Week 1 Endocrine Review PDF

Endocrine Review NUR 146 Fall 2024 Professor Mounitz 1  Med Surg in a nutshell Incidence Etiology Normal anatomy and physiology Pathophysiology Clinical manifestations Diagnostic tests Medical management Complementary or alternative modalities...

Endocrine Review NUR 146 Fall 2024 Professor Mounitz 1  Med Surg in a nutshell Incidence Etiology Normal anatomy and physiology Pathophysiology Clinical manifestations Diagnostic tests Medical management Complementary or alternative modalities 2 Primary Organs of the Endocrine System Pituitary gland (master gland) Pineal gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Pancreas (islets of Langerhans) Adrenal glands Ovaries Testes 3 Organs of the Endocrine System For each endocrine organ we will discuss: Organ location Hormones produced Function of each hormone Hypo/hypersecretion syndromes 4 A & P Review Endocrine glands Secrete hormones directly into blood stream Can affect any cell with a receptor for the hormone Exocrine gland Secretes substances into ducts Examples include sweat, tears, saliva, breast milk, digestive juices 5 Roles of the Endocrine System Fluid and electrolyte balance Metabolism Growth Reproduction Aging Response to stress or other adverse conditions 6 Hormones Chemical transmitter Released in small amounts from glands Transported via blood stream to target organs Transfer information and instructions from one set of cells to another Maintain homeostasis via negative feedback system Categorized according to chemical structure Amines Peptides Steroids Fatty acid derivatives 7  Tropic hormones Target endocrine glands Stimulate the production and secretion of hormones by other endocrine glands Eg TSH Non-tropic hormones Target cells, tissues, organs Stimulates cellular growth, metabolism or other Tropic hormones vs. functions Non-tropic hormones Eg thyroxine 8 What causes hormones to be released? Stress Nervous system Decreasing blood levels of the hormone (aka negative feedback loop) Tropic hormones (regulatory hormones) Their target cells are located on other endocrine glands These hormones result in the release of another hormone Examples include TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH 9  Negative Feedback Systems Goal of negative feedback loop: Homeost asis 10 Positive feedback systems As long as the stimulus is present, the action of hormone will continue Release of a hormone initiates actions that lead to an additional release of that hormone Goal is NOT homeostasis Primary example: oxytocin 11 Endocrine Imbalances Hormones regulate growth, development, mood, tissue function, metabolism, and sexual function Hypo/hyper production Hypo/hyper secretion Feedback disorders Autoimmune conditions 12 Primary Endocrine Gland Dysfunction Hypersecretion o Tumor  Benign or malignant o Idiopathic hyperplasia Hyposecretion o Destructive tumors o Inflammation o Infection o Autoimmune conditions o Physical damage to the gland 13 Secondary Endocrine Gland Dysfunction May be temporary or permanent Result of factors outside the gland Result of treatment of hyperfunction o Surgical removal of gland o Radiation therapy o Pharmacotherapy Result of treatment of hypofunction o Dietary changes o Hormone replacement 14 Nursing Process Assessment Analysis Planning Intervention Evaluation Health history Formulate nursing diagnosis Patient education Physical assessment Identify most pressing issues Medications 15 History Taking Identify symptoms which can be manifestations of an endocrine imbalance Energy level Cold/hot tolerance Unexplained weight changes Thirst Urine/bowel habits Hair pattern changes Menstrual cycle 16 Physical Assessment Identify specific signs which can indicate endocrine dysfunction Vital signs Hair distribution Facial hair in women Moon face Buffalo hump Exopthalmos Edema Truncal obesity Wasted extremities Fatigue 17 Diagnostic Tests Blood Urine Stimulation tests Suppression tests 18 Pituitary Gland Also known as hypophysis or “master gland” Secretes tropic hormones which affect other endocrine glands Located on the inferior aspect of brain Divided into anterior and posterior lobes Controlled by hypothalamus 19 Anterior Pituitary Major hormones FSH – follicle stimulating hormone LH – luteinizing hormone Prolactin ACTH – adrenocorticotropic hormone TSH – thyroid stimulating hormone GH – growth hormone Secretion of these hormones is controlled by releasing factors secreted by hypothalamus Hormones are released into circulation and have effects on specific target organs 20 Posterior Pituitary Secretes two hormones Vasopressin (also known as ADH, anti-diuretic hormone) Oxytocin Hormones are produced in hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary 21  Thyroid Hormones produced: Thyroxine (T4) & Triiodothyronine (T3) Affect growth, development and metabolism of body’s cells T3 and T4 increase overall metabolic rate in tissues Calcitonin Reduces plasma calcium Calcium is redeposited into bone T3 and T4 Hormones are bound to proteins until needed Iodine 22 Thyroid Hormone Regulation Negative feedback system with TSH from anterior pituitary gland Hypothalamic – pituitary – thyroid axis 23 Parathyroid glands Four glands located on posterior aspect of thyroid gland Produce parathormone (parathyroid hormone, PTH) Responsible for regulation of phosphorus and calcium metabolism ↑ PTH → ↑ calcium levels in blood ↑ PTH → ↓ phosphorus levels in blood Negative feedback system 24 Adrenal Located above the kidneys o Aka "suprarenal glands" Adrenal medulla Responsible for release of catecholamines: epinephrine and norephinephrine Part of sympathetic nervous system ("fight or flight") Adrenal cortex Responsible for stress hormones Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Androgens 25