Maisin combine TEK with modern activism?**\ a) By abandoning traditional practices for global conservation methods.\ b) By integrating TEK into global environmental activism to resist deforestation.\ c) By relying solely on Indigenous systems without external support.\ d) By opposing all modern conservation practices in favor of TEK alone.\ e) By focusing on resource exploitation for economic gain. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** The Maisin combine traditional ecological knowledge with modern activism, using their practices to resist deforestation and protect biodiversity.