Week 10 Lecture Slides - Quiz 1 PDF

**33. How has climate change impacted tapa production in Maisin society?**\ a) It increased access to wuwusi trees.\ b) It eliminated reliance on reciprocal exchanges.\ c) It strengthened economic opportunities for women.\ d) It devastated wuwusi plantations, forcing a shift to food gardening.\ e) I...

**33. How has climate change impacted tapa production in Maisin society?**\ a) It increased access to wuwusi trees.\ b) It eliminated reliance on reciprocal exchanges.\ c) It strengthened economic opportunities for women.\ d) It devastated wuwusi plantations, forcing a shift to food gardening.\ e) It removed tapa-making as a central part of Maisin culture. **Correct Answer:** d\ **Explanation:** Rising water levels and floods have destroyed wuwusi plantations, reducing tapa production and forcing the Maisin to prioritize food gardening. **34. What role do Maisin women play in leadership dynamics?**\ a) Women hold positions of equal political power with senior men.\ b) Women control ceremonial and political decision-making.\ c) Women prioritize economic leadership over traditional roles.\ d) Women are politically subordinate to senior men despite their contributions.\ e) Women focus solely on subsistence tasks without political influence. **Correct Answer:** d\ **Explanation:** While women contribute significantly to subsistence and cultural tasks, they remain politically subordinate to senior men in Maisin society. **35. What distinguishes Maisin leadership from other hierarchical systems?**\ a) Leaders accumulate wealth and resources for long-term control.\ b) Leadership is permanent and tied to economic status.\ c) Leaders are chosen based on gender and age alone.\ d) Leadership emerges situationally and is not formalized.\ e) Leaders exclusively manage resource allocation. **Correct Answer:** d\ **Explanation:** Maisin leadership is situational, with \"big men\" emerging to mobilize support rather than holding formalized or permanent roles. **36. What does the act of bringing small gifts during visits symbolize in Maisin society?**\ a) It eliminates the need for other reciprocal exchanges.\ b) It emphasizes wealth accumulation over social norms.\ c) It prioritizes formalized social roles.\ d) It reflects moral expectations and reinforces social etiquette.\ e) It substitutes for ceremonial obligations. **Correct Answer:** d\ **Explanation:** Bringing small gifts during visits reflects the Maisin value of reciprocity and reinforces social norms through etiquette. **1. What tension did Edward Sapir explore in his studies of society?**\ a) The conflict between economic and political systems.\ b) The relationship between external observations and individual perspectives within groups.\ c) The role of language in social mobility.\ d) The dominance of class over caste in stratified societies.\ e) The impact of modernity on egalitarian societies. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** Sapir examined the tension between the objective axis (external group observations) and subjective axis (individuals' emotional engagement with their group). **2. What is an example of Sapir's "subjective axis" in social analysis?**\ a) A researcher mapping the economic hierarchy of a society.\ b) An individual describing their emotional connection to their community.\ c) A study analyzing the division of labor in a stratified society.\ d) Observing political systems through non-participant observation.\ e) Quantifying social inequality based on income levels. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** The subjective axis focuses on individuals' emotional associations with their groups, contrasting with external, objective analyses. **3. According to Morton Fried, how do ranked societies differ from egalitarian societies?**\ a) Ranked societies lack access to economic resources.\ b) Ranked societies have unequal access to status but equal access to resources.\ c) Egalitarian societies have unequal access to power.\ d) Egalitarian societies are defined by fixed hierarchies.\ e) Ranked societies prioritize resource accumulation over reciprocity. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** Ranked societies provide equal access to resources and power but have hierarchical differences in status. **4. How do class-based societies differ from ranked societies, according to Fried?**\ a) Class societies have equal access to power and status.\ b) Ranked societies enforce strict economic inequality.\ c) Class societies have unequal access to resources, power, and status.\ d) Ranked societies prioritize wealth over cultural values.\ e) Class societies eliminate economic hierarchies. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** Class-based societies feature unequal access to resources, power, and status, contrasting with ranked societies. **5. How does Paul Fussell's class framework differ from economic definitions of class?**\ a) It eliminates the role of style and taste in class distinctions.\ b) It reduces class to purely income-based categories.\ c) It incorporates style, taste, and cultural awareness into class distinctions.\ d) It focuses solely on marginalized classes.\ e) It rejects the idea of cultural mobility in social stratification. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** Fussell emphasized that class is shaped not only by wealth but also by style, taste, and cultural awareness. **6. What was George Orwell's key observation about class?**\ a) Class distinctions are primarily economic.\ b) Social hierarchies persist despite economic mobility.\ c) Wealth determines all aspects of social identity.\ d) Education eliminates class boundaries.\ e) Social mobility is easily achievable in modern societies. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** Orwell observed that while there are two economic classes (rich and poor), social hierarchies persist, creating challenges for individuals to escape their class positions. **7. What does the Maisin concept of marawa-wawe represent?**\ a) The economic value of tapa in modern markets.\ b) The role of women in tapa-making.\ c) A balance between reciprocal exchanges and conservation efforts.\ d) The environmental impact of tapa production.\ e) Hierarchical leadership within Maisin clans. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** Marawa-wawe reflects the Maisin emphasis on balancing reciprocal exchanges with environmental and cultural conservation. **8. How has tapa production affected Maisin women?**\ a) It has reduced their burden of subsistence tasks.\ b) It has significantly increased their political power.\ c) It has added to their workload without increasing political influence.\ d) It has replaced their role in traditional leadership structures.\ e) It has eliminated economic tensions within Maisin society. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** While tapa production provides economic opportunities, it also increases women's burdens and has not significantly improved their political power. **9. How has rising water levels impacted Maisin society?**\ a) It has improved agricultural production.\ b) It has reduced reliance on subsistence farming.\ c) It has devastated wuwusi tree plantations used for tapa production.\ d) It has eliminated the need for reciprocal exchanges.\ e) It has increased women's role in traditional leadership. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** Rising water levels have destroyed wuwusi tree plantations, reducing tapa production and forcing a shift to prioritizing food gardens. **10. How do Maisin leaders differ from highlands leaders like Ongka?**\ a) Maisin leaders accumulate large pig herds to gain influence.\ b) Maisin leaders manage permanent, centralized roles.\ c) Maisin leaders emerge situationally to mobilize support.\ d) Maisin leaders enforce strict hierarchical control over their clans.\ e) Maisin leaders focus exclusively on economic management. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** Maisin leadership is situational, with big men emerging to mobilize support, contrasting with highlands leaders who manage significant resources. **11. How does gossip function in Maisin society?**\ a) It reinforces hierarchical leadership structures.\ b) It weakens social norms by promoting individualism.\ c) It indirectly enforces social norms by discouraging misconduct.\ d) It replaces formal mechanisms of social control.\ e) It focuses exclusively on economic behavior. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** Gossip enforces social norms indirectly by shaming individuals who deviate from expected behaviors, maintaining conformity in the community. **12. What does the Maisin "falling down rule" illustrate about their cultural values?**\ a) The rejection of hierarchical norms.\ b) The importance of resource accumulation over reciprocity.\ c) The belief in performing socially correct actions without questioning them.\ d) The prioritization of individual success over communal well-being.\ e) The elimination of traditional etiquette in modern contexts. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** The \"falling down rule\" reflects the Maisin value of performing socially correct behaviors instinctively, emphasizing reciprocity and community support. **15. How do egalitarian societies manage access to resources and power?**\ a) They ensure equal access to economic resources, power, and status.\ b) They prioritize wealth accumulation over communal needs.\ c) They enforce rigid hierarchical structures for resource allocation.\ d) They rely on class-based systems for decision-making.\ e) They discourage collective action in resource sharing. **Correct Answer:** a\ **Explanation:** Egalitarian societies are characterized by equal access to economic resources, power, and status, promoting fairness and communal cooperation. **16. What does Morton Fried's concept of ranked societies emphasize?**\ a) Equality in access to status and resources.\ b) The absence of hierarchical structures in communities.\ c) The importance of wealth accumulation.\ d) Unequal access to status despite equal access to resources.\ e) Strict divisions between economic and political power. **Correct Answer:** d\ **Explanation:** Ranked societies allow equal access to economic resources and power but create distinctions in status, forming hierarchical structures. **17. What is a central theme in Paul Fussell's analysis of class in the USA?**\ a) Class distinctions include taste, style, and cultural awareness.\ b) Economic resources solely define class identity.\ c) Social mobility is determined by education alone.\ d) Marginalized classes are excluded from cultural considerations.\ e) Class systems function independently of cultural dynamics. **Correct Answer:** a\ **Explanation:** Fussell highlighted that class in the USA involves not only wealth but also cultural elements such as taste, style, and awareness. **18. How does tapa function as a "total social phenomenon" in Maisin society?**\ a) It connects cultural, social, and economic aspects of life.\ b) It primarily serves as a market commodity.\ c) It separates ceremonial practices from daily life.\ d) It excludes women from production and leadership roles.\ e) It focuses solely on artistic expression without practical use. **Correct Answer:** a\ **Explanation:** Tapa integrates cultural identity, social roles, and economic practices, making it a "total social phenomenon" for the Maisin. **19. What is one consequence of the Tapa Project for Maisin society?**\ a) Economic tensions arose as outsiders reproduced and profited from Maisin designs.\ b) It significantly reduced the environmental impact of tapa production.\ c) It eliminated gender inequalities in tapa-making.\ d) It replaced reciprocal exchanges with market-based economies.\ e) It ensured long-term stability in tapa production. **Correct Answer:** a\ **Explanation:** The Tapa Project created economic tensions, as outsiders replicated Maisin designs for profit, challenging traditional practices. **21. What distinguishes the Maisin's Ttamati Bejji from highlands leaders?**\ a) Leadership emerges situationally rather than as a formalized role.\ b) Leaders accumulate wealth and resources to maintain power.\ c) Leaders enforce permanent control over community decisions.\ d) Leadership focuses solely on reciprocal exchanges.\ e) Leaders prioritize agricultural productivity over social harmony. **Correct Answer:** a\ **Explanation:** The Maisin's Ttamati Bejji ("big man") emerges as a leader based on situational needs, reflecting political egalitarianism. **22. How does age influence political dynamics in Maisin society?**\ a) Senior men hold greater political power than women and younger individuals.\ b) Political authority is equally distributed across all age groups.\ c) Younger individuals are given priority in leadership roles.\ d) Leadership roles are unrelated to gender or age.\ e) Women dominate decision-making processes in Maisin society. **Correct Answer:** a\ **Explanation:** In Maisin society, senior men wield more political influence, creating gender and age-based hierarchies despite an egalitarian ethos. **37. How does gossip contribute to social order in Maisin society?**\ a) Gossip directly accuses individuals of misconduct.\ b) Gossip replaces the need for community interactions.\ c) Gossip formalizes accusations of rule-breaking.\ d) Gossip indirectly enforces norms by discouraging deviant behavior.\ e) Gossip undermines communal ties by promoting individualism. **Correct Answer:** d\ **Explanation:** Gossip serves as an indirect tool for enforcing social norms, discouraging rule-breaking through the fear of social shame. **23. What role does etiquette play in Maisin social control?**\ a) It reinforces moral expectations through ritualized behaviors.\ b) It eliminates the need for gossip as a mechanism of enforcement.\ c) It prioritizes individual actions over communal well-being.\ d) It ensures that formal leadership enforces all social norms.\ e) It discourages acts of reciprocity in daily interactions. **Correct Answer:** a\ **Explanation:** Etiquette in Maisin society involves ritualized behaviors, such as bringing gifts during visits, reflecting moral expectations and reinforcing social order. **25. How does the Maisin "falling down rule" reflect their cultural values?**\ a) It demonstrates the belief in reciprocal action as a social norm.\ b) It prioritizes formalized leadership in emergencies.\ c) It enforces hierarchical structures over collective action.\ d) It discourages immediate assistance in favor of symbolic gestures.\ e) It eliminates the need for socially correct behaviors. **Correct Answer:** a\ **Explanation:** The "falling down rule" reflects the Maisin's deeply ingrained reciprocity reflex, emphasizing unspoken social norms and collective support. **28. How does John T. Molloy describe class dynamics in office environments?**\ a) Offices are designed to reflect lower-class values.\ b) Employees are encouraged to adopt the values of the destitute class.\ c) Offices eliminate the need for class-based behaviors.\ d) Offices are tailored to reflect upper-middle-class values.\ e) Employees often emulate the upper-middle class as a marker of success. **Correct Answer:** e\ **Explanation:** Molloy observed that businesses encourage employees to emulate the upper-middle class, reflecting success through office environments and personal presentation. **29. What does C. Wright Mills critique about social climbers?**\ a) Their focus on traditional knowledge systems.\ b) Their rejection of economic mobility.\ c) Their emphasis on physical labor over intellectual skills.\ d) Their prioritization of intellectual skills over social graces.\ e) Their disconnection from broader societal goals. **Correct Answer:** d\ **Explanation:** Mills critiques social climbers for prioritizing intellectual achievements over the social skills necessary for navigating cultural mobility. **30. How does Orwell's view of class differ from purely economic theories?**\ a) Orwell focuses exclusively on wealth accumulation.\ b) Orwell rejects the importance of social hierarchies.\ c) Orwell eliminates the role of cultural awareness in class systems.\ d) Orwell emphasizes persistent social hierarchies despite economic class differences.\ e) Orwell views social mobility as attainable only through wealth. **Correct Answer:** d\ **Explanation:** Orwell argued that while there are two economic classes, social hierarchies persist and create barriers to mobility beyond wealth. **41. What was one of Edward Sapir's contributions to museum anthropology?**\ a) Conducting fieldwork with the Nuu-chah-nulth to document cultural artifacts.\ b) Developing theories of economic systems in stratified societies.\ c) Critiquing the use of artifacts in colonial exhibitions.\ d) Highlighting how cultural identity is tied to material artifacts.\ e) Focusing on group dynamics in museum settings. **Correct Answer:** a\ **Explanation:** Sapir contributed to museum anthropology by documenting and preserving the cultural artifacts of the Nuu-chah-nulth during his fieldwork. **42. What ambiguity did Sapir highlight in defining the term \"group\"?**\ a) Groups can only exist within hierarchical societies.\ b) Groups are universally understood as collective units.\ c) Groups must prioritize the individual's needs to function effectively.\ d) Groups can be understood as either primary or secondary concepts in social theory.\ e) Groups do not require emotional engagement from their members. **Correct Answer:** d\ **Explanation:** Sapir noted that the concept of \"group\" can be ambiguous, making it challenging to define whether it or the individual is the primary unit in social theory. **43. What feature distinguishes Fussell's High-Proletarian class?**\ a) Economic stability paired with cultural mobility.\ b) Dependence on manual labor with some stability.\ c) Complete exclusion from class-based identity markers.\ d) Wealth accumulation with limited social awareness.\ e) Strong connections to the upper-middle class. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** The High-Proletarian class relies on manual labor and enjoys some economic stability but lacks significant cultural mobility. **45. What dual symbolism does tapa hold in Maisin society?**\ a) It connects market economies with gender roles.\ b) It represents both collective identity and clan divisions.\ c) It emphasizes individual creativity over collective identity.\ d) It serves as an economic tool for outsiders.\ e) It reflects economic tensions within global markets. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** Tapa symbolizes both the collective identity of the Maisin and the divisions between clans, reflecting its deep cultural significance. **46. What is an example of the reciprocity reflex in Maisin society?**\ a) Offering gifts during ceremonies to showcase individual wealth.\ b) Senior leaders prioritizing their needs over others'.\ c) A man falling from a canoe, with others mimicking the fall before helping.\ d) Outsiders profiting from traditional tapa-making designs.\ e) Younger individuals challenging established social hierarchies. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** The reciprocity reflex is demonstrated by the act of mimicking a man's fall from a canoe before rescuing him, reflecting the importance of reciprocal actions. **50. How do Maisin big men differ from highlands leaders like Ongka?**\ a) Maisin leaders focus on managing ceremonial exchanges.\ b) Maisin leaders accumulate wealth to gain influence.\ c) Maisin leadership is situational and non-formalized.\ d) Maisin leaders enforce strict hierarchical control over communities.\ e) Maisin leadership focuses solely on age-based hierarchies. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** Maisin big men emerge situationally to mobilize support and do not hold permanent or formalized roles, unlike highlands leaders.