Week 1 - Introduction to the course; Overview of histopathology.pdf

Week 1 Introduction to the Course: HISTOPATHOLOGY (BMS4470A) OVERVIEW OF HISTOPATHOLOGY Dr. Merin Thomas [email protected] Office hours : Tuesday & Thursday – 1.00pm to 3.00pm Contact details & Office Hours E-mail - [email protected] On campus FOUR days a week; not available on campu...

Week 1 Introduction to the Course: HISTOPATHOLOGY (BMS4470A) OVERVIEW OF HISTOPATHOLOGY Dr. Merin Thomas [email protected] Office hours : Tuesday & Thursday – 1.00pm to 3.00pm Contact details & Office Hours E-mail - [email protected] On campus FOUR days a week; not available on campus Friday-Sunday Office hours : Tuesday & Thursday, 01.00pm to 03.00pm You are welcome to drop by for any clarifications BUT it is advised to take prior appointment via Teams messenger Kindly avoid calling via Teams; meet me in person for all clarifications and queries easier to answer doubts in person rather than via text/call. For instructions/queries related to assignments/exam portions etc. check blackboard before you reach out. 3 Rules for my classroom PUNCTUALITY & DISCIPLINE! Mode of Conducting Classes FACE TO FACE CLASSES Active participation from all students Each class - 1hour45min on Mondays and Wednesdays Lecture notes will be uploaded in PDF format prior to lecture Attendance of utmost importance – Attendance is marked from day 1. Assessments will be written and on paper Deadlines Modes of Assessment QUIZZES 2 quizzes will be given based on 10-15min/Quiz ; 1 before midterm 1 topics covered LAB REPORT Lab report describing and analyzing laboratory experiments. It will also cover the lecture materials. after midterm MID TERM & FINAL EXAM Midterm Exam - Week 6 Final Exam - end of semester PROJECT Group presentation Present a histopathological report of a blood/bone disease of your choice.. Assessment Tool Weight Description Quiz 15% TWO quizzes 10-15 minutes each will be distributed across the semester, i.e. 1 quiz before the Midterm Exam and 1 quiz after the Midterm Exam. 7.5% weightage for each quiz Midterm Exam 20% Written examination consisting of a combination of multiplechoice, matching, true or false, and hot spot questions. Assessments will include questions and content from class, PowerPoints, and textbooks. Lab Report 15% Lab report describing and analyzing laboratory experiments. It will also cover the lecture materials. Project 20% Students will deliver a presentation on an assigned or selected relevant topic related to the course, guided by guidelines and principles of professional presentations. Final exam 30% Final exam will examine knowledge and understanding of the concepts and issues involved in syllabus covered after midterm exam. TYPES OF QUESTIONS FORMAT MARKS EXAMPLE True or False 1 mark 1. Cells are called the structural and functional units of the body a. True. Multiple Choice 1 mark Questions Mix and Match 1. i. Hot spot questions 1 mark Which of the following is an example of a cell organelle a. Iodine. 4 marks 1. b. False b. Nucleus. c. Adipose d. Giemsa Match Skeletal Muscle a. Bone ii. Biopsy b. Common fixative iii. Osteocyte c. Voluntary in function iv. Formalin d. Examination of tissue taken from living 1. Observe the given image and identify it a. Blood b. Bone c. Muscle d. Epithelium A REFERENCE BOOKS Mescher, A. L. (2018). Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, FIFTEENTH. In McGraw-Hill Education eBooks. http://125.212.201.8:6008/handle/DHKTYTHD_123/5904 Eroschenko, V. P., & Di Fiore, M. S. H. (2013). DiFiore’s Atlas of Histology with Functional Correlations. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. What are you going to learn this semester? HISTOPATHOLOGY What is it’s importance Let’s Discuss with an example Learning Objectives Overview of Histopathology Introduction to histopathology HISTOPATHOLOGY Histopathology is a powerful acknowledged tool with a wide range of applications within almost every domain of life sciences. Histopathology is the diagnosis and study of diseases of the tissues, and involves examining tissues and/or cells under a microscope HISTOPATHOLOGY Histopathology is derived from the merging of two fields of expertise: Histology + Pathology HISTOPATHOLOGY Histology: Histos– Tissue; Logos – the study of. Microscopic study of normal tissues through sectioning, staining, and examining those sections under a microscope Pathology: Pathos – Suffering; Logos – the study of The study of disease. It is a form of science and branch of medicine that involves testing patient samples (blood, urine, tissue etc) to aid or provide diagnosis. Know the normal to understand the abnormal! HISTOPATHOLOGY – What are we going to learn Understanding the normal structure and function of different tissues is essential for interpreting the changes that occur during disease The basic principles that apply to the preparation of microscope sections Identify several human tissues and interpret the changes that occur in disease HISTOPATHOLOGY – What are we going to learn Histology Review the histological techniques that allow understanding of cell and tissue structure. Summarize the structural and functional organization of human cell biology, presenting the cytoplasm and nucleus separately. Cover the basic tissues that make up our organs: epithelia, connective tissue (and its major sub-types), nervous tissue, and muscle. HISTOPATHOLOGY – What are we going to learn Pathology Recognize the histological appearance of several pathological tissues Describe possible pathologic outcomes of dysfunctional cells and tissues Evaluate both normal and pathologic structure and function of cells and tissues that comprise the organs of the human body A look into the past The development of the cellular doctrine by Theodor Schwann in 1839, who first proposed that plants and animals are composed of tissues formed by a characteristic spatial distribution of countless single cells, can be regarded as the turning point in 19th-century histological discoveries. A look into the past Histology was first recognized as a medical specialty in 1906 when Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramon y Cajal shared the Nobel peace prize in physiology or medicine for pioneering work in neuroscience most of which included histology (Mazzarini et al., 2020) A look into the past Scientists constructed crude but functional optical instruments to observe the very far (the Galileo Galilei telescope) and the very close (the Antoni van Leeuwenhoek microscope), because of the relatively low cost and easy availability of these lenses, as well as the growing understanding in optical physics. A look into the past.. to the present (Mazzarini et al., 2020) The advent of microphotography, already well known after the mid-20th century onwards, broke new ground in microscopy science. A look into the past Since most cells are nearly transparent and colorless in their natural state, they must be stained to be observed under a microscope. Synthetic dyes were created because of the significant advancements in dyestuff chemistry for the textile industry that took place between 1600 and 1800. These developments gave scientists powerful new tools for developing and validating new tissue staining techniques as well as for staining histological samples. HISTOPATHOLOGY The tissue undergoes a series of steps before it reaches the examiners desk to be thoroughly examined microscopically to arrive at a particular diagnosis. To achieve this, it is important that the tissue must be prepared in such a manner that it is sufficiently thick or thin to be examined microscopically and all the structures in a tissue may be differentiated. HISTOPATHOLOGY TISSUE LEVEL OF STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION HISTOPATHOLOGY Structural and functional unit of the body: CELL Groups of cells and materials surrounding them come together to form Tissues. TISSUE The FOUR basic tissue types are 1. Epithelial Tissue 2. Connective Tissue 3. Nervous Tissue 4. Muscular Tissue All animals are composed of ONLY these four types of tissues Two or more different tissue types forms ORGANS and different organs come together to form ORGAN SYSTEMS Organ systems form an Organism EPITHELIAL TISSUE Covers the internal and external surfaces of the body Based on shape of the cell, the different types of tissue are 1. Squamous Epithelium 2. Columnar Epithelium 3. Cuboidal Epithelium Based on number of layers of cells, the different types of epithelial tissue are 1. Simple Epithelium – single layer of cells 2. Stratified Epithelium – two or more layers of cells Pseudostratified epithelium; Transitional Epithelium EPITHELIAL TISSUE CONNECTIVE TISSUE Connects, supports, and protects body organs Several Types: Connective Tissue Proper: Loose Connective Tissue: e.g. Adipose tissue Dense Connective Tissue: e.g. Tendon Special Connective Tissue: Bone Blood Cartilage CONNECTIVE TISSUE Adipose Tissue Bone Tendon Blood MUSCLE TISSUE Excitable, responds to stimulus and contracts to make body parts move & in the process generates heat Three main types of muscle 1. Skeletal (voluntary) muscle 2. Smooth (involuntary) muscle 3. Cardiac (involuntary) muscle MUSCLE TISSUE Muscle of the Heart Muscles of Arm, Legs etc Muscles of organs like Stomach, Urinary bladder, Uterus NERVOUS TISSUE Excitable, carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses Made up of specialized cells 1. Neurons – nerve cell, generates and carries impulses 2. Neuroglia – supporting cell NERVOUS TISSUE Collection & Preparation of tissues Histopathological examination of tissues starts with surgery, biopsy, or autopsy. The tissue is removed from the body and then, often following expert dissection in the fresh state, placed in a fixative which stabilizes the tissues to prevent decay. The most common fixative is formalin (10% neutral buffered formaldehyde in water). Tissue is then further processed, stained, observed under the microscope and observations are interpreted. Interpretation The slides are examined under a microscope by a pathologist, a medically qualified specialist who has completed a recognized training program. This medical diagnosis is formulated as a pathology report describing the histological findings and the opinion of the pathologist. REFERENCES Mescher, A. L. (2018). Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, FIFTEENTH. In McGrawHill Education eBooks. http://125.212.201.8:6008/handle/DHKTYTHD_123/5904 Musumeci, G. (2014). Past, present and future: overview on histology and histopathology. Journal of Histology & Histopathology, 1(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.7243/2055-091x-1-5 Mazzarini, M., Falchi, M., Bani, D., & Migliaccio, A. R. (2020). Evolution and new frontiers of histology in bio‐medical research. Microscopy Research and Technique, 84(2), 217– 237. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23579 Orchard, G., & Nation, B. (2011). Histopathology. Oxford University Press.