Introduction to the Theoretical Foundations of Nursing PDF

Introduction to the Theoretical Foundations of Nursing Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c)  Opening Prayer Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c) Anef, A. M. R. P. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Mosby.  Objective: This module aims to help you...

Introduction to the Theoretical Foundations of Nursing Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c)  Opening Prayer Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c) Anef, A. M. R. P. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Mosby.  Objective: This module aims to help you understand what comprises a nursing theory and its importance, purpose, history, and give you an overview through summaries of selected nursing theories.  Introduction This module introduces nursing theory from three different perspectives: history, significance, and analysis. Each perspective contributes understanding of the contributions of the nursing theorists and their work. Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c) Anef, A. M. R. P. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Mosby.  Theory Defined Powers and Knapp (1995), defined theory as "a set of statements that tentatively describe, explain, or predict relationships among concepts that have been systematically selected and organized as an abstract representation of some phenomenon Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c) Anef, A. M. R. P. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Mosby.  What are Nursing Theories? Nursing theories are organized bodies of knowledge to define what nursing is, what nurses do, and why they do it. Nursing theories provide a way to define nursing as a unique discipline that is separate from other disciplines (e.g., medicine). It is a framework of concepts and purposes intended to guide nursing practice at a more concrete and specific level. Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c) Anef, A. M. R. P. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Mosby.  Definition of Terms Philosophy. These are beliefs and values that define a way of thinking and are generally known and understood by a group or discipline. Theory. A belief, policy, or procedure proposed or followed as the basis of action. It refers to a logical group of general propositions used as principles of explanation. Theories are also used to describe, predict, or control phenomena. Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c) Anef, A. M. R. P. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Mosby.  Definition of Terms Concept. Concepts are often called the building blocks of theories. They are primarily the vehicles of thought that involve images. Models. Models are representations of the interaction among and between the concepts showing patterns. They present an overview of the theory’s thinking and may demonstrate how theory can be introduced into practice. Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c) Anef, A. M. R. P. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Mosby.  Definition of Terms Conceptual framework. A conceptual framework is a group of related ideas, statements, or concepts. It is often used interchangeably with the conceptual model and with grand theories. Proposition. Propositions are statements that describe the relationship between the concepts. Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c) Anef, A. M. R. P. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Mosby.  Definition of Terms Domain. The domain is the perspective or territory of a profession or discipline. Process. Processes are organized steps, changes, or functions intended to bring about the desired result. Paradigm. A paradigm refers to a pattern of shared understanding and assumptions about reality and the world, worldview, or widely accepted value system. Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c) Anef, A. M. R. P. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Mosby.  Definition of Terms Metaparadigm. A metaparadigm is the most general statement of discipline and functions as a framework in which the more restricted structures of conceptual models develop. Much of the theoretical work in nursing focused on articulating relationships among four major concepts: person, environment, health, and nursing. Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c) Anef, A. M. R. P. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Mosby.  History of Nursing Theories In 1860, Florence Nightingale defined nursing in her “Environmental Theory” as “the act of utilizing the patient’s environment to assist him in his recovery.” In the 1950s, there is a consensus among nursing scholars that nursing needed to validate itself through the production of its own scientifically tested body of knowledge Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c) Anef, A. M. R. P. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Mosby.  History of Nursing Theories In 1952, Hildegard Peplau introduced her Theory of Interpersonal Relations that emphasizes the nurse-client relationship as the foundation of nursing practice. Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c) Anef, A. M. R. P. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Mosby.  History of Nursing Theories In 1955, Virginia Henderson conceptualized the nurse’s role as assisting sick or healthy individuals to gain independence in meeting 14 fundamental needs. Thus her Nursing Need Theory was developed. Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c) Anef, A. M. R. P. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Mosby.  History of Nursing Theories In 1960, Faye Abdellah published her work “Typology of 21 Nursing Problems,” which shifted the focus of nursing from a disease-centered approach to a patient-centered approach. Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c) Anef, A. M. R. P. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Mosby.  History of Nursing Theories In 1962, Ida Jean Orlando emphasized the reciprocal relationship between patient and nurse and viewed nursing’s professional function as finding out and meeting the patient’s immediate need for help. Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c) Anef, A. M. R. P. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Mosby.  History of Nursing Theories In 1968, Dorothy Johnson pioneered the Behavioral System Model and upheld the fostering of efficient and effective behavioral functioning in the patient to prevent illness. Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c) Anef, A. M. R. P. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Mosby.  History of Nursing Theories In 1970, Martha Rogers viewed nursing as both a science and an art as it provides a way to view the unitary human being, who is integral with the universe. Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c) Anef, A. M. R. P. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Mosby.  History of Nursing Theories In 1971, Dorothea Orem stated in her theory that nursing care is required if the client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental, or social needs. Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c) Anef, A. M. R. P. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Mosby.  History of Nursing Theories In 1971, Imogene King‘s Theory of Goal attainment stated that the nurse is considered part of the patient’s environment and the nurse-patient relationship is for meeting goals towards good health. Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c) Anef, A. M. R. P. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Mosby.  History of Nursing Theories In 1972, Betty Neuman, in her theory, states that many needs exist, and each may disrupt client balance or stability. Stress reduction is the goal of the system model of nursing practice Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c) Anef, A. M. R. P. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Mosby.  History of Nursing Theories In 1979, Sr. Callista Roy viewed the individual as a set of interrelated systems that maintain the balance between these various stimuli Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c) Anef, A. M. R. P. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Mosby.  History of Nursing Theories In 1979, Jean Watson developed the philosophy of caring, highlighted humanistic aspects of nursing as they intertwine with scientific knowledge and nursing practice. Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c) Anef, A. M. R. P. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Mosby.  Components of Nursing Theories Phenomenon A term given to describe an idea or response about an event, a situation, a process, a group of events, or a group of situations. Phenomena may be temporary or permanent. Nursing theories focus on the phenomena of nursing. Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c) Anef, A. M. R. P. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Mosby.  Components of Nursing Theories Concepts Interrelated concepts define a theory. Concepts are used to help describe or label a phenomenon. They are words or phrases that identify, define, and establish structure and boundaries for ideas generated about a particular phenomenon. Concepts may be abstract or concrete. Abstract Concepts. Defined as mentally constructed independently of a specific time or place. Concrete Concepts. Are directly experienced and related to a particular time or place. Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c) Anef, A. M. R. P. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Mosby.  Components of Nursing Theories Definitions Definitions are used to convey the general meaning of the concepts of the theory. Definitions can be theoretical or operational. Theoretical Definitions. Define a particular concept based on the theorist’s perspective. Operational Definitions. States how concepts are measured. Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c) Anef, A. M. R. P. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Mosby.  Components of Nursing Theories Relational Statements Relational statements define the relationships between two or more concepts. They are the chains that link concepts to one another Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c) Anef, A. M. R. P. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Mosby.  Components of Nursing Theories Assumptions Assumptions are accepted as truths and are based on values and beliefs. These statements explain the nature of concepts, definitions, purpose, relationships, and structure of a theory. Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c) Anef, A. M. R. P. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Mosby. The Nursing Metaparadigm Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c) Anef, A. M. R. P. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Mosby.  Why are Nursing Theories Important? Nursing theories are the basis of nursing practice today. In many cases, nursing theory guides knowledge development and directs education, research, and practice. Historically, nursing was not recognized as an academic discipline or as a profession we view today. Before nursing theories were developed, nursing was considered to be a task-oriented occupation. The training and function of nurses were under the direction and control of the medical profession. Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c) Anef, A. M. R. P. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Mosby.  Purposes of Nursing Theories The primary purpose of theory in nursing is to improve practice by positively influencing the health and quality of life of patients. Nursing theories are also developed to define and describe nursing care, guide nursing practice, and provide a basis for clinical decision- making. In the past, the accomplishments of nursing led to the recognition of nursing in an academic discipline, research, and profession. Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c) Anef, A. M. R. P. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Mosby.  Purposes of Nursing Theories The primary purpose of theory in nursing is to improve practice by positively influencing the health and quality of life of patients. Nursing theories are also developed to define and describe nursing care, guide nursing practice, and provide a basis for clinical decision- making. In the past, the accomplishments of nursing led to the recognition of nursing in an academic discipline, research, and profession. Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c) Anef, A. M. R. P. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Mosby. Classification of Nursing Theories There are different ways to categorize nursing theories. They are classified depending on their function, levels of abstraction, or goal orientation. By Abstraction  By Abstraction Grand Nursing Theories Grand theories are abstract, broad in scope, and complex, therefore requiring further research for clarification. Grand nursing theories do not guide specific nursing interventions but rather provide a general framework and nursing ideas. Grand nursing theorists develop their works based on their own experiences and their time, explaining why there is so much variation among theories. Address the nursing metaparadigm components of person, nursing, health, and environment.  By Abstraction Middle-Range Nursing Theories More limited in scope (compared to grand theories) and present concepts and propositions at a lower level of abstraction. They address a specific phenomenon in nursing. Due to the difficulty of testing grand theories, nursing scholars proposed using this level of theory. Most middle-range theories are based on a grand theorist’s works, but they can be conceived from research, nursing practice, or the theories of other disciplines  By Abstraction Practice-Level Nursing Theories Practice nursing theories are situation-specific theories that are narrow in scope and focuses on a specific patient population at a specific time. Practice-level nursing theories provide frameworks for nursing interventions and suggest outcomes or the effect of nursing practice. Theories developed at this level have a more direct effect on nursing practice than more abstract theories. These theories are interrelated with concepts from middle- range theories or grand theories.  By Goal Orientation Descriptive Theories Descriptive theories are the first level of theory development. They describe the phenomena and identify its properties and components in which it occurs. Descriptive theories are not action-oriented or attempt to produce or change a situation. There are two types of descriptive theories: factor-isolating theory and explanatory theory  By Goal Orientation Factor-Isolating Theory Descriptive theories Also known as category-formulating or labeling theory. Theories under this category describe the properties and dimensions of phenomena. Example: case studies, literature review, phenomenology, ethnography  By Goal Orientation Explanatory Theory Explanatory theories describe and explain the nature of relationships of certain phenomena to other phenomena.  By Goal Orientation Situation-relating Theories (Predictive theories, promoting or inhibiting theories) Predicts the occurence of a phenomenon when the cause is present Experimental research is used to generate and test them in most cases  By Goal Orientation Situation-relating Theories (Prescriptive Theories) Address nursing therapeutics and consequences of interventions. "prevents" the occurrence of the phenomenon by controlling or eliminating possible causes. Classification According to Meleis Needs-Based Theories. The needs theorists were the first group of nurses who thought of giving nursing care a conceptual order. Theories under this group are based on helping individuals to fulfill their physical and mental needs. Theories of Orem, Henderson, and Abdella are categorized under this group. Need theories are criticized for relying too much on the medical model of health and placing the patient in an overtly dependent position. Classification According to Meleis Interaction Theories. These theories emphasized nursing on the establishment and maintenance of relationships. They highlighted the impact of nursing on patients and how they interact with the environment, people, and situations. Theories of King, Orlando, and Travelbee are grouped under this category. Outcome Theories. These theories describe the nurse as controlling and directing patient care using their knowledge of the human physiological and behavioral systems. The nursing theories of Johnson, Levine, Rogers, and Roy belong to this group. Classification According to Alligood Nursing Philosophy. It is the most abstract type and sets forth the meaning of nursing phenomena through analysis, reasoning, and logical presentation. Works of Nightingale, Watson, Ray, and Benner are categorized under this group. Nursing Conceptual Models. These are comprehensive nursing theories that are regarded by some as pioneers in nursing. These theories address the nursing metaparadigm and explain the relationship between them. Conceptual models of Levine, Rogers, Roy, King, and Orem are under this group. Classification According to Alligood Grand Nursing Theories. Are works derived from nursing philosophies, conceptual models, and other grand theories that are generally not as specific as middle-range theories. Works of Levine, Rogers, Orem, and King are some of the theories under this category. Middle-Range Theories. Are precise and answer specific nursing practice questions. They address the specifics of nursing situations within the model’s perspective or theory from which they are derived. Examples of Middle-Range theories are that of Mercer, Reed, Mishel, and Barker.  Asynchronous Activity: Take the Quiz Posted on Canvas Ma. Jyrell Bonito, RN, MAN(c) Anef, A. M. R. P. R. (2021). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th ed.). Mosby.