WBC Disorders 2024 PDF

Diseases of White Blood Cells  Diseases of the White Blood Cells Leukocytes are a diverse group of cells that trigger the inflammatory process and fight infections. Normal white blood cell (WBC) levels range from 5,000 to 10,000 cells/mL3 blood. The five major types of white blood ce...

Diseases of White Blood Cells  Diseases of the White Blood Cells Leukocytes are a diverse group of cells that trigger the inflammatory process and fight infections. Normal white blood cell (WBC) levels range from 5,000 to 10,000 cells/mL3 blood. The five major types of white blood cells: Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Eosinophils, Monocytes and Basophils  The blood, transports leukocytes to the site of an infection. When the leukocytes arrive at the scene, they leak through the capillary wall to the site of trauma or invasion Loading… - Too few (Leukocytopenia) or too many (Leukocytosis) white blood cells indicates a disorder - Some white blood cell disorders involve only Loading… one of the five types of white blood cells.  - Leukocytopenia: a decrease in the number of white blood cells to fewer than 4,000 cells per microliter of blood, frequently makes people more susceptible to infections. signs and symptoms of infections (e.g., malaise, chills, and fever). - Leukocytosis: increased WBC levels more than 11,000 cells per microliter of blood. (as a normal response in fighting infection, drugs like steroids and malignancy).  Lymphomas Cancers that develop from lymphoid cells. The most common blood cancers. The two main types of lymphomas: - Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. - Hodgkin’s lymphoma.  Lymphoma Hodgkin Non Hodgkin Lymphoma Lymphoma (aggressive) (Indolent)  Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Can start in any lymph node, but most often arises in the lymph nodes of the upper body (e.g., the neck, chest, and upper arms). The affected lymph nodes swell and compress surrounding tissue. The cancer cells of Hodgkin’s lymphoma are unique B cells; they are called Reed-Sternberg cells (or Hodgkin cells).  Clinical manifestation Swollen, painless lymph nodes Weight loss Night sweats Splenomegaly  Diagnostic procedures primarily center on biopsy of the affected lymph node. Biopsy samples reveal the presence of Reed- Sternberg cells. Loading… A staging system is used to assess the severity and progression of the disease. After diagnosis, the usual cancer treatment is implemented (combination of chemotherapy and radiation).  Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Can start at any age and in any lymph node. Many different types. Aggressive (fast-growing) or indolent (slow- growing) types Can arise from either B cells (80% of cases) or T cells.  Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is similar to Hodgkin’s lymphoma in its clinical manifestations, staging, and treatment; the differences lie in the spread and diagnosis of the disease. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma involves multiple nodes scattered throughout the body and metastasizes. No Reed-Sternberg cells are present in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is more difficult to treat.  Leukemias Cancer of the leukocytes. The bon marrow overproduce abnormal leukocytes. Replacing normal bone marrow cells. leukemia is the second most common blood cancer. leukemia is the most common cancer among children.  Leukemias Manifestations : primarily due to replacement of normal hematopoietic elements by leukemic cells leading to reduction in: – Red cells – Platelets – Normal white cells Chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for leukemia. Clinical manifestations: Leukopenia (frequent infections) Anemia (pallor, fatigue, dyspnea) Thrombocytopenia (bleeding) Bone pain Weight loss Anorexia Hepatomegaly Splenomegaly  Leukemias - The four most common types of leukemia are : Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): Affects primarily children, responds well to therapy, and carries a good prognosis. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML): Affects primarily adults; responds fairly well to treatment, and carries a prognosis somewhat worse than that of ALL. Chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL): Affects primarily adults; responds poorly to therapy, yet most patients live many years after diagnosis. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML): Affects primarily adults; responds poorly to chemotherapy, but the prognosis is improved with bone marrow transplant.  Multiple Myeloma Cancer of the plasma cells that most often affects older adults. This disease is characterized by excessive numbers of abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow  Multiple Myeloma Multiple bone tumors develop and bone destruction occurs, leading to pathologic fractures. Tumor cells can spread through the lymph nodes and infiltrate organs Multiple myeloma is not considered curable, but chemotherapy improves the remission rate.