Vitamins and Minerals PDF

VITAMINS  The word Vitamin comes from the Latin word vita meaning life and the suffix amine, which is a nitrogen compound. It was discovered later that not all vitamins contain nitrogen; nevertheless, “vitamin” has been used pervasively and has become a common word.  Vitamins do not gi...

VITAMINS  The word Vitamin comes from the Latin word vita meaning life and the suffix amine, which is a nitrogen compound. It was discovered later that not all vitamins contain nitrogen; nevertheless, “vitamin” has been used pervasively and has become a common word.  Vitamins do not give energy to the body. They merely help convert food into energy through many biochemical reactions. Taking extra vitamins cannot increase one’s physical capacity. However, shortage of vitamins may lead to fatigue. TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH VITAMINS Precursors or provitamis- these are compounds that can be changed to active vitamins. For example, carotenes and cryptoxanthin are precursors of Vitamin A. Preformed vitamins- these are naturally occurring vitamins that are in inactive form and ready for biological use. Avitaminosis- condition resulting in lack of vitamin. In the later stage of this condition when more defined signs and symptoms occur, a nutritional deficiency disease is recognizable. For example, avitaminosis A leads to night blindness and xerophthalmia. Avitaminosis C leads to scurvy and a deficiency of Vitamin B leads to beriberi. TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH VITAMINS Hypervitaminosis- this is sometimes referred to as “vitamin toxicity”, a result of excessive accumulation of a vitamin in the body. Vitamin Malnutrition- the prefix “mal” meaning bad denotes that too much or too little vitamin is not good for the health. NOMENCLATURE OF THE VITAMINS ORIGINAL NAME CURRENT NAME Vitamin A (Anti-infective) Vitamin A (retinol) Vitamin B1 (Anti-beriberi Vitamin B1 (thiamine) antineurotic) Vitamin B2 Riboflavin Pelagra Preventive Factor Niacin (nicotinic acid, niacinamide) Vitamin B complex Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) Vitamin B12 (cyanocabalamin) Folacin (folinic acid, Pteroylglutamic acid) biotin Vitamin C Ascorbic acid Vitamin D Vitamin D (calciferol) Vitamin E Vitamin E (tocopherol) Vitamin K Vitamin K (menaquinone and phylloquinone) MINERALS Minerals pertain to the elements in their simple inorganic form. In nutrition, they are commonly referred to as mineral elements or, in the case of those present or required in small amounts, they are known as trace elements or trace minerals. MINERAL COMPOSITION OF THE BODY There are 21 mineral elements known to be essential in nutrition. Analysis of minerals, however, shows the presence of more than 25. The minerals of the body are calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iron, zinc, selenium, manganese, copper, iodine, molybdenum, cobalt, chromium, fluorine, vanadium, nickel, tin and silicon. There are also traces of barium, bromine, strontium, gold, silver, aluminum, bismuth, gallium, arsenic, and others. Minerals exist in the body and food in organic and inorganic combinations. CALCIUM Functions 1. Calcium combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate, the hard material of the bones and teeth. 2. Calcium participates in muscular contraction and relaxation. 3. It promotes blood coagulation. 4. It affects the transport function of cell membranes, possibly acting as a membrane stabilizer. 5. Calcium is required in nerve transmission and regulation of heart beat. SOURCES: kuhol cheese seaweed gamet bagoong malunggay leaves dried fish saluyot carabao’s milk dilis galunggong hipon, tagunton sardines susong pilipit talangka dried dilis milk, evaporated EFFECTS OF DEFICIENCY OR EXCESS Effects of deficiency 1. Retarded growth 2. Rickets 3. Osteomalacia (adult rickets) in which a reduction in the mineral content of the bone is observed. 4. Tetany caused by a reduction in circulating ioized calcium resulting in increased excitability of the nerve and uncontrolled reactions of muscle tissue. Effects of excess 1. hypercalcemia MAGNESIUM Functions 1. It regulates blood phosphorus level. 2. It is necessary to promote the conduction of nerve impulses and to allow normal muscle contraction. 3. It may also increase the stability of calcium in the tooth enamel. FOOD SOURCES Nuts Cocoa Soybeans Sea foods Green plants Peas Meat Wholegrains Milk Dried beans Magnesium deficiency (hypomagnesemic) has been observed among infants and children suffering from kwashiorkor and diseases characterized by intestinal malabsorption, prolonged diarrhea or vomiting, and alcoholism; in persons maintained for long periods of time on magnesium-free fluids following surgery or diuretics; and in cases of hypercalcemia, diabetes, and acute renal failure with polyuria. SODIUM Functions 1. Sodium is responsible for maintaining fluid balance. 2. It is also responsible for maintaining acid-base balance. 3. It allows the passage of materials like glucose through the cell wall and maintains normal muscle irritability and excitability. Food Sources Carrots Peas Celery Vetsin Beets Fish Sauce Soy Sauce Catsup Spinach EFFECTS OF DEFICIENCY OR EXCESS A deficiency of sodium (hyponatremia) can occur in dehydration as in heat exhaustion, especially following an intake of large amounts of H₂O, without providing additional salt; after surgical procedures with marked loss of blood; after marked diarrhea and vomiting; and after a long- term vigorous treatment with very restricted sodium diets. Two Content Layout with Table First bullet point here Class Group A Group B Second bullet point here Class 1 82 95 Third bullet point here Class 2 76 88 Class 3 84 90 Two Content Layout with SmartArt First bullet point here Task Second bullet point here 1 Third bullet point here Group A Task Task 3 2 Add a Slide Title - 1 Add a Slide Title - 2 Add a Slide Title - 3 Add a Slide Title - 4 Add a Slide Title - 5