VPha 101 Veterinary Basic Pharmacology PDF

# Vpha 101 Veterinary Basic Pharmacology ## Drugs * Sources, categories, schedules, extra-label use, nomenclature, action ## Sources of drugs * 4 major sources * Natural * Semi-synthetic * Biosynthetic * Synthetic ## Natural sources * Extracted or found * Animal (Boboy, Βακ...

# Vpha 101 Veterinary Basic Pharmacology ## Drugs * Sources, categories, schedules, extra-label use, nomenclature, action ## Sources of drugs * 4 major sources * Natural * Semi-synthetic * Biosynthetic * Synthetic ## Natural sources * Extracted or found * Animal (Boboy, Βακα) * Insulin (swine, bovine) * Heparin (drug can be endogenous - gikan sa animal) * Vaccines * Desiccated thyroid products * Vitamins * Plant * Search ang scientific name * Aspirin from willow tree or Salix * Digoxin * Morphine (Copium poppy) * Lalkaloid * Mineral * Microbiological ## Advantages of using natural drug sources * More structural diversity and novelty compared to synthetic compounds * Many natural chemicals are able to interact with proteins of the receptors that are needed to be bound for the effect and alter biological molecules * More complex in structure than synthetic molecules. This complexity allows for more selective binding to targets ## Disadvantages of using natural drug sources * More time consuming * More costly * May be less sustainable * Natural chemical compounds may work differently than expected when isolated from their source ## Semi-synthetic drugs * Hybrid between natural and synthetic sources * Drugs that can be taken in naturally but can be chemically processed to produced a different drug * New drug is usually more potent (mis molibisa) * Example: Heroin, antibiotic (penicillin) * Heroin (acetylation of morphine) * Antibiotic * Semi-synthetic penicillin (chemical modification of the p-amino group of (P-aminobenzylpenicillin) using the benzylpenicillin and phomoxymethyl penicillin penicillins) * Ex: Nafcillin, oxacillin, and didoxacillin (penicillin v) ## Advantage of * Can be more potent than the parent drug ## Synthetic drugs * Produced from chemical reactions in the laboratory * Chemical structure is identical to naturally-occurring substances ## Advantages * Less time consuming * Less costly * May be more sustainable ## Disadvantages * Tent to have fewer therapeutic effects and many synthetic drugs cause unacceptable side effects ## Biosynthetic drugs * Genetically engineered drugs * Example: * DNA engineered insulin - diabetes type 2 * Interferon-a-2a - hairy leukemia ## Drug Categories * **Prescription drugs** * Need medical supervision * Relatively unsafe * Dispensed only by an order of registered practitioner (physician, dentist, veterinarian) * Examples: antibiotics, antidepressants * Sometimes referred as "legend" drug * **Non-prescription or Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs** * Considered relatively safe * Can be sold without physician's prescription * Examples: vitamins, antacids, paracetamol etc * Drugs that do not have potential for toxicity * Do not require administration in a special way * **Controlled Substances (Makaadik)** * Potential for abuse or dependence by people ## Controlled substances * **Schedule I** * The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse. * High potential to create severe psychological and/or physical dependance. * The drug or other substance has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the Philippines. * There is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance under medical supervision. * Examples: * Heroin * Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) * Marijuana * Methaqualone * **Schedule II** * The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse. * The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the Philippines or a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions. * Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence. * Examples: * Morphine * Phencyclidine (PCP) * Cocaine * Methadone * Methamphetamine * **Schedule III** * The drug or other substance has less potential for abuse than other drugs or substance in Schedule I and II. * The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatments in the Philippines. * Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence. * Examples: * Anabolic steroids * Codeine and hydrocodone with aspirin or Tylenol®, and some barbiturates * **Schedule IV** * The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative to the drug or other substances in Schedule III. * The drug or other substances has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the Philippines. * Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule III. * Examples: * Barbital * Diazepam * **Schedule V** * The drug or other substance as a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule IV. * The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the Philippines. * Abuse of the drug or other substances may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule IV. * Example: Cough medicines with codeine (pangpaghut) ## Extra-label Use of Drugs * Using a drug in a way not specified by the label * Veterinarian should discuss with the client for extra-label use of drugs (veterinarian-client-patient relationship) ## Drug Nomenclature * **Chemical name** * **Proprietary/trade/brand name** * **Non-proprietary/generic name** ## Drug Nomenclature: Chemical name * Based on the chemical constitution of a drug * Indicates the precise arrangement of atoms and atomic groups in the molecule. * Too complex and difficult to be use in prescription ## Drug Nomenclature: Proprietary name * Selected and registered by the pharmaceutical company * The name become the property of the pharmaceutical company. * Non-proprietary drug may be marketed under many proprietary names by different firms. ## Drug Nomenclature: Non-proprietary/generic name * Used uniformly all over the world by an international agreement through World Health Organization (WHO). * Called official when included in official books such as Indian, British, United States or International Pharmacopeias ## Questions?