Veterinary Parasitology PDF

Veterinary Parasitology VET 3003 1  Veterinary Parasitology Mohamed Salah El-Tholoth Assistant Professor AL Ain Men's Campus Arthropods...

Veterinary Parasitology VET 3003 1  Veterinary Parasitology Mohamed Salah El-Tholoth Assistant Professor AL Ain Men's Campus Arthropods Higher Colleges of Technology, Helminths UAE Protozoa  Objectives Branches of Parasitology Effects of Parasites on their host Types of Parasitism Host specificity Life cycle Nomenclature and classification of parasites  What is Parasitology Parasitology ‫علم الطفيليات‬ Beside Feeding Science The study of the ‘biology of Parasitic organisms ’ and ‘ relationships between parasitic organism and host ’  What is Parasitic organism (Parasite) ‫الطفيل‬ (Cellular organism that depends upon other organism (host) temporarily or permanently for the purpose of procuring food or other benefits.) Uni-cellular organisms Multi-cellular organisms Helminths ‫الديدان‬ Arthropods ‫المفصليات‬ Protozoa ‫االوليات‬ (Parasitic worms) Protozology Helminthology Entomology (entomon= insects)  Branches of Parasitology Pure Science Applied Science Protozoology Medical Parasitology Study of Protozoa Study of parasites causing diseases in human Helminthology Veterinary Parasitology Study of helminths Study of parasites causing diseases in animals Entomology Structural Parasitology Study of structures of proteins from parasites that could Study of arthropods help in understanding how these proteins function and Immunology drug delivery. Quantitative Parasitology Study of immunity to pathogens the quantitative study of parasitism in a host population. It uses statistics to draw meaningful conclusions from observations of the prevalence and intensity of parasitic infection.  Harmful Effect of parasites on the host Feeding on host nutrients Feeding on surrounding tissues. Sucking blood (blood loss & RBCs destruction disease agents transmission)  Effect of parasites on the host Trauma due to migration Toxicity (plasmodium , Maggots) Hypersensitivity (allergy) of the host -allergy dermatitis (AD) Abortion - Eosinophilia  Effect of parasites on the host Worry (Horse flies in the barn) Secondary invasion of pathogens: Bacterial infection (clostridium novyi) after primary parasitic infection (Fascioliasis)  Why we care about Parasites? Causing Human Diseases Malaria Hydrocephalus Mange (Toxiplasmosis) Filariasis (elephantiasis) Leishmaniasis  Why we care about Parasites? Causing Animals Diseases Economic losses Emaciation and recumbancy Bloody urine (Babesiosis) Abortion (Toxiplasmosis) Sarcocystosis Coccidiosis Trypanosomiasis Histomoniasis Mange  Why we care about Parasites? Causing Zoonotic Diseases  WHO Top “10” List Disease Infection Numbers Deaths Distribution Transmission 1 Ascaris 1220M 0.065M Cosmopolitan Oral 2 Hookworm 740M 0.065M Tropical Penetration 3 Malaria 207M cases 0.627M Tropical Mosquito 4 Whipworm 800M - Cosmopolitan Oral 5 Amoebiasis 50M 0.055M Cosmo/Tropical Oral 6 Filariasis 160M infected - Tropical Mosquito 7 Schistosomiasis (240M needed 0.200M Tropical Penetration treatment) 8 Giardiasis 280M - Cosmopolitan Oral 9 Trypanosomiasis 30M African 0.048M Tropical Tsetse fly 8M American 0.011M Kissing Bug 1 Leishmaniasis 1.6M new cases 0.030M Tropical Sand fly 0 Pinworm 200M - Temperate Oral Trichomonaisis 187.0M - Cosmopolitan Venereal Taxonomy Taxonomy Kingdom ‫مملكة‬ Phylum ‫شعبة‬ Class )‫صف (طائفة‬ Order ‫رتبة‬ Family ‫عائلة‬ Genus ‫جنس‬ Species ‫نوع‬  Kingdom Protista Animalia Protozoa Helminths Arthropods Phylum : Phylum : Phylum : Arthropoda Platyhelminthes Nemathelminthes e.g. (Platy=flat) (Nemat=threat) Amoeba Coccidia Giardia Toxoplasma Class: Nematode Class: Trematode Class: Cestode (round worms) (Flatworms) (Tapworms)  Parasitology Types???? Types???? Types???? Relationship (Symbiosis) Host Parasite  Symbiosis (Living together) Symbiosis Together Living Any association between at least 2 different living organisms of different species. Each partner is called ‘’Symbiont’’ e.g. a human owning a dog and living with that dos is a type of symbiotic relationship. Symbiosis (Living together) Relationship between parasite and host ‫التعايش‬ ‫تبادل المنفعة‬  Symbiosis Association Organism 1 Organism 2 Parasitism + - Commensalism + 0 Mutualism + + Predation + - Phoresis + 0 1- Commensalism ‫التعايش السلمى‬ - Means “eating at the same table” One member receives all the benefit and the other member is neither benefited nor harmed. Example: Relationship between Shark and Remora (suckerfish), which attaches underside of shark and hitches a ride. Remora also eats food scraps or leftover of shark meal. Benefit No harm, no benefit  2- Mutualism ‫تبادل المنفعة‬ Association in which both organism get benefits. Mutuals are metabolically dependent on one another; one cannot survive in the absence of the other. Example: Honey bee & Microbes living in plant rumen of cow. - Bee take juice - Cow provides them from plants food, warm and - pollens stick on liquid environment bee and spread - microbes break pollens of plants down cellulose for cow. Benefit Benefit 3- Parasitism ‫التطفل‬ A relationship between two heterospecific organisms in which the parasite lives either within the host or on the host and may cause harm. Parasite metabolically dependent on the host. Example: Helminth living in gastro-intestinal tract of host Benefit Harm 4- Predator-prey relationship ‫االفتراس‬ Predator -The bigger animal Prey -The smaller or weaker animal short relationship and one symbiont benefits at the expense of other. Benefit Harm Example: Loin (predator) kill the zebra (prey). The prey pays with its life and serves as a food source for predator. 5.Phoresis (Phoresy) ‫النقل‬ Benefit No harm , No benefit Phoresis means “to carry” One organism is smaller than other (called phorant) Larger organism used for transport (called host) Example: Moraxella bovis (cause bovine keratoconjunctvitis or pink eye of cattle) is mechanically carried from eye of one cow to other by sticky foot pads of Musca autumnalis (face fly).  Symbiosis Organism 1 Organism 2 Association (parasite) (Host) Parasitism Commensalism Mutualism Predation Phoresis  Symbiosis Association Organism 1 Organism 2 Parasitism + - Commensalism + 0 Mutualism + + Predation + - Phoresis + 0  Types of parasites According to location on the host (habitat) Ectoparasites Endoparasites On outside surface of Live in body of host body of host Examples- roundworms- Examples – fleas, heart worms mosquitoes Cardiac parasites Tissue parasites Enteric parasites Blood parasites  Endoparasites outside cells extracellular Inside cells Intracellular  Types of parasites According to amount of time on the Host Temporary Stationary Permanente Spends definite period of Spends entire life on Visits host for time in or on host host, except when food Most parasites transferring to another host Example Periodic – leaves host to Examples Mosquitoes complete development Ear mites (example – Cuterebra) Lice  Types of parasites According to mode of life 1- Obligatory Parasite 2- Facultative Parasite 3- Incidental Parasite 4- Erratic (Aberrant) Parasite 5- Pseudo-parasite  Types of parasites According to mode of life 1- Obligatory Parasite: 2- Facultative Parasite: ▪Must lead parasitic ▪Free-living organism that existence can become parasitic in certain hosts ▪No free-living stages ▪Examples ▪Examples Strongyloides species Lice Ear mites  Types of parasites According to mode of life 3- Incidental Parasite: 4- Erratic (aberrant) Parasite: Appears in unusual hosts ▪Seen in unusual locations in Examples – hosts – Heartworms in man ▪Examples – Heartworm in eye 5- Pseudo-parasite Organisms that appear to be parasites, but are not parasite Examples – grain mites in fecals, pollen grain and air bubbles  Types of Host 1- Final or definitive Host 2- Intermediate Host 3- Reservoir Host 4- Incidental Host Bigger organism offer food & suffer from harm  Types of Host 1- Final or definitive Host (FH) Harbours the adult or mature parasite. In which parasite can reproduce sexually if it applicable. Example: mosquitoes serve as definitive hosts of the malaria parasite (Plasmodium spp.)  Types of Host 2- Intermediate Host (IH) Harbours the immature stage of the parasite (larval stage). In which parasite can reproduce asexually if it applicable. Example: mammals, including humans, serve as intermediate hosts of the malaria parasite (Plasmodium spp.) Protozoa Intermediate host  Cattle & Human pigs Taenia Saginata life cycle Sarcocystis species life cycle Final (definitive) host: Final (definitive) host: Intermediate host: Intermediate host:  Cattle & Human pigs Taenia Saginata life cycle Sarcocystis species life cycle Final (definitive) host: Humans Final (definitive) host: Human Intermediate host: Cattle Intermediate host: Cattle & pigs  Types of Host 3- Reservoir host Definitive host in which a parasite resides without clinical signs when it isn’t affecting a host that we care more about. Trypanosoma. Cruzi White tailed Deer Human  Types of Host 4- Incidental / Accidental host Wrong host species for this parasite e.g. Raccoon roundworms Heartworms in cats.  Parasites Transmission Direct Transmission Indirect Transmission Blood Passive transmission Ingestion of transfusion contaminated food (Parasite does not travel to host) and water (passive) Direct Sexual contact Intra-uterine contact (venereal transmission transmission) Trans mammary with transmission infected animal Skin penetration (active) Blood sucking insects (vectors)  Vectors A living organism that carries and transfer a disease-causing organism to new Hosts. Example: Anopheles mosquito is a vector for the parasitic disease malaria It could be: Biological Vector Mechanical Vector  Vectors Biological Vector Mechanical Vector the vector uptakes the agent, from an infected animal, and replicates the vector uptakes the agent, the and/or develops it. disease agent does not replicate e.g. or develop in/on the vector Plasmodium (cause malaria) gone e.g. through developmental stages in Entamoeba histolytica transmission mosquito. by cockroach.  Life Cycles of parasites 1- Direct Life Cycle 2- Indirect life cycle 3- Both direct and indirect life cycles 1- Direct Life Cycle - One Host-Life-cycle - No intermediate host - Monoxenous host Direct Life Cycle-Fleas Ostertagia Brown Stomach Worm 2- Indirect Life Cycle - Two Host-Life-cycle - Final & intermediate host (one or more IH) - Heteroxenous host Indirect Life Cycle – Tapeworms 3- Both direct and indirect life cycles Life Cycle – Roundworms  Prepatent period Convalescence period Infection Clinical signs Symptoms Period of relapse with IS appear disappear DS appear Parasite Relapse disappear Incubation period Patent period Period of Clinical signs Parasitological periods IS= infective stage DS= Diagnostic stage Define Final host Vs Intermediate host Parasitism Vs commensalism Endoparasites Vs Ectoparasites Facultative parasites Vs obligatory parasites Direct Vs Indirect Life cycle of Parasites Incubation period of Parasitic disease