WEEK 1 INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY.pdf

WEEK 1: INTRO TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY KATELYN ANNE L. SOLERO INSTRUCTOR K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Objectives This presentation aims to discuss the following: 1. Anatomy 2. Physiology 3. Level of Structural Organization 4. Overview of the Organ Systems 5....

WEEK 1: INTRO TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY KATELYN ANNE L. SOLERO INSTRUCTOR K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Objectives This presentation aims to discuss the following: 1. Anatomy 2. Physiology 3. Level of Structural Organization 4. Overview of the Organ Systems 5. Homeostasis 6. Pathophysiology K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS What is Anatomy? Comes from the Greek word meaning “cut up” (ana- = up, -tomy = process of cutting) Study of external and internal structures of body and their relationships to each other. The science of structure of the human body and relationships among structures. “FORM” K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Branches of Anatomy Gross Anatomy – macroscopic, can be seen by the eye; can studied without microscope. Regional Anatomy – is the study of the different regions of the body such (e.g. head and neck). Systemic Anatomy – study if the specific systems of the body (e.g. Reproductive system and Cardiovascular System). Microscopic Anatomy – cell and molecule level, needs microscope, cannot be seen by the naked eye. Cytology – Study of cells. Histology – Study of tissues (groups of specialized cells that work together to perform functions). Histopathology – Study of tissues to identify cause of disease. K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Subdivisions of Anatomy Embryological Anatomy or Embryology – study of prenatal development; the first eight weeks of development after fertilization of human being. Developmental Anatomy – study of human growth and development from fertilized egg to mature adult to death. Cell Anatomy – study of cellular structure. Radiographic Anatomy or Radiology – study of the structures of the body using x-rays and other non invasive imaging techniques. Pathological Anatomy – structural changes (macroscopic to microscopic) associated with disease. K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS What is Physiology? Comes from the Greek word for the “study of nature” (physio- = nature; -logy = study of) Study of how the structure of these organism perform their functions. It is the science of body functions on how the body parts work. “FUNCTIONS” K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Subspecialties of Physiology Neurophysiology – study of functional properties of nerve cells. Endocrinology – study of hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions Cardiovascular physiology – study of functions of the heart and the blood vessels. Immunology – study of the body’s defense against disease – causing agents Respiratory physiology – study of functions of the air passageways and lungs Renal physiology – study of functions of the kidneys Pathophysiology – study of the functional changes associated with disease and aging K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Human Anatomy & Physiology Human Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology - Study of the form and functions of the human body and their characteristics and the functional changes happening due to diseases and aging. K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Levels of Structural Organization 1. Chemical Level 2. Cellular Level 3. Tissue Level 4. Organ Level 5. Organ System Level 6. Organism Level K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Levels of Structural Organization 1. Chemical Level Atoms – the simplest level. The basic and smallest unit of all matter. Molecules – two or more atoms joined together 2. Cellular Level - The basic structural and functional units of an organism. - Growth, metabolism, irritability, and reproduction. - Can vary in size. K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Levels of Structural Organization 2. Tissue Level - Grouped of similar cells joined together that perform a specific function. Four Basic Types of Tissue Epithelial Tissue - covers body surfaces; lines body cavities, hollow organs and ducts; forms glands Connective Tissue - connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues. Muscular Tissue - contracts to make body parts move and generates heat. Nervous Tissue - carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses. K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Levels of Structural Organization 4. Organ Level - Composed of two or more tissue types to perform one or more common function. Example: Heart, Urinary Bladder, Stomach etc. 4. System Level / Organ System Level - An organ system is a group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or a set of functions. Example: Urinary System consists of Urinary Bladder, Kidneys, Ureter, and Urethra. K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Levels of Structural Organization 6. Organism Level - An organism is any living thing considered as a whole whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium or trillions of cells such as a human. - A human organism is a complex organ systems that are mutually dependent on one another. K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Organ Systems in the Body K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Organ Systems in the Body ORGAN SYSTEM OVERALL FUNCTION 1. INTEGUEMENTARY SYSTEM Protects the internal body organs, regulates body temperature, manufacture of vitamin D. 2. SKELETAL SYSTEM Supports and protects the body, assists in body movement and posture, blood cell formation and mineral storage. 3. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Contributes to external body movement and posture and internal organ movement, heat production. 4. NERVOUS SYSTEM Regulates body activities thru nerve impulses, activates muscles and glands, responds to external stimuli. 5. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Regulates body activities through hormones that controls growth, reproduction and metabolism. K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Organ Systems in the Body ORGAN SYSTEM OVERALL FUNCTION 6. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Aids in transporting oxygen and nutrients to cells and wastes away from cells via blood throughout the body. 7. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Defends the body against pathogens and returns excess fluid to the circulatory system. 8. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Exchange of gases by transferring oxygen to blood and removing carbon dioxide from blood. 9. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients and eliminates waste. 10. URINARY SYSTEM Removes waste from blood, maintains and regulate osmotic and pH balance in the blood (acid/base balance and red cell production). 11. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Continuation of species through gamete production, fertilization and embryo development. K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Important Life Processes 1. Metabolism - the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body. 2. Responsiveness - is the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes. 3. Movement - includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells. 4. Growth - is an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both. 5. Differentiation - is the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state 6. Reproduction - refers either to (1) the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or (2) the production of a new individual. K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Homeostasis - is the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes. - A state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly. K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Homeostasis 1. Achieved when STRUCTURES and FUNCTIONS are properly COORDINATED. 2. Entire regulation process is made possible by the coordinated action of many organs and tissues under the control of the nervous and endocrine systems. K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Homeostasis 3. When HOMEOSTASIS breaks down, we become SICK or DIE. K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Homeostasis and Body Fluids Intracellular Fluid (ICF) – fluid within cells Extracellular Fluid (ECF) – fluid outside body cells a. Interstitial fluid - ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues. b. Blood plasma – ECF within blood vessels c. Lymph fluid – ECF within lymphatic vessels d. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) – ECF within brain and spinal cord e. Synovial Fluid – ECF in the joints f. Aqueous humor and Vitreous body – ECF in the eyes K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Feedback System FEEDBACK SYSTEM/FEEDBACK LOOP - is a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, re monitored, reevaluated, and so on. CONTROLLED CONDITION -monitored variable (body temperature, blood pressure, or blood glucose level) STIMULI / STIMULUS - Any disruption that changes a controlled condition K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Feedback System BASIC COMPONENT OF FEEDBACK SYSTEM RECEPTOR (INPUT) - is a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center. CONTROL CENTER (OUTPUT) - Sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed EFFECTOR (RESPONSE) - receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition. K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Feedback System K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Feedback System NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM - reverses a change in a controlled condition. (Example: Blood Pressure Regulation, Temperature Regulation) - When the response is OPPOSITE to the initiating stimulus. e.g. Increased production of HEAT by the body to oppose the effect of COLD weather. - maintenance of homeostasis by negative feedback goes on throughout the body at all times K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Negative Feedback System K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Negative Feedback System K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Feedback System POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM - tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions. (Example: Childbirth and Blood clotting) - When the response REINFORCES the initial stimulus. e.g. When blood glucose level DECREASES, the response of positive feedback is to DECREASE it further. - as long as the stimulus is continued the response is progressively amplified. K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Positive Feedback System K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Positive Feedback System K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Pathophysiology Study of the changes that occur in cells, tissues and organs when altered by disease and/or injury and the effects these have on normal body function. To relate normal body function to the pathological changes that occur and can lead to disease processes. Can lead to developing understanding in relation to the body’s transition from normal biological functioning to diseased pathophysiological states. ‘Health’ and ‘illness’ are not viewed the same in any two individuals, as patients and their own conception of health and illness is very different. K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Etiology Study of the cause(s) of disease and/or injury Causes of disease can be either: - Endogenous originating from within the body - Exogenous coming from outside the body Diseases can be of unknown cause (Idiopathic) Some conditions are caused by the effects of treatments and called iatrogenic. Nosocomial denotes a new disorder, not the patient’s original condition e.g. Hospital-acquired infection K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Etiology Risk factors exist which include dietary, occupational or lifestyle conditions e.g. smoking Predisposing factors make an individual more susceptible to disease Disease prevention is highlighted for healthcare professionals to consider and incorporate if appropriate. K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Etiology Some diseases such as pneumonia, which easily identify a specific cause or etiology and the infection to some extent follows a standardized disease process. Other diseases such as multiple sclerosis or arthritis follow pathological changes that are not so easy to define and the cause is less clear. Of conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis are due to several interacting factors. K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Pathology Scientific study of the disease Includes the study of structural alterations in cells, tissues and organs that help to identify the cause of disease. K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Clinical Features Etiology and pathogenesis of disease leads to clinical features and include the signs and symptoms of disease Symptoms - an indication that a disease is present and is what the patient usually complains of Sign - what the clinician or healthcare practitioner is looking or feeling for. Clinical features of a disease are often accompanied by structural or functional changes that can be investigated. K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS Clinical Features Some conditions identify similar clinical features to describe them such as indigestion and angina; the same descriptions of chest pain appear in both conditions and it is difficult at times to tell them apart (differential diagnosis). Some conditions have the same clinical features such as diarrhea and vomiting, which occur in a number of conditions with the same and even multiple symptoms that frequently occur together K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS K.SOLERO 2024 – HAPP111 - PRELIMS