Community Health Nursing: A Canadian Perspective PDF

Community Health Nursing: A Canadian Perspective Sixth Edition NURS-3960 WEEK 10 - Chapter 32 Nursing in Emergency Preparedness and Disaster...

Community Health Nursing: A Canadian Perspective Sixth Edition NURS-3960 WEEK 10 - Chapter 32 Nursing in Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Response Copyright © 2025 Pearson Canada Inc. 32 - 1 Community Health Nursing: A Canadian Perspective Sixth Edition Chapter 32 Nursing in Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Response Copyright © 2025 Pearson Canada Inc. 32 - 2 Learning Outcomes 1. Apply a health equity and social justice lens in examining the roles of nurses in disaster and emergency response. 2. Define disaster, the various types of disasters, and their consequences. 3. Describe national legislative frameworks and key activities involved in Canadian public safety and emergency preparedness. 4. Explain the roles and responsibilities of the Public Health Agency of Canada in emergency preparedness using a health equity and social justice lens. 5. Identify the key functions and roles of organizations and nurses in public health and community health before, during, and following a public health disaster. 6. Discuss strategies to reduce health disparities and ensure optimal safety and well-being of vulnerable and priority populations during and following disasters. Copyright © 2025 Pearson Canada Inc. 32 - 3 Introduction Between 2000 and 2019, there were over 7000 recorded disaster events that claimed 1.23 million lives Different types of disasters vary in severity, each with its own degree of death, mass injury, illness, and loss Emergency preparedness and disaster nursing is an emerging specialty Copyright © 2025 Pearson Canada Inc. 32 - 4 What is a Disaster? (1 of 2) As defined by Public Safety Canada, disasters are a social phenomenon that results when a hazard intersects with a vulnerable community Disasters affect public safety and leave communities with long-term adverse socioeconomic, health, and environmental effects Adverse effects of disasters do not affect individuals and groups equally Copyright © 2025 Pearson Canada Inc. 32 - 5 What is a Disaster? (2 of 2) Natural disasters: unpredictable; happen very quickly or slowly; floods, droughts, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes, wildfires, plane crashes Human-made disasters: often result in mass numbers of civilian injuries and deaths; include bioterrorism, bombings, and technical disasters Epidemics can occur when an infectious disease spreads rapidly, affecting a large number of individuals within a population Epidemics become pandemics when the infection becomes widespread in different parts of the globe Copyright © 2025 Pearson Canada Inc. 32 - 6 Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness in Canada (1 of 3) Local municipalities have the first responsibility in managing an emergency and if their capacity is exceeded, the province responds, and likewise, they call on federal government for assistance Federal legislation found in three complementary acts: the Emergencies Act, the Emergency Preparedness Act, and the Emergency Management Act Copyright © 2025 Pearson Canada Inc. 32 - 7 Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness in Canada (2 of 3) Emergency management involves mitigation, prevention, preparation planning, responding and recovery; effective management can avoid the escalation of an event into a disaster By completing a Hazard Identification Risk Assessment (HIRA), organizations can prioritize specific threats based on risk of probability and consequence or impact Copyright © 2025 Pearson Canada Inc. 32 - 8 Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness in Canada (3 of 3) Public health authorities use the Incident Management System as an operational framework for emergency preparedness and response planning Public Health Ontario (2020) adopted a framework and developed a comprehensive set of 67 indicators corresponding with the elements to support all aspects of emergency management Copyright © 2025 Pearson Canada Inc. 32 - 9 Crises in Public Health The Walkerton E. coli Experience Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Listeriosis Pandemic H1N1 Flu Virus Ebola Virus Disease (2014–2016) Opioid Crisis Mpox Copyright © 2025 Pearson Canada Inc. 32 - 10 Public Health Response in a Disaster Nurses must learn from past disasters that include: – infection prevention and control in mass casualty incidents, – public education, – internal and external communication, and – building partnerships with outside agencies Nurses must play pivotal advocacy and leadership roles to facilitate agency-specific and community-wide preparations for health-related emergencies and disasters Copyright © 2025 Pearson Canada Inc. 32 - 11 Role of Nurses and Community Health Organizations in Disasters Current trends in disaster and emergency response recognize the importance of collaboration and response using a standardized approach Nurses often assigned to roles such as liaison, operations, planning, and safety officer Copyright © 2025 Pearson Canada Inc. 32 - 12 Nurses in Disasters and Emergency Response (1 of 3) Nurses from all settings play a critical role during all phases of emergency or disaster response Integral role nursing profession plays in all aspects of emergencies, including prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery Nurses and health care workers in emergency or disaster response experience tremendous secondary traumatic stress and burnout Copyright © 2025 Pearson Canada Inc. 32 - 13 Nurses in Disasters and Emergency Response (2 of 3) Two unique contributions of the ICN document are: – 1) the inclusion of nurses’ leadership role in planning and implementing disaster response; and – 2) the emphasis for nurses to include assessments of their own physical and mental health, and those of their colleagues, during disaster response, as well as attending to their own health and well-being in the recovery phase Copyright © 2025 Pearson Canada Inc. 32 - 14 Nurses in Disasters and Emergency Response (3 of 3) Core Competencies in Disaster Nursing Version: – Preparation and planning – Communication – Incident management – Safety and security – Assessment – Intervention – Recovery – Law and ethics Copyright © 2025 Pearson Canada Inc. 32 - 15 Social Justice and Health Equity in Disaster Response (1 of 6) COVID-19 was widely perceived to be the “great equalizer” because nobody was immune to the virus and everyone would be affected Social justice and health equity must be integrated into disaster response Health equity can be defined as differences in health that are not only unnecessary and avoidable but also unfair and unjust Copyright © 2025 Pearson Canada Inc. 32 - 16 Social Justice and Health Equity in Disaster Response (2 of 6) Over 14 739 LTC residents died, making up 69% of Canada’s overall COVID-19 deaths Staffing shortage resulted in residents receiving inadequate basic daily care At the extent of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak and the number of deaths among residents were higher in private for-profit LTC homes Copyright © 2025 Pearson Canada Inc. 32 - 17 Social Justice and Health Equity in Disaster Response (3 of 6) COVID-19 related health disparities were also noted among First Nations, Métis and Inuk peoples Colonial policies in Canada continue to re/produce inequitable access to social determinants of health Chinese and East Asian communities were faced with a shadow pandemic of anti-Asian hate, racist violence, and stigmatization Copyright © 2025 Pearson Canada Inc. 32 - 18 Social Justice and Health Equity in Disaster Response (4 of 6) Primordial prevention refers to addressing pre-existing social, economic, and environmental conditions Primary prevention refers to activities that prevent a disease from ever occurring and lowering the risk among vulnerable populations Secondary prevention emphasizes early disease detection through screening to prevent outbreak and preventable disease progression Copyright © 2025 Pearson Canada Inc. 32 - 19 Social Justice and Health Equity in Disaster Response (5 of 6) Tertiary prevention focuses on mitigating the impact of the disease on people who have been infected Quaternary prevention is a relatively new concept that refers to “action taken to protect individuals (persons/patients) from medical interventions that are likely to cause more harm than good” To date, there has been limited guidance on preparedness activities addressing at-risk populations Copyright © 2025 Pearson Canada Inc. 32 - 20 Social Justice and Health Equity in Disaster Response (6 of 6) Canadian nurses must develop an agenda that strengthens education in disaster nursing CHNs who are knowledgeable and competent in emergency preparedness are necessary to meet the challenges of unpredictable threats from disaster Essential to be actively involved in the development of health care policies Copyright © 2025 Pearson Canada Inc. 32 - 21 NURS-3960 – WEEK 10 – Chapter 32 Thank you! Copyright © 2025 Pearson Canada Inc. 32 - 22