W1 Study Tips + Forelimb pt 1.pdf

ALYSSA PELLIN HOW TO VET SCHOOL STUDY TIPS FOR ANATOMY AND VET SCHOOL IN GENERAL Summer 2024 Hi, BSc Anatomy @ McGill U (2019) Clinics: Cornell JUST graduated Now: Equine Intern, private practice (interest in large animal surgery) From: Montréal, Canada but now in Vancouver 👩🏼‍⚕️ 🇨🇦 SCIENCE OF STU...

ALYSSA PELLIN HOW TO VET SCHOOL STUDY TIPS FOR ANATOMY AND VET SCHOOL IN GENERAL Summer 2024 Hi, BSc Anatomy @ McGill U (2019) Clinics: Cornell JUST graduated Now: Equine Intern, private practice (interest in large animal surgery) From: Montréal, Canada but now in Vancouver 👩🏼‍⚕️ 🇨🇦 SCIENCE OF STUDYING 1. Spaced-Repetition = an evidence-based learning technique that is usually performed with flashcards. Newly introduced and more difficult flashcards are shown more frequently, while older and less difficult flashcards are shown less frequently in order to exploit the psychological spacing effect. The spacing effect demonstrates that learning is more effective when study sessions are spaced out. This effect shows that more information is encoded into long-term memory by spaced study sessions, 2. Active Recall The retrieval of information from memory aka testing yourself Don’t let the blocks/exams be the first time you actively test yourself on the material! 01 OUTLINE IN CLASS 02 AFTER CLASS 03 STUDYING FOR AN EXAM IN CLASS Note Taking Apps to consider: Laptop: Goodnotes, Onenote, Notion, Evernote iPad: Notability Methods Laptop Pros: Fast, neat Cons: Easy to become passive, harder to format on the fly iPad Pros: better for memory, concise, annote slides directly Cons: Maybe less neat, slower 🚨 PLEASE AVOID PAPER NOTE-TAKING 🚨 Highlighting Use color codes! GA1 ex: muscles vs arteries vs veins Other ex: concepts vs numbers/doses What’s harder vs easier Species differences Techniques - what to highlight What the professor emphasizes Key words, numbers, names Tips for Note Taking Be CONCISE Don’t rewrite what’s on the slides you should be annotating the slides in class - not re-writing notes (ESPECIALLY in first semester) MY APPROACH 1. IN LECTURE Actively listening in class write LESS (hand-writing helps to force you into that habit) Put your phone away (or don't even bring it) Sit near the front (helps me to avoid distractions) Annotate lecture slides I import slides into Notability and annotate in a single color using my own color coding system for high-lighting Title the slides strategically so it’s easy to sort through later Ex: 1.2 Forelimb VANs Write “ended here May 20th” on the last slide 2. AFTER LECTURE Review everything from that day and make notes Ex: Charts, cheat sheets, anki cards, notes BENEFITS: writing in your own words = understanding Do this EVERY week night 3. STUDYING FOR EXAMS I typically review my lecture slides only 1 time after the lecture (that's the same day) When studying I review the Anki/notes/charts I made during my initial review Sometimes will go back and review the actual slides if it was a topic I struggled with SAMPLE ANATOMY NOTES SAMPLE CHEAT SHEETS EXAMS ACTIVE RECALL + SPACED REPITITION = BLOCKS Condensed Notes + Anki ONLY go back and review the slides if you feel like something isn't clear Depending on the semester (# of classes on the block and what day of the week) Split the course work up among weekend days BULK of the studying is done on the weekend Light review during the week (if applicable) to keep it fresh CUMULATIVE MATERIAL Personally, I winged it (ie rarely reviewed cumulative material for blocks unless I specifically struggled) If you study effectively the first time, chances are you will get the cumulative right in 1 weeks time ANKI helps with reviewing cumulative material!!! 💰 FINALS RETROSPECTIVE STUDY SCHEDULES list topics, write the date reviewed Start with more conceptual material, finish with memorization material (closer to exam date) Allows prioritization of material you struggled with or have reviewed less thoroughly What a REVIEW means to me If it's a concept I struggled with go back and review my notes/charts Proceed to ANKI/practice questions Review slides --> ANKI/practice questions Otherwise: ANKI all the way baby 👍🏼 👎🏼 SAMPLE HACKS POST-EXAM/REVIEW Highlight heavily emphasized concepts in your notes What was tested on? What did you find hard about the exam? What TYPE of questions were asked POINT THIS ALL OUT IN YOUR NOTES ASSESS YOURSELF After 1hr of studying, could you explain this concept to a client? or your mom? If no... re-evaluate your study methods GA1 SPECIFIC TIPS Although memorization plays a key part in the course, UNDERSTANDING is crucial and a game changer Group things together (break info up into smaller groups) Use pre-lab videos and course guide like checklists for exams DO PRACTICE TESTS AND PRACTICE QUESTIONS PLEASE TOOLS TOOLS GA1 Tutoring DIRECTIONAL TERMINOLOGY TUTOR: ALYSSA PELLIN Week 1 Prefixes “extra” - outside of “intra” - within/inside of “inter” - between “trans” - across Regions Cervical = neck Thoracic = chest Lumbar = lower back Brachial = arm Antebrachial = forearm Cubital = elbow Carpal = “wrist” INTRA TRANS INTER CE RV IC AL BAR M LU THORACIC CUBITAL BR AC HI AL terminology EXTRA ANTE-BRACHIAL CARPAL terminology Planes Transverse Divides cranial from caudal Like sliced bread Median/Sagittal Divides left from right Median = equal halves Sagittal = uneven halves Dorsal Divides dorsal from ventral terminology Directions Ventral vs dorsal Plantar/palmar Cranial vs caudal Rostral Lateral vs medial Axial vs abaxial Proximal vs distal CRANIAL ROSTRAL DORSAL ABAXIAL MEDIAL IAL MED VENTRAL PLANTAR LATERAL PALMAR AXIAL CAUDAL Recumbencies Right lateral recumbency Dorsal recumbency Ventral recumbency Left lateral recumbency GA1 Tutoring SMALL ANIMAL FORELIMB TUTOR: ALYSSA PELLIN INTROduction General Information 60% of the weight is carried in the forelimbs 2 muscles hold up the trunk/body on the forelimbs: Pectoral mm. Serratus ventralis m. Active Terminology Flexion of a joint = angle decreases Extension of a joint = angle increases Pronation: “pour out the soup” Medial rotation Supination: “bowl of soup” Lateral rotation ABduction ADDuction: “adding” Note Synergistic muscles: work together, to achieve the same action on the joint (on the same side of the joint) Antagonistic muscles: have opposite effects on the joint when they contract (on opposite sides of the joint) Shoulder Flexion Shoulder Extension INTROduction Wolf’s Law: bone in a healthy animal will adapt to the loads under which it is placed. Osteology Function of bones Protects internal organs Structural support of the body Storage of minerals (Ca2+ and P) and fat Hematopoiesis Works with muscles and joints to permit movement Types of Bones Flat bones (ex: Scapula) Long bones (ex: humerus) Diaphysis - contains a medullary cavity Epiphysis Physis (growth plate) at least 3 of these in each long bone Only present in young animals Short bones (ex: carpal bones) Sesamoids: found within tendons Irregular bones (ex: vertebrae) Joint flexion Joint extension Lateral view Scapula Scapula Medial view Humerus Radius Ulna Coracoid process Acromion Humerus cranial view caudal view Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna ulna & Radius MANUS Carpal bones Proximal carpals Intermedioradial carpal Ulnar carpal Accessory carpal Distal carpals (1-4) note: Carpal 4 articulates with MC4 and MC5 Metacarpals (1-5) MC1 = Pollux = dewclaw Phalanges Proximal phalanges (1-5) Middle phalanges (2-5) NOT present in the dewclaw Distal phalanges (1-5) Sesamoids Very small bones, embedded within tendons/muscles Alleviates tension Ulnar carpal bone Intermedioradial carpal bone Accessory carpal bone Proximal carpals Distal carpals MC1 Proximal phalanx 1 Metacarpals Distal phalanx 1 Sesamoids Proximal phalanges Accessory Carpal Middle phalanges Distal phalanges Joints Type of Joint Connection Amount of Movement Example Fibrous joint Strong connective tissue Limited to NONE Skull Cartilaginous joint Cartilage Limited Intervertebral discs Synovial joint Joint cavity FULL movement Shoulder Accessory Synovial Structures Ligaments - bands of connective tissue Can be intra/extra-capsular Note: different from a tendon (origin and insertion of a muscle) Menisci - fibrocartilage located within synovial cavities Allows for the bones to fit together better Synovial Joint Anatomy Layers of the articular capsule Synovial membrane: highly vascular, innervated Produces synovial fluid Fibrous layer: structural support Joint cavity - contains synovial fluid Lubrication and nutrition of articular cartilage # of Articulating Bones Simple - joint between 2 bones Compond jointbetween 3+ bones Fit Congruent - fit well Incongruent - don’t fit well Probably has menisci joint types - SHAPE (A) Plane joint (C) Pivot joint (E) Ellipsoidal joint ex: canine carpus. (B) Hinge joint (D) Condylar joint (F) Saddle joint ex: canine DIP joint (G) Spheroidal joint (aka ball and socket) ex: canine hip joint Other synovial Structures Bursa Fluid-filled pouch, protects a tendon as it passes over bone Tendon Sheath Fluid-filled sleeve, facilitates gliding between a retinaculum and bone forelimb joints Shoulder = “Glenohumeral” joint Type: ball and socket Direction of movement: all Elbow = “humeroradioulnar” or “cubital” joint Type: hinge Direction of movement: flexion/extension Very stable, due to collateral ligaments Carpal joints Antebrachiocarpal (aka radiocarpal) Greatest range of motion Separate synovial cavity Middle carpal + Carpometacarpal their synovial cavities communicate Manus --> only allow flexion/extension Metacarpophalangeal Proximal Interphalangeal (PIP) Distal Interphalangael (DIP) note: except the thumb/pollux --> only 1 interphalangeal joint Glenohumeral Joint Humeroradioulnar joint Metacarpophalangeal joint PIP DIP Other important structures Structure What it holds down Location Palmar Annular Ligament Flexor manica (SDF) Tendon of DDF MCP joint PDAL Tendon of SDF and DDF mid-Proximal Phalanges DDAL Tendon of DDF Middle phalanx Palmar Carpal Ligament On the palmar surface of the Carpal joints Palmar Annular Ligament Carpal Canal Borders Dorsal border: Palmar carpal ligament Lateral border: Accessory carpal bone Palmar border: Flexor retinaculum Proximal Digital Annular Ligament Flexor Retinaculum Function: prevents bowing of tendons during contraction Distal Digital Annular Ligament EXTRinsic muscles Definition: originate from head/neck/trunk, insert on the forelimb Concepts If the limb is weight-bearing, the body will move around the limb with muscle contraction If the limb is not weight-bearing, the limb will move with muscle contraction Aponeurosis: flat sheet-like tendon, allows for a broader muscle attachment INTRinsic muscles Definition: both originate AND insert on the forelimb Concepts Muscles on the same side of a joint will exert the same function on that joint A muscle must cross a joint in order to act on that joint Serratus ventralis Superficial pectoral muscles Descending part Transverse part Deep pectoral muscle Pectorals **sling muscle** **sling muscle** Shoulder Extensor Superficial, descending Superficial, transverse Deep Brachiocephalicus Mastoid part Not important for now Clavicular intersection divides it into: Cleidobrachialis Cleidocephalicus cervical part mastoid part Note: “cleido” prefix indicates clavicle EXTRinsic muscles Shoulder Extensor Cervical part Latissimus dorsi Cleidocephalicus Clavicular intersection Cleidobrachialis Shoulder Flexor Deep pectoral Traps rhomboids Rhomboideus cervicis Rhomboideus cervicis Rhomboideus capitis Thoracic trapezius Cervical trapezius Rhomboideus capitis Rhomboideus thoracis Rhomboideus thoracis Omotransversarius EXTRinsic muscles