VisionIAS Monthly Current Affairs January 2024 January 2024.pdf

 Table of Contents 1. POLITY AND GOVERNANCE ________________4 3.8.11. Audit Quality Deficiencies ________________ 43 1.1. Tribunal System in India ___________________ 4 3.8.12. Bharatm...

 Table of Contents 1. POLITY AND GOVERNANCE ________________4 3.8.11. Audit Quality Deficiencies ________________ 43 1.1. Tribunal System in India ___________________ 4 3.8.12. Bharatmala Phase 1 Extended _____________ 44 1.2. Finances of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) _ 6 3.8.13. 2023 List of D-SIBs ______________________ 44 3.8.14. Payments Infrastructure Development Fund 1.3. Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and (PIDF) Scheme ________________________________ 45 Regulation of Street Vending) Act, 2014 _________ 7 3.8.15. National Transit Pass System (NTPS) ________ 45 1.4. Revamped Scheme for Administrative Reforms 9 3.8.16. Atal Setu Nhava Sheva Sea Link ____________ 46 1.5. News in Shorts _________________________ 10 3.8.17. Standardisation in India __________________ 46 1.5.1. Dual Citizenship __________________________ 10 3.8.18. Urea Gold _____________________________ 47 1.5.2. Supreme Court Legal Services Committee (SCLSC) 3.8.19. Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights ____________________________________________ 10 Act _________________________________________ 47 1.5.3. SC Annuls Remission in Bilkis Bano Case ______ 10 3.8.20. Solar Power Scheme for PVTGs Habitations __ 48 1.5.4. Panel for Equitable Distribution of Benefits 3.8.21. Electricity (Amendment) Rules, 2024 Notified 48 Amongst SCs _________________________________ 11 3.8.22. Global Hydrogen Trading Mechanism (GHTM) 49 1.5.5. MPLADS e-SAKSHI Mobile Application ________ 11 3.8.23. Point of Presence (PoP) Regulations for NPS 1.5.6. Social Audit Advisory Body (SAAB) ___________ 11 Subscribers __________________________________ 49 2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ______________13 3.8.24. Future of Growth Report 2024 ____________ 49 2.1. Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) ____________ 13 3.8.25. Inclusive Access to Advanced AI ___________ 50 2.2. Information Fusion Centre for Indian Ocean 3.8.26. Labour Rules for Workers Abroad __________ 50 Region (IFC-IOR)____________________________ 14 3.8.27. Rules Exploration License for Mining ________ 51 2.3. India-Nepal Relations ____________________ 16 3.8.28. Coal/Lignite Gasification Projects __________ 51 2.3.1. India-Nepal Hydropower Cooperation ________ 17 3.8.29. Steel Making ___________________________ 52 3.8.30. Decline in Individual Income Inequality: SBI 2.4. India-Russia Relations ___________________ 18 Research ____________________________________ 52 2.5. India-Italy Relations _____________________ 20 4. SECURITY _____________________________ 54 2.6. Genocide Convention ____________________ 21 4.1. Policing Power to Central Armed Police Forces 2.7. The Global Cooperation Barometer 2024 Report (CAPFs) ___________________________________ 54 _________________________________________ 22 4.2. Geospatial Intelligence ___________________ 56 2.8. News in Shorts _________________________ 24 2.8.1. Angola withdraws from OPEC _______________ 24 4.3. Drones and Security _____________________ 57 2.8.2. United Nations Statistical Commission (UNSC) _ 24 4.4. Illegal Migration ________________________ 59 2.8.3. Hague Apostille Convention, 1961 ___________ 25 4.5. News in Shorts _________________________ 61 2.8.4. Iran's Retaliation And India’s Interest in West Asia 4.5.1. Operation Sarvashakti ____________________ 61 ____________________________________________ 25 4.5.2. Akash-NG (New Generation) Missile _________ 62 2.8.5. UAE-India CEPA Council (UICC) ______________ 25 4.5.3. Indian Navy Commissioned INS Imphal _______ 62 2.8.6. Henley Passport Index 2024 (HPI) ___________ 26 4.5.4. Exercises in News ________________________ 63 3. ECONOMY _____________________________27 5. ENVIRONMENT ________________________ 64 3.1. National Multidimensional Poverty Index ___ 27 5.1. 50 Years of Project Tiger _________________ 64 3.2. Unified Payments Interface (UPI) __________ 29 5.2. Sewage Management in India _____________ 65 3.3. Non- Performing Assets (NPA) _____________ 31 5.3. Swachh Survekshan Awards 2023 __________ 67 3.4. G-Securities ____________________________ 33 5.4. India Meteorological Department (IMD)_____ 68 3.5. Petroleum Exploration & Production _______ 35 5.5. Indian Landslide Susceptibility Map ________ 70 3.6. Food Processing Industry _________________ 38 5.6. PRITHvi VIgyan (PRITHVI) Scheme __________ 72 3.7. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana ________ 39 5.7. News in Shorts _________________________ 74 3.8. News in Shorts _________________________ 40 5.7.1. Report on ‘Trade Policy Tools for Climate Action’ 3.8.1. India Becomes Fourth-Largest Stock Market ___ 40 ____________________________________________ 74 3.8.2. Direct Listing of Public Indian Companies _____ 40 5.7.2. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) ______ 74 3.8.3. Aadhaar-Based Pay Mandatory for MGNREGA _ 41 5.7.3. Megalosaurus ___________________________ 74 3.8.4. 16th Finance Commission __________________ 41 5.7.4. Latitudinal Diversity Gradient (LDG) _________ 75 3.8.5. Direct Tax to GDP Ratio Rose to 15-Year High __ 42 5.7.5. Green Fuels Alliance India (GFAI) ____________ 75 3.8.6. Reverse Flip _____________________________ 42 5.7.6. 5 years of National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) 3.8.7. Momentum Investing _____________________ 42 ____________________________________________ 75 3.8.8. Model Based Lending _____________________ 43 5.7.7. Global Risk Report 2024 ___________________ 76 3.8.9. Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) ___________ 43 5.7.8. Global Ocean Heat Content (OHC) ___________ 76 3.8.10. Indian Iron Ore Market ___________________ 43 5.7.9. Conjoined Silverline (Cigaritis conjuncta) _____ 76 1 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  5.7.10. Humboldt’s Enigma ______________________ 76 7.11.7. Kilonova Explosion _____________________ 107 5.7.11. Himalayan Wolf _________________________ 77 7.11.8. Chameleon Trojan _____________________ 107 5.7.12. Tibetan Brown Bear _____________________ 77 7.11.9. Direct-to-Cell__________________________ 107 5.7.13. Kumki Elephants ________________________ 77 7.11.10. Revised Pharma Manufacturing Rules _____ 107 5.7.14. Vulture Restaurant ______________________ 78 7.11.11. Havisure: Indigenously Developed Hepatitis A 5.7.15. Eurasian Otter __________________________ 78 vaccine ____________________________________ 107 5.7.16. Binturong (Arctictis binturong) and Small-clawed 7.11.12. ‘SMART 2.0’ for Ayurveda Teaching Professionals otter (Aonyx cinereus) __________________________ 79 ___________________________________________ 108 5.7.17. Invasive Mosquitofish Species _____________ 79 7.11.13. WHO’s International Classification of Diseases 11 5.7.18. Kuril Islands ____________________________ 79 (ICD-11) ____________________________________ 108 5.7.19. Willingdon Island ________________________ 79 7.11.14. WHO Report on Prevalence of Tobacco Use 109 5.7.20. Deep-Sea Coral Reef _____________________ 80 7.11.15. Disease X ____________________________ 110 5.7.21. Wildlife (Protection) Licensing (Additional Matters 7.11.16. Bio-Imaging Bank (BIB) _________________ 110 for Consideration) Rules, 2024 ___________________ 80 7.11.17. New Treatment Regimen for Leprosy _____ 110 5.7.22. Wadge Bank Ecosystem __________________ 80 7.11.18. Bubble Baby Syndrome (BBS) ___________ 110 5.7.23. Kuno National Park (KNP) _________________ 81 7.11.19. Steel Slag Road Technology (SSRT) _______ 110 6. SOCIAL ISSUES _________________________82 7.11.20. ANEEL (Advanced Nuclear Energy for Enriched 6.1. Socialism in India _______________________ 82 Life) _______________________________________ 111 6.2. Pradhan Mantri Adi Adarsh Gram Yojana 8. CULTURE ____________________________ 112 (PMAAGY) ________________________________ 84 8.1. Mitakshara Law _______________________ 112 6.3. News in Shorts _________________________ 85 8.2. News in Shorts ________________________ 113 6.3.1. Gender-Based Violence ____________________ 85 8.2.1. Geographical Indications (GI) Tag __________ 113 6.3.2. Alliance for Global Good- Gender Equity and 8.2.2. Sri Veerabhadra Temple (or Lepakshi Temple) 113 Equality _____________________________________ 85 8.2.3. Guruvayur Temple ______________________ 113 6.3.3. PRERANA Program _______________________ 85 8.2.4. Shree Kalaram Mandir ___________________ 113 6.3.4. Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes 8.2.5. Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple _____________ 114 (DNTs) ______________________________________ 85 8.2.6. Vadnagar ______________________________ 114 7. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ______________87 8.2.7. Punganur cows _________________________ 114 8.2.8. Warli Tribe ____________________________ 114 7.1. X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSAT) ________ 87 8.2.9. Bru Tribe ______________________________ 115 7.2. International Space Stations ______________ 88 8.2.10. Madhika Language _____________________ 115 7.2.1. Space Habitation _________________________ 89 8.2.11. West Bengal Notified State Day & State Song 115 7.3. National Quantum Mission (NQM) _________ 91 8.2.12. Statue of Social justice __________________ 115 7.4. Fourth Industrial revolution _______________ 93 8.2.13. 'Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar (RVP)’ _________ 115 7.5. Lithium _______________________________ 95 8.2.14. National Sports Awards (NSA) 2023 _______ 115 7.6. Graphene _____________________________ 96 8.2.15. Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar (PMRBP) 7.7. Advanced Driver Assistance Systems _______ 98 ___________________________________________ 116 7.8. Induction Charging ______________________ 99 8.2.16. Subhash Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan 7.9. Antimicrobial Resistance ________________ 101 Puraskar (SCBAPP)-2024 _______________________ 116 7.10. Fixed-Dose combinations (FDCs) Drugs ____ 103 9. ETHICS ______________________________ 117 7.11. News in Shorts _______________________ 105 9.1. Buddha's Teachings ____________________ 117 7.11.1. Square Kilometre Array Observatory (SKAO) 9.2. Good Samaritans ______________________ 118 Project _____________________________________ 105 9.3. Beyond Bites: Ethical Considerations in Stray 7.11.2. OSIRIS-APEX ___________________________ 105 Dogs Control _____________________________ 119 7.11.3. Peregrine Mission 1 (Peregrine Lunar Lander) 106 10. SCHEMES IN NEWS ___________________ 122 7.11.4. Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM) _ 106 10.1. Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (SSY) _________ 122 7.11.5. GSAT-20 ______________________________ 106 7.11.6. FEAST (Finite Element Analysis of Structures) 106 APPENDIX _____________________________ 123 Copyright © by Vision IAS All rights are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of Vision IAS. 2 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 3 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 1. POLITY AND GOVERNANCE 1.1. TRIBUNAL SYSTEM IN INDIA Why in the News? Recently, the Supreme Court (SC) ruled that tribunals cannot direct the government to frame policy. More about News Context: SC was deciding on whether the Armed Forces Tribunal (AFT) could have directed the government to make a policy to fill up the post of Judge Advocate General (Air). o The AFT was set up under the AFT Act, of 2007. o AFT provide for adjudication or trial of disputes and complaints to the commission, appointments, enrolment and conditions of service in respect of persons subject to the Army Act, 1950, Navy Act, 1957, Air Force Act, 1950. ✓ It can further provide for appeals arising out of orders, findings or sentences of courts-martial held under the said Acts and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. Court Ruling: SC held that a tribunal subject to the High Court’s jurisdiction under Article 226, cannot be permitted by law, to direct the framing of a policy by the Government. o Also, SC said that making policy is not in the domain of the Judiciary. About Tribunals System Nature: Tribunals are quasi-judicial bodies. The objective may be to reduce the caseload of the judiciary or to bring in subject expertise for technical matters. Constitutional Recognition: In 1976, Articles 323A and 323B were inserted in the Constitution of India through the 42nd Amendment. o Article 323A: Empowered Parliament to constitute administrative Tribunals (both at central and state level) for adjudication of matters related to recruitment and conditions of service of public servants. o Article 323B: Specified certain subjects (such as taxation and land reforms) for which Parliament or state legislatures may constitute tribunals by enacting a law. ✓ In 2010, the Supreme Court clarified that subject matters under Article 323B are not exclusive, and legislatures are empowered to create tribunals on any subject matter under their purview as specified in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution. Composition of Tribunals: The presence of expert members (technical members) along with judicial members is a key feature of tribunals which distinguishes them from traditional courts. Jurisdiction: Each tribunal is given specific jurisdiction to hear and decide cases within its designated area of expertise. o Some tribunals have appellate jurisdiction, meaning they hear appeals from decisions made by lower authorities or government bodies. 4 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  Appeals: Appeals from tribunals usually lie with the concerned High Court. However, some laws specify that appeals will be heard by the Supreme Court. o In Chandra Kumar Case (1997), appeals against decisions of tribunals were allowed in the division bench of High Courts. Currently, tribunals have been created both as substitutes to High Courts and as subordinate to High Courts. Significance of Tribunals Specialization: This specialization ensures that cases are adjudicated by individuals with a deep understanding of the relevant legal and technical issues. Speedy Resolution: This is particularly important in areas where timely decisions are crucial, such as service matters, tax disputes, and environmental issues. Reduced Case Load: By handling specific types of cases, tribunals contribute to reducing the burden on traditional courts, helping to address the issue of judicial backlog. Accessibility: Tribunals are geographically dispersed, with benches located across the country. Efficiency in Service Matters: Administrative Tribunals, such as the Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT), expedite the resolution of service-related matters for government employees. Concerns with Tribunals Lack of Independence: Critics argue that certain tribunals might not be entirely independent, as their members are often appointed by the government. o This raises concerns about the potential for undue influence or interference in decision-making. o In 2019, the SC reiterated that the lack of judicial dominance in selection committees of tribunals violates the doctrine of separation of powers. Pendency of cases: For example, in 2021, the AFT had 18,829 pending cases. o The lack of human resources is observed to be one of the key reasons for the accumulation of pending cases in courts. Term of office: In 2019, SC stated that a short tenure of members along with provisions of re-appointment increases the influence and control of the Executive over the judiciary. Lack of Uniformity in Procedures: Procedures adopted by different tribunals can vary widely, leading to inconsistency in the application of legal principles and potential confusion for litigants. Overlapping Jurisdictions: There have been instances of overlapping jurisdictions between tribunals and regular courts, leading to confusion and potential conflicts. Concerns Regarding Technical Members: In certain tribunals, technical members may lack legal qualifications. Way Ahead Enhance Independence: Mechanism for appointment and removal of members in tribunals, and tenure of their employment should have adequate protection from legislative and executive interference. Administration of Tribunals: The Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice (2015) recommended the creation of an independent body called the National Tribunals Commission (NTC) for the administration of all tribunals in India. o In 2020, SC also emphasised creating NTC to supervise appointments, as well as the functioning and administration of tribunals. Timely Appointments: Expedite the appointment process for tribunal members to prevent delays in the resolution of cases and reduce backlogs. o A judicial impact assessment would be helpful to determine the extra resources required to handle fresh cases resulting from the enactment of a new law. Clear Jurisdictional Boundaries: Clearly define and demarcate the jurisdiction of each tribunal to avoid overlapping and conflicting decisions with regular courts. Training and Qualifications: Ensure that technical members of tribunals possess adequate legal qualifications or receive training to understand legal principles, promoting a better understanding of the legal context. 5 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 1.2. FINANCES OF PANCHAYATI RAJ INSTITUTIONS (PRIS) Why in the news? Recently, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) released its report titled “Finances of Panchayati Raj Institutions”. The report discusses the fiscal position of PRIs for the years 2020-21 to 2022-23. About Panchayati Raj Institutions and their finances 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act 1992: institutionalised the PRIs at three levels i.e., o Mandate for setting up of Panchayats is provided by Article 243 in Part IX of the Constitution of India. o Panchayats, being Local Government, is a State subject. Number of PRIs: There are a total of 2.62 lakh PRIs in India, with 2.55 lakh Gram Panchayats, 6,707 Mandal Panchayats and 665 Zila Parishads as of October 2023. Constitutional Provisions for Financial Empowerment of Panchayats o Article 243H: Provides for finance for the Panchayats by securing authorization from State Legislatures for grants-in-aid to the Panchayats from the Consolidated Fund of the State. ✓ It empowers panchayats to impose, collect, and allocate taxes, duties, tolls, and fees. o Article 243-I: Setting up a Finance Commission (FC) every 5 years to review the financial position of Panchayats and make recommendations to improve their financial position. o Article 280(3)(bb): Mandates FCs to recommend measures needed to augment the Consolidated fund of the state and supplement panchayat resources to the President. Sources of Finance for PRIs Internal/Own Tax Revenue from Property tax on lands (other than Agriculture Land) or buildings or both; Taxes on sources of revenue Duties and Commodities; Service tax; Taxes on Profession Trades etc. Non tax revenue from market fees on persons exporting goods for sale in Panchayat area; Fees on Registration of Cattle sold within the Panchayat area etc. Transfer of Funds Tied Grants: Earmarked for specific purposes or sectors, like sanitation, education etc. from Central Finance Untied Grants (General purpose grants): These are provided without specific conditions or Commission (CFC) restrictions and can be utilised for local needs and priorities. and State Finance Performance-based Grants: Additional funds granted to PRIs based on recommendations of CFCs and Commission (SFC) specific performance criteria. Special Category Grants: These grants are additional financial support designed to address unique challenges or particular needs of PRIs in specific regions or contexts. Other Sources Transfer from Central Government and State Government under different schemes like MGNREGA, PMAY (Rural), Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana etc. Grants from internationals bodies like World Bank, etc. Challenges associated with the finance of PRIs Structural challenges: Inadequate financial resources, heavy reliance on grants from upper tiers of government; and weak infrastructure impede the functioning of PRIs. o Around 95 % of their revenues come from grants by higher levels of government. Inconsistency in data: Assessment of the fiscal health of PRIs is difficult due to a lack of data on their revenues and expenditures and a lack of skilled staff to maintain data in standardised formats. o Audit reports have been generated for only 46% of Gram Panchayats for 2019-20. Tax revenue: Sources of revenue for PRIs are limited, mainly property taxes, fees, and fines. o They face challenges in raising tax revenue due to a limited tax base, shortage of staff and adequate infrastructure along with a lack of clear guidelines for introducing new taxes. Corruption: Instances of misuse of funds for personal gain have hindered the ability of PRIs to effectively carry out their roles and responsibilities. 6 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  o For example, Rs 1.58 crore was diverted from the gram panchayat account without prior permission from the panchayat body and higher officials in Vijayawada. State Finance Commissions (SFC): As per rural development and Panchayati raj report, only 9 states have been constituting SFCs regularly, and out of them, only two are active. Initiatives taken to improve financial ecosystem of PRIs. e-Gram Swaraj: It assist in enhancing the credibility of Panchayats which would induce greater devolution of funds to PRIs as well as provide a platform for effective monitoring by higher authorities. Gram Panchayat Development Plan (GPDP): It is an annual exercise carried out by Ministry of Panchayati Raj (MoPR) in all Gram panchayats and other local self-governance bodies where GP development plans are prepared in a participatory manner under people’s Plan Campaign. Capacity Building- Panchayat Sashaktikaran Abhiyan (CB-PSA): It had provided assistance to the States/ UTs for capacity building and training of Panchayat Elected Representatives to enable them to perform their functions, including planning and implementation of development programmes, effectively and efficiently. Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (RGSA): It aims to strengthen capacities of institutions for rural local governance to become more responsive towards local development needs, and efficiently utilise available resources for realizing sustainable solutions to local problems linked to SDGs. Way forward Budgetary support: Increase budgetary allocations from higher levels of government to ensure PRIs have sufficient resources to fulfil their responsibilities. Also, steps should be taken to diverse funding sources of the PRIs. Skilling: Training and capacity-building of PRI members to enhance their financial management skills, ensuring effective and transparent handling of funds. Accountability: Enforce strict financial accountability measures, regular and independent audits, and transparent reporting mechanisms to prevent misuse of funds and corruption. Strengthening SFC: SFCs should be constituted timely every 5 years and reports should be tabled in state legislatures regularly. It can fortify the financial position of PRIs and help them in better delivery of their responsibilities. Awareness: Raise citizen’s awareness about the functions and significance of PRIs by encouraging their increased participation in local governance processes. 1.3. STREET VENDORS (PROTECTION OF LIVELIHOOD AND REGULATION OF STREET VENDING) ACT, 2014 Why in the news? Recently, the Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs highlighted the slow pace of implementation of the provisions of the Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act, 2014. More about the news A revamped PAiSA Portal Dashboard and the PM SVANidhi Mission Monitoring Portal were also launched at the event. o Portal for Affordable credit and Interest Subvention Access (PAiSA) is a portal designed to provide a centralized platform for Processing of Interest Subsidy to eligible beneficiaries under PM Svanidihi, Self-Employment Program etc. Key features of the Street Vendors Act, 2014 Rights of street vendors: Every street vendor shall have the right to carry on the business of street vending activities as per the terms and conditions mentioned in the certificate of vending. Duties of Street Vendors: o Remove his goods and wares every day at the end of the time-sharing period allowed to him. o Maintain cleanliness and public hygiene in vending zones and adjoining areas. o Maintain civic amenities and public property in the vending zone in good condition. o Payment of maintenance charges for the civic amenities and facilities as determined by local authorities. Town Vending Committees (TVCs): They are to be established in each Local Authority. These committees are in charge of enumerating, identifying, and allocating vending zones in a city. 7 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  o TVCs are to be heterogeneously constituted with at least 40% of its elected members being street vendors, of which one-third are to be women. Survey of the Street Vendors: At least once every five years for the issuance of a Certificate of Vending (CoV) to the vendors identified. Ceiling limit on the number of vendors: It is set at 2.5% of the population of the ward or zone or town or city for accommodating the vendors in the respective vending zones. Grievance redressal Committees: They are to be set up by the States under the chairmanship of a retired judicial officer to maintain impartiality towards grievances of street vendors. Period for the release of seized goods: For non-perishable goods, the goods are to be released within two working days and in the case of perishable goods, the goods shall be released the same day of claim. Challenges associated with the functioning of the act Lopsided implementation: Despite a decade since enactment only 17 States have constituted Grievance redressal Committees for the welfare of the street vendors. o The TVCs are yet to be formed in many Urban local bodies and existing TVCs also lack proper representation in many states. Ceiling on Number of Vendors: The act has set the limit of street vendors to 2.5% of the total population of the ward/city, which is inadequate for a major metropolis like Delhi, Mumbai etc. Exclusion of Railways land and its premises: The act does not apply to any land, premises and trains owned and controlled by the Railways, which is a huge business area for the vendors. Lack of uniformity: Currently, street vending is regulated under municipal laws enacted by state legislatures and this leads to a lack of uniformity in its implementation. o For example, Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation issued a Certificate of Vending based on domicile certificates till 2022, despite domicile not being a criterion under the 2014 act. Way forward For better implementation of the Act Revision of the ceiling on the number of vendors: It can be increased in consonance with the nature of the city and as per the latest survey of street vendors. Ensuring adequate representation: Street vendors and TVCs as stakeholders while deciding any policy framework that impacts their livelihood. Creation of Vending Zones near Railway Stations: This will provide more opportunities for the vendors and ensure more consistent implementation of the Act. Integration with the Smart City mission: Including members from the Street vendor’s community in deliberations and formulation of the Smart City projects. Establishment of Model Vending zones as "Light House Projects" by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, to be replicated in states. For the Welfare of Street Vendors Issuance of Smartcards which integrate the details of Vendor ID cards and Certificate of Vending. Sensitize police force and local body officials by including the Street Vendors Act in their training curriculum to avoid excessive actions over street vendors. Publish Street vendors charter by every TVC specifying the time within which a CoV shall be issued, renewed and other activities to be performed. 8 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 1.4. REVAMPED SCHEME FOR ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS Why in the News? The government has approved funds for the revamped Scheme for Administrative Reforms of the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG). About the revamped Scheme for Administrative Reforms Ministry: Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions. Period: The scheme is to be implemented in the next two years (2024-25 and 2025-26) of the 15th Finance Commission Cycle. 2 Verticals: Comprehensive System for Redressal of Public Grievances and Administrative Reforms. o Scheme for Comprehensive System for Redressal of Public Grievances: ✓ Quality of grievance redressal: Taking forward the 10-Step CPGRAMS reforms (refer to table) aimed at improving the quality of grievance redressal. ✓ AI-Assisted Redressal: Reducing timelines by developing an AI-assisted Public Grievance Redressal System (CPGRAMS). ✓ Unified Grievance Redressal: The project will integrate all other grievance portals, thus making CPGRAMS the single largest interface for public grievances. ✓ Capacity building: Deeper technology adoption, capacity building of grievance redressal officers, etc. o Scheme for Administrative Reforms: ✓ Strategic Allocation: The scheme seeks to utilize resources for International Exchange and Cooperation activities, the National e-Governance Awards Scheme etc. About Centralised Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS) DARPG has put in place CPGRAMS since 2007. It is an online platform available to the citizens 24x7 to lodge their grievances to the public authorities on any subject related to service delivery. It is a single portal connected to all Ministries/Departments of Government of India and States. Issues that are not taken for redress: o RTI Matters. o Court related matters. o Religious matters, etc. In 2022, Government implemented the 10- step reforms of CPGRAMS. 9 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 1.5. NEWS IN SHORTS 1.5.1. DUAL CITIZENSHIP 1.5.2. SUPREME COURT LEGAL SERVICES COMMITTEE (SCLSC) Recently the Union External Affairs Minister remarked that dual citizenship is a challenge in India. Recently, a Supreme Court judge has been nominated Dual or Multiple Citizenship: It grants an individual as the Chairman of the SCLSC. legal status as a citizen of two or more countries About SCLSC simultaneously. o It is a statutory body. Countries offering dual citizenship: United States, ✓ Constituted under section 3A of Legal Services Finland, Albania, Israel, and Pakistan, etc. Authorities Act, 1987 by National Legal Service The Indian Constitution prohibits dual citizenship for Authority. nationals. o Objective: Providing free legal services to poor, Alternative to dual citizens in India under-privileged and those marginalized in ○ India offers the Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) society. program to Persons of Indian Origin (PIO), o Chief Justice of India in Patron-in-Chief of excluding those who migrated to Pakistan and Committee. Bangladesh. Members: Chairman (sitting Judge of SC) and 9 Benefits for OCI cardholders members (nominated by the Chief Justice of India). ○ Multi-purpose, multiple entry, lifelong visa for visiting India. 1.5.3. SC ANNULS REMISSION IN BILKIS ○ Exemption from registration with local police BANO CASE authority for any length of stay in India. Supreme Court sets aside remission of 11 convicts in ○ Parity with NRIs in respect of economic, financial, Bilkis Bano’s case given by Gujarat government and education fields except in matters relating to SC held that Gujarat is not appropriate government to the acquisition of agricultural/plantation decide on remission petition as the trial was properties. conducted in Maharashtra. Thus, remission orders Foreign national eligible to apply for OCI were held to be invalid. ○ Who was eligible to become a citizen of India on Remission refers to reduction in period of sentence 26.01.1950. that has been imposed on a person, without affecting ○ Was a citizen of India on or at any time after the nature of sentence. 26.01.1950. o State may release convicts early under its ○ Who is a child or a grandchild or a great- remission policy. grandchild of such a citizen given above. Constitutional provisions related to Remission o Article 72 empowers President of India to grant pardons, reprieves, respites, suspend, remit, or commute the sentence of a person convicted of any offense where sentence is ✓ by a court Martial; ✓ for an offence against any law relating to a matter to which executive power of Union extends; ✓ a sentence of death. o Under Article 161, Governor's power is similar to that of President, but limited to a matter to which executive power of state extends. Legal basis of Remission o Section 432 of Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) 1973 grants government power to suspend or remit sentences. o Section 433A mandates remission only after 14 years of imprisonment. 10 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  Supreme Court verdict on Remission 1.5.5. MPLADS E-SAKSHI MOBILE Laxman Naskar versus Union of India (2000): SC laid down five grounds on which remission is to be APPLICATION considered. MPLADS (Member of Parliament Local Area o offence affects society at large; Development Scheme (MPLADS) e-SAKSHI Mobile o probability of crime being repeated; o potential of convict to commit crimes in future; Application o if any purpose is being served by keeping convict in was launched by Ministry of Statistics and Programme prison; and Implementation (MoSPI) that allows MPs to propose, o socio-economic condition of convict's family. track, and oversee projects under MPLAD Scheme. State of Haryana vs. Rajkumar (2021): Court held that About MPLADS Section 433-A of CrPC cannot and does not in any way o Central Sector Scheme under MoSPI. affect the constitutional power conferred on o MPLADS funds used for creation of durable President/Governor under Articles 72/161 of community assets in areas of drinking water, Constitution. primary education, etc. o Atleast 15 percent of MPLADS entitlement 1.5.4. PANEL FOR EQUITABLE allocated for areas inhabited by Scheduled Caste DISTRIBUTION OF BENEFITS AMONGST population and 7.5 percent for areas inhabited by SCS ST population. Centre forms committee for the equitable distribution o Funds are non-lapsable i.e. if money is not utilised, of benefits amongst Scheduled Castes (SCs) across the it gets carried to next year. country o District authority must inspect atleast 10% of all Committee under Cabinet Secretary will formulate a work under implementation every year. methodology to ensure the fair distribution of benefits 1.5.6. SOCIAL AUDIT ADVISORY BODY and initiatives among over 1,200 Scheduled Castes (SAAB) nationwide that have been crowded out by relatively forward ones. First meeting of the Social Audit Advisory Body (SAAB) Although the committee cannot delve into questions held of reservation, its constitution holds significance owing SAAB is a first of its kind advisory body in India. to the demand for sub-categorisation of SCs. o It is set up in the National Institute of Social ○ A 7 judge Constitution bench of Supreme Court Defence (NISD). (SC) is set to hear if states have power to ✓ NISD function under the Department of Social subcategorise SCs. Justice & Empowerment (DoSJE), Ministry of Legal Precedents on Sub categorisation of SCs Social Justice and Empowerment. ○ In E.V. Chinnaiah v State of Andhra Pradesh the SC o It will guide the Ministry in institutionalizing social held that the subcategorisation of SCs by State is audits for its various schemes. violative of the right to equality as well as Article ✓ It will promote capacity building of the 341 of the Constitution. members of Social Justice Cell of the Social ✓ Article 341 gives the President the power to Audit Units. create a list of SC communities for reservation. About Social Audit: ○ In State of Punjab v. Davinder Singh (2020) SC held o SA is a process of examination and assessment of that deciding on the quantum of benefits in the a programme/scheme. lists of SCs/STs already notified would not amount ✓ It is conducted with the active involvement of to “tinkering” with it and States could do it. people and comparing official records with ○ ‘Jarnail Singh v Lachhmi Narain Gupta 2018 the SC actual ground realities. upheld the concept of “creamy layer” within SCs o Key guiding principles of SA: Access to too (for reservation in promotion). information (Jaankari); Participation (Bhagidari); ○ Experts also belive that Article 16(4) of the Protection of citizens (Suraksha); etc. Constitution already provided for States to create Implementation of SA: special laws for any backward classes it felt were o Union Government has introduced the provision of under-represented. SA in many flagship programmes, like Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), etc. 11 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  o DoSJE has established the National Resource Cell for Social Audit (NRCSA) to ensure SA through dedicated Social Audit Units at the state level. o Meghalaya is the first state to operationalise a social audit law. Significance: Promote transparency and accountability, strengthen institutions at the grassroots level etc. Challenges: Lack of awareness among stakeholders, apathetic attitude of implementing agency etc. 12 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  Government Schemes Quarterly Revision The Civil Services Examination is a rigorous test of knowledge, analytical skills, and the ability to stay updated with the dynamic landscape of government policies and initiatives. In this challenging journey, a comprehensive and structured approach is essential. In this direction, embark on a transformative journey towards Civil Services Examination triumph with our exclusive offering – the Government Schemes Quarterly Revision. Our meticulously curated document is designed to not only enhance your learning process but also to optimize your time efficiency and retention capacity. Crafted with a quarterly frequency, it acts as a beacon for aspirants seeking continuous improvement and stress-free preparation for the final exam. It transforms the process of learning from an isolated activity into a seamless, ongoing journey. As a result, you're not just preparing for an exam; you're nurturing a deep understanding of government schemes, policies, and their implications. Key Features of the Government Scan the QR code, to read the document Schemes Quarterly Revision 1. Schemes in News: Stay Updated, Stay Ahead! This section keeps you abreast of the latest developments, ensuring that your preparation is not only comprehensive but also relevant to the recent quarter. This real-time integration of information empowers you to confidently approach the exam, armed with the latest knowledge. 2. Flagship Schemes in Focus: Your Path to Exam Success! The Government of India's 'Flagship Schemes' are at the core of the Civil Services Examination syllabus. Our document delves deep into these pivotal initiatives, providing you with a nuanced understanding of the Government policies. By focusing on these flagship schemes, we guide you towards mastering the key aspects that examiners seek in successful candidates. 3. Test Your Learning: Reinforce, Assess, Retain! Understanding the material is one thing; retaining key facts is another. To bridge this gap, we've incorporated a 'Test Your Learning' section. Twenty carefully crafted Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) span the document, serving as checkpoints to reinforce your understanding. These assessments not only help gauge your progress but also contribute to the effective retention of crucial information. The Government Schemes Quarterly Revision isn't just a document; it's a strategic companion in your exam preparation journey. It transforms the way you approach learning, making it a continuous and efficient process. Say goodbye to last-minute stress, embrace a proactive learning experience, and stride confidently towards success. ONLINE | AHMEDABAD | BHOPAL | CHANDIGARH | DELHI | GUWAHATI | HYDERABAD | JAIPUR | JODHPUR | LUCKNOW | PRAYAGRAJ | PUNE | RANCHI | SIKAR 2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 2.1. NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT (NAM) Why in the news? Recently, 19th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was held in Kampala, Uganda. More on News Theme of the summit: 'Deepening Cooperation for Shared Global Affluence' Kampala declaration was adopted at the summit. Under it, member countries, o commit to strengthen the UN as the primary multilateral organization o agreed to make joint efforts to realize the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Addis Ababa Action Agenda (AAAA) ✓ AAAA provides a global framework for financing sustainable development by aligning all financing flows and policies with economic, social and environmental priorities. o strongly condemned the illegal Israeli military aggression on the Gaza Strip and called for an immediate and durable humanitarian ceasefire. South Sudan became the new member(121st) of NAM. About Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) Genesis: Asia-Africa Conference held in Bandung, Indonesia in 1955. About: NAM was created during the independence struggles of Africa, Asia, Latin America and other regions of the world at the height of the Cold War. o A key role was played in this process by the then Heads of State of Egypt, Ghana, India, Indonesia and Yugoslavia, who later became the founding fathers of the movement. o The idea was to declare themselves as "nonaligned" from either of the two nascent military blocks (NATO and the Warsaw Pact). Challenges faced by NAM Principles: "Ten Principles of Bandung" proclaimed Change in world order from bipolar to a more complex and during Bandung Conference were later adopted as the multipolar global system. main goals/principles of NAM. (Refer Image) Evolving alliances in the form of plurilateral partnerships such as QUAD, I2U2, etc. NAM’s first conference - The Belgrade Conference in Many NAM members support ideas of socialism and state 1961. control; and are dependent on the US. Membership: It has 121 members (including India) Regional organizations such as ASEAN, SCO and BRICS comprising 53 countries from Africa, 39 from Asia, 26 address specific regional challenges more effectively. from Latin America and the Caribbean and 2 from Emerging global issues such as climate change, cyber Europe. security, and pandemics. o 18 countries and 10 international organizations Lack of leadership, internal disagreements, and a failure to are observers at NAM. take clear positions on global issues. Other Key information: Approach of multi-alignment presents a more pragmatic o The policy of NAM was based on the 5 principles approach for contemporary geopolitical landscape. of Panchsheel (principles for the conduct of international relations, signed between India and China in 1954). o The NAM does not have a formal founding charter or treaty, nor does it have a permanent secretariat. 13 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Current Relevance of NAM Reform and democratization of UNO: NAM advocates for expediting reform of the United Nations Security Council to make it a more democratic, transparent and representative organ of the United Nations. Protecting Sovereignty: NAM countries support the principles of self-determination, respect for territorial integrity, non-aggression, and safeguarding the independence and autonomy of member states. An integral part of foreign policy: Many developing countries like India still follow the NAM policy, as ‘independence of action’ in foreign policy is enshrined in NAM. Unifying force: NAM is still applicable as a strict measure to prevent colonization and imperialism of small and developing countries. Platform for South-South Cooperation: It provides a platform for developing countries to come together and discuss common challenges and interests and exert influence in global affairs. Promoting Multilateralism and Global Peace: NAM upholds the principles of multilateralism, diplomacy, and peaceful coexistence; o NAM’s advocating for democratising UN and condemning Israel’s war is a testament to this. Rising importance of the concept of Active Non-Alignment (ANA): It embodies a pro-active attitude (instead of passive neutrality) which is aimed at solving problems and generating the much-needed solutions for the troubled world. Non-alignment vs Neutrality Non-alignment is a political concept; neutrality is a legal concept. Non-alignment is not written into a state's constitution; neutrality can be a permanent feature of state policy. Non-alignment emphasizes an active role in world affairs, promotes friendship and cooperation with all countries, hence it is a positive concept. o Neutrality implies non-involvement, does not necessarily involve such positive relationships. Conclusion NAM needs to redefine itself and reinvent its objectives in the contemporary world system. NAM continues to be relevant so long as there is exploitation, war, hunger, poverty and disease on the earth. 2.2. INFORMATION FUSION CENTRE FOR INDIAN OCEAN REGION (IFC -IOR) Why in the News? Recently, IFC-IOR played a crucial role in tackling the hijacking incident of the Malta-flagged vessel (Merchant Vessel) m.v. Ruen. To know more about Maritimes Trade Routes, kindly refer to article "4.3. Securing Maritime Trade Routes" of December 2023 edition of the Monthly Current Affairs Magazine. About IFC-IOR Genesis: IFC-IOR was established in 2018, based at IMAC, and hosted by the Indian Navy. o Soon after 26/11, India brought together countries of the Indian Ocean rim to form the Information Management and Analysis Centre (IMAC) in 2014 in Gurugram. o IMAC is jointly administered by the Indian Navy and Indian Coast Guard. Aim: Strengthening maritime security in the region by building a common coherent maritime situation picture using White Shipping Agreements. o White Shipping Agreements deal with the sharing of information regarding commercial non-military merchant vessels. Region covered: Indian Ocean Region and adjoining Seas. o 67 linkages in 25 countries have been established to secure the global commons for a peaceful, stable and prosperous region towards the well-being of all. o Also, IFC-IOR hosts 12 International Liaison Officers (ILOs) from 12 partner nations viz. Australia, France, Italy, Japan, Maldives, Mauritius, Myanmar, Seychelles, Singapore, Sri Lanka, the UK and the USA. 14 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  Four sectors: Gulf of Guinea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, and the Bay of Bengal & South East Asia. The Maritime Information Sharing Workshop (MISW): It is the flagship platform of IFC-IOR that conducts training programs and is attended by delegates from a large number of countries. How does IFC-IOR strengthen India’s foreign relations? Strategic Partnership: A small group of India's strategic partners such as the USA, France, etc. have positioned their ILOs at the Gurgaon-based facility. Strengthening Neighbourhood relations: through the information-sharing framework. For example, Sri Lankan coastal surveillance radars being integrated into the IFC-IOR. Regional Cooperation: The IFC-IOR promotes regional cooperation by facilitating information exchange related to maritime security. o India is developing 32 coastal surveillance radar stations in Sri Lanka, Mauritius, Seychelles and Maldives, all of which will feed data to the IFC-IOR. Implementation challenges faced by IFC-IOR Challenges in information sharing such as issues with standardization, duplicative efforts, and differing organizational formats. This hinders the creation of a unified operational picture. Data Fusion and Analysis: Information sense-making poses a formidable challenge with member countries grappling with overcoming extra-regional influences and addressing domestic political motivations. Trust and coordination Issues: Multilateral collaborations often encounter challenges arising from restricted coordination scope or unwillingness to share data equitably. Way forward Reciprocal Deployments: India should also deploy its ILOs in other nations’ centres. Enabling coordination and standardization: Efforts at the global level can be made to standardize information-sharing patterns and create collaborative arrangements to reduce duplication of effort. Continued Expansion: It should expand its information-sharing with more countries in and beyond the Indian Ocean Region, to give the initiative a more global character. 15 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  Enhanced Maritime Surveillance: Augment MDA to cover grey shipping (military) and dark shipping (identity-hidden vessels) at the surface level. 2.3. INDIA-NEPAL RELATIONS Why in the news? India and Nepal ink agreements during the 7th India-Nepal Joint Commission meeting held in Kathmandu. More about the news The commission was established in 1987 and acts as a platform for both foreign ministers to review the bilateral partnership. Key Agreements signed between India-Nepal include: o Cooperation in Renewable Energy Development. o Export 10,000 MW of electricity over the next decade. o ISRO to launch Nepal’s Munal satellite on Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV). India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1950 forms the basis of relations between two countries, characterized by an open border and deep-rooted people-to-people contacts of kinship and culture. Areas of Cooperation between India and Nepal Trade and Trade and Investment: India has been a key development partner of Nepal. India is the largest trading Development partner of Nepal and the highest source of FDI. o Bilateral trade crossed US$ 7 billion in FY 2019-20 with a trade deficit in favour of India. Connectivity and Development Partnership: India actively supports Nepal’s infrastructure development, including border infrastructure and cross-border rail links. o Line of credit of $680 million by India to fund three major transmission corridors in Nepal- Bheri Corridor, Nijgadh-Inaruwa Corridor and Gandak-Nepalgunj Corridor. o Twin Integrated Check Posts (ICPs) in Rupaidiha in India and Nepalgunj in Nepal in 2023. o Revised treaty of transit that would provide Nepal access to inland waterways of India. Political and Political cooperation: Regular high-level visits between two countries. Nepal is a priority partner of India Security under its ‘Neighbourhood First’ policy. Defence Cooperation: o Recruitment of Nepalese soldiers in Gorkha regiments of the Indian Army. o Surya Kiran- annual Joint military exercise conducted alternatively in the two countries. Multilateral Cooperation as part of BBIN (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal), BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation), Non-Aligned Movement, and SAARC. Nepal also joined India-led International Solar Alliance (ISA). Energy Power: India and Nepal have had a Power Exchange Agreement since 1971 for meeting the power requirements in the border areas. o In 2023, India agreed to the first trilateral power trade from Nepal to Bangladesh through India for up to 40 megawatts of power. Hydropower cooperation: India and Nepal have had long-standing and fruitful hydropower cooperation (refer below article for the same). Other areas Culture: o Prevalence of deep people-to-people connect especially along the border region of both countries. o The Swadesh Darshan scheme has Buddhist and Ramayana circuits which connect the religious cities of Lumbini and Janakpur with that of India. Disaster Management: o Following the 2015 earthquake in Nepal, New Delhi was the first responder as it carried out Operation Maitri in the region. o India supplied Covishield to Nepal under its Vaccine Maitri Initiative. Major Issues in India-Nepal Relations Border Dispute: The ties between the two countries came under severe strain after Kathmandu published a new political map in 2020 that showed three Indian territories - Limpiyadhura, Kalapani and Lipulekh - as part of Nepal. 16 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  China’s influence: China has increased its economic engagement with Nepal through projects under its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). o Also, there are concerns over Chinese interference in Nepal’s politics. Trust Gap: Due to India’s slow pace of project implementation and the alleged perception of India’s interference in Nepal’s politics. Security issues: Porous border facilitates arms smuggling, terrorist activities and flow of counterfeit Indian currency, all of which pose serious security risks to India. Gurkha issues: Relations came under strain when Nepal government blocked recruitment of Nepalese Gorkhas for the Indian Army’s Gorkha Regiment claiming that the Agnipath Scheme violated the 1947 Tripartite Agreement signed between the two countries and the UK. Treaty of Peace and Friendship, 1950: The Treaty of Peace and Friendship has been at the center of the troubled history of Nepal-India relations which Nepal has declared “not in tune with time.” Way Forward Bilateral mechanisms are needed to discuss contentious issues such as border disputes. o Boundary dispute resolution between India and Bangladesh can serve as a model. Multilateral platforms such as BBIN, BIMSTEC, and SAARC can be utilised to serve common interests such as climate change, disaster management, and regional security. Enhancement of air connectivity between the countries which is crucial for Nepal’s economy. Revisiting the Friendship treaty as recommended by the Eminent Persons Group set up jointly by the two countries. Hydropower Cooperation: Further explore and implement joint hydropower projects to harness Nepal's hydroelectric potential for mutual benefit. 2.3.1. INDIA-NEPAL HYDROPOWER COOPERATION Why in the news? Nepal and India have inked an agreement setting the target to reach 10,000 megawatts of electricity export to India in the coming decade. Indian Hydropower projects in Nepal West Seti and Seti River (SR6) projects (1,200 MW). Sapta Kosi high dam project on Kosi river. Mahakali Treaty (6,480 MW), the Upper Karnali Project (900 MW) and the Arun - III projects (900 MW). Phukot Karnali Hydroelectric Project o Through agreements between NHPC and VUCL (Vidyut Utpadan Company Ltd), Nepal. Lower Arun Hydroelectric Project o Through an agreement between SJVN (India) and the Investment Board of Nepal. Significance of cooperation for India Significance of cooperation for Nepal Bilateral cooperation: Hydro-power cooperation is a solid pillar Technological Expertise: Collaboration with India in India-Nepal relations. provides access to technological expertise and Energy demand: Nepal’s enormous water wealth and huge experience in the construction and management of hydropower potential can cater to India’s increasing energy hydropower projects. requirement. Infrastructure Development: Investments from India China Factor: It will help India minimise the geopolitical can help build the necessary infrastructure in Nepal. influence of China and firm India’s presence in Nepal. Export Revenue: Exporting surplus electricity to India can become a source of revenue for Nepal. 17 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Major areas of concern in the development of hydropower Natural constraints: Fragile geological features and inadequate hydrological data, High sediment load in rivers in Nepal, and the presence of glacial silt. Lack of Infrastructure: Lack of adequate access to transport facilities, and transmission grid for power evacuation decreases the viability of the projects. Chinese concern: India is reluctant to purchase energy produced by hydropower projects which are run by Chinese companies in Nepal. Lack of policy, and regulatory mechanism for the third party access to the grid. Water sharing issues: The issue of downstream water use and flood control etc. also emanates with bigger multipurpose projects. Road Ahead Resilient and effective infrastructure: Aiding Nepal in developing its transmission network within the country and also the interconnections with India. Hydropower as a multiplier: Both sides should view hydropower projects in Nepal as an enabler of long-term cooperation and regional stability. More Coverage: The projects can also be extended to other regional partners under the Bangladesh-Bhutan-India- Nepal (BBIN) framework for cross-border energy cooperation. 2.4. INDIA-RUSSIA RELATIONS Why in the news? Recently, India and Russia signed three documents including a Protocol on consultations during the External Affairs Minister’s official visit to Russia in December 2023. More about the news The protocol will foster progress in military and economic cooperation, energy trade, military-technical cooperation, connectivity and people-to- people exchanges. o The duration of the protocol is four years (2024-2028). Two other documents relating to the Kudan Kulam Nuclear Power Plants and an MoU on cooperation in pharmaceuticals and healthcare were also signed during the visit. The longstanding and time-tested partnership between India and Russia is driven by shared interests of multilateralism, and global peace and prosperity. Major Areas of India-Russia Cooperation and Its Significance Defence and Russia is a major supplier of defense items to Indian armed forces and both nations are in joint research, Security development, and production of advanced defence items. Cooperation ○ Bilateral projects include the supply of S-400, licensed production of T-90 tanks and Su-30 MKI, production of Ak-203 rifles in India and BrahMos missiles among others. Cooperation is guided by the Agreement on the Programme for Military-Technical Cooperation for 2021- 2031. INDRA as a tri-service bilateral military exercise. 18 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  International Russia supports India’s bid for a permanent seat in the UN Security Council (UNSC) and membership of /Multilateral Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG). Cooperation Also, both nations have an active engagement at: ○ International/Multilateral Organizations (e.g. BRICS and SCO). ○ Connectivity projects such as INSTC (International North-South Transport Corridor), etc. It helps to act decisively against international terrorism and cooperate on matters such as drug trafficking, issues in Afghanistan, etc. Trade and Bilateral trade during FY 2021-22 amounted to $13.2 billion. ($30 billion set for 2025) Economic Bilateral investments between the two countries crossed the US$30 billion target set in 2018. ($50 billion Cooperation target set for 2025) Other Areas of Nuclear Energy: The impeccable non-proliferation record of India has strengthened the partnership for Cooperation peaceful use of nuclear energy. o India and Russia have also signed a tripartite pact with Bangladesh for civil nuclear cooperation. Space Cooperation: Russia has supported India’s space programme since its early days. E.g. o Russia is supporting India’s 1st manned space mission ‘Gaganyaan’. Science and Technology: India-Russia relationship extends to the field of basic sciences as well including Russian-Indian Network (RIN) of Universities, Arctic and Antarctic research etc. Challenges to India-Russia Relationship Defence Challenges: India needs to reduce its defence supplies from Russia as part of defence modernization, and diversification and to avoid USA sanctions under CAATSA. Changing World Order: The USA-China rivalry is shifting the world order towards a bipolar world. It is against India- Russia’s vision for a multipolar world. About CAATSA Expanding Geo-strategic Interests: As India grows CAATSA Act, also known as Countering America’s Adversaries beyond a regional power; its geo-strategic Through Sanctions Act, was enacted by the USA in 2017 to interests are expanding beyond the Indian Ocean impose sanctions on three nations, i.e., Russia, Iran, and North and South Asia. E.g. Korea. ○ The Indo-Pacific Region and the Eurasian It allows the imposition of sanctions on countries dealing with Region where India is partnering with these three nations. countries having stressed relations with o E.g. India was threatened by CAATSA sanctions on the Russia. purchase of the S-400 air defence system from Russia. Natural inclination towards the West: Many experts believe that being the biggest democracy in the world, India shares a natural affinity towards the West (USA and major European nations) due to their democratic set-up. Economic Challenges: High trade deficit between two nations. The regulatory impediments and the use of phytosanitary standards and non-tariff barriers by Russia add to it. E.g. ○ Russia classifies tea as fruit and vegetable, leading to more phytosanitary restrictions. ○ The increased oil purchases in 2022 and the strengthening of the Russian Ruble against the Indian Rupee will increase the deficit further. Way Forward Modernization of Defence Supplies from Russia through joint development and co-production of advanced weapons, promoting self-sufficiency and reduced dependence of India on others for modernization and diversity under Make in India. o Joint manufacturing of Spare parts and Reciprocal Logistics Support for increased defence cooperation can also add to it. Protect Multilateralism/Multipolarity at UN and other forums such as BRICS, SCO etc. for more rules-based international order. Diversification of Trade to overcome the issues of limited economic relationship with high trade deficit. o Positive outcome on the recent list of over 500 products from Russia to India for exports can be a good starting point. Increasing private sector participation in the economic relationship with removal of barriers to trade and investment. 19 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  Operationalising Eastern Maritime Corridor: The proposed sea route that connects Chennai and Vladivostok (Russia’s Far East) will improve logistical connectivity. Broaden collaboration on bilateral and regional issues covering new theatres of cooperation as part of shared common responsibilities on global peace and stability. 2.5. INDIA-ITALY RELATIONS Why in the news? Recently, the Union Cabinet approved the Migration and Mobility Agreement between India and Italy. More about the news Key provisions of the agreement: o Indian students, after completing academic/vocational training in Italy, may be granted temporary residence for up to 12 months. o For workers, the Italian side has reserved a quota for non-seasonal and seasonal Indian workers for 2023, 2024, and 2025 under the current Flows Decree. o The agreement will remain in force for five years and will be automatically renewed for a successive period unless it's terminated by either signatory. India and Italy are ancient civilizations that have interacted and traded with each other for over 2000 years via the spice route. Modern political relations between India and Italy were established in 1947. Major areas of engagement between India and Italy Political relations: There has been a regular exchange of visits at political and official levels between both countries. o For Instance, the Indian PM paid his first official visit to Italy in October 2021 to attend the G20 Summit. In March 2023, the Italian PM paid her first-ever state visit to India as the guest of honour of Raisina Dialogue. Economic Relations: Italy is India's 4th largest trading partner in the EU. o The bilateral trade between the two countries was valued at US$ 14.25 billion in 2022-23, with the balance of trade being in India’s favour. Defence Relations: India - Italy Military Cooperation Group (MCG) is a forum established to boost defence cooperation. o India and Italy signed a defence cooperation agreement (in 2023) to promote cooperation in varied defence domains such as security and defence policy, and defence industrial cooperation among others. Strategic Relations: The relationship between India and Italy was elevated to Strategic Partnership in March 2023 during the visit of the Italian Prime Minister to India. o A connection was identified between the Indo-Pacific, in which India plays a leading role, and the enlarged Mediterranean where Italy sits at the centre of the Mediterranean Sea and acts as a natural bridge towards the Indo-Pacific. o Italy's decision to withdraw from the Belt and Road Initiative aligns with common goals in global connectivity between Rome and New Delhi. Multilateral: o Italy supported India’s entry into the Wassenaar Arrangement and Australia Group. o The Blue-Raman project (with an Italian company at its core) will bring the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean closer in exchange of digital data through a submarine cable system. 20 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  o Italy supported India's major initiatives including the International Solar Alliance (ISA), the India- Middle East- Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC), and the Global Biofuels Alliance (GBA). Issues in India-Italy Relations Low Trade: India and Italy, despite having historical trade ties dating back to the Roman era have relatively low current volume of trade and investment. Trust deficit due to earlier issues: o Italian Mariners’ case: The case sparked a conflict over legal jurisdiction and functional immunity, which ended only in 2020 with the verdict of the Permanent Court of Arbitration. o Agusta Westland helicopter scandal: The defence firm owned by Italian company Leonardo was accused of bribery, resulting in India cancelling the procurement deal and banning Leonardo from the Indian defence market in 2015. Unrealized Alliance: In 2021, the India-Italy-Japan trilateral partnership was launched yet it has not been operationalised. Way forward Economic Partnership: Strengthen trade ties to increase trade volume, explore new avenues for investment, and promote economic cooperation. Strengthening EU-India partnership: If the India and EU sign a trade pact in the coming time, Italy and India can enjoy major two-way trade benefits. It would also add fodder to the reinvigorated EU-India partnership. Shared global agenda: Italy and India can converge on multilateral issues, sharing a common imperative to shape and endorse a new global agenda together. Culinary Exchanges: Celebrate and promote the culinary heritage of both countries through food festivals and gastronomic events, with Italian pasta and pizza finding a place on Indian tables, and Indian spices adding a punch to Italian dishes. 2.6. GENOCIDE CONVENTION Why in news? The International Court of Justice (ICJ) gave its interim ruling on South Africa’s genocide case against Israel. More on news South Africa vs. Israel case in ICJ: South Africa argued that the manner in which Israel was conducting its military operations in Gaza violated the Genocide Convention. Provisional Measures by ICJ: ICJ ruled that Israel must take all measures to prevent genocidal acts in Gaza (Palestine). However, it did not order ceasefire and did not find Israel guilty yet. 21 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS About Genocide convention Name: Officially known as Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 1948. o It codified the crime of genocide for the first time. o It was also the first human rights treaty adopted by the UN General Assembly. Definition of Genocide: The crime of genocide is defined in Article II of the Genocide Convention. o Genocide is defined as acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group. o According to the convention, genocide is a crime that can take place both in time of war as well as in time of peace. Membership: The Genocide Convention has been ratified by 153 States. India has signed the treaty in 1949 and ratified in 1959. Responsibility of State parties: State have obligation not to commit genocide and to take measures to prevent and to punish the crime of genocide, including by enacting relevant legislation and punishing perpetrators. o However, India did not enact any legislation on the subject. Jurisdiction: International Court of Justice (ICJ) hears cases related to the interpretation and application of the convention. Other key information: The definition of the crime of genocide, as set out in the Convention, has been widely adopted at both national and international levels, including in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) (Article 6). About International Court of Justice (ICJ) About International Criminal Court (ICC) Genesis: It is a principal judicial organ of the United Genesis: Established by the Rome Statute of the International Nations (UN) established in 1945. Criminal Court in 1998. HQ: The Peace Palace in The Hague (Netherlands) HQ: The Hague (Netherlands) o It is the only principal organ of the UN which is About: It is an international court to investigate and prosecute not located in New York. individuals accused of serious international crimes: genocide, Role: To settle legal disputes as per International law crimes against humanity, war crimes, and aggression. and to provide advisory opinions. Members: 123 countries are party to Rome Statute. India is not a o Judgment is binding on the parties to a case and member. without appeal (subject to interpretation or Jurisdiction: revision). o It has jurisdiction only over crimes committed after July 1, Composition: 15 judges (Currently India serves one 2002, when the Rome Statute entered into force. Judge), who are elected for nine years by the UN o Only States are eligible to appear before the Court in General Assembly and the Security Council. contentious cases. It has no jurisdiction over applications from Official languages: English and French. individuals, non-governmental organizations, corporations or Comparison with ICC: ICJ hears disputes between private entity. nations over matters of law, unlike the International Other Key information: Criminal Court (ICC) which holds individuals o Its judgments are final without appeal and binding upon the criminally responsible for offences and crimes parties concerned. against humanity. o The Court does not have its own police force and relies on State cooperation, to the arrest and surrender of suspects. 2.7. THE GLOBAL COOPERATION BAROMETER 2024 REPORT Why in the News? World Economic Forum (WEF) in collaboration with McKinsey & Company released the report. About Global Cooperation Barometer It is a tool for leaders to better understand the contours of cooperation broadly along five dimensions using 42 indicators of global connection (see the table) o These five pillars were chosen because of their impact on global development and their explicit dependence on cooperative efforts among nations and economies. 22 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  It measures cooperation from 2012 through 2022 and could help business and government stakeholders to: o Face global challenges: Such as rising global temperatures, growing forcible displacement (42 million in 2012 to 82 million in 2020), threats of a pandemic and the risks associated with new, unregulated technologies. o Unlock new opportunities: For example, Generative AI has the potential to contribute as much as $2.6 trillion to $4.4 trillion to the global economy. The 5 pillars of Global Cooperation Barometer Pillars About Observation Trade and Promote global Grew through the pandemic disruption, but slowed in 2023. capital development Geopolitical tensions and new restrictions make the future path unclear. and resilience Innovation Accelerate Flows of data, IP and international students powered an increase in cooperation until 2020. and innovation and o Pandemic drove widespread remote working for white-collar workers that supported technology beneficial continued growth in cross-border data flows and relatively robust IT services growth. technological However, new questions have arisen about how to work together to harness opportunities. progress o The race to dominate the frontiers of technology development has led to import and export bans on 5G network technologies, limitations on semiconductors and bans on some social media platforms. o The share of cross-border patents fell sharply to the lowest point in the past decade. Climate Support the Level of cooperation has been rising steadily, due in large measure to an increase in and resolution of commitments, but emissions also continue to rise. natural climate and o Net-zero commitments in the private sector have also proliferated due to groups such capital natural capital as Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ). challenges o Emissions intensity (emissions relative to GDP) improved over the decade, reflecting advances in electrification, decreases in heavy industry and increasing presence of renewable energy sources. Health and Enable global Rose swiftly in response to the pandemic, but appears to be settling back to historical wellness population to patterns. lead longer and o Maternal mortality rates increased for the first time in three decades. better lives o WHO’s Pandemic Preparedness Treaty (to be considered in 2024) is a prime example of international cooperation in progress. Peace and Prevent and Cooperation in peace and security has declined since 2016 and plummeted recently. security resolve conflicts o This trend is driven by a rise in forcibly displaced people, a surge in cyberattacks, and a recent rise in conflict and conflict-associated deaths. Report suggested following measures to foster global cooperation: Practice coopetition: Stakeholders should focus on identifying avenues toward advancing shared interest that can exist despite competition – a practice known in the private sector as “coopetition”. Raise the capabilities of management: An understanding of both global connections and geopolitical realities – and implications for the business – should be a core competency for every multinational corporation C-suite executive (company's top management positions). Think diversifying, not decoupling: Greater diversification not only strengthens resilience, but also promote a more inclusive trading system and economy. This could further enable broader participation by various countries. Promote innovation: Commit to greater cross-border collaboration through o foundational R&D, 23 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  o international student exchanges, o cross-border patent applications, o simplified approaches to global regulation of frontier technologies such as Generative AI. Bolstering cooperation to achieve interdependent climate objectives: Spending must focus on creating incentives to deploy lower-cost solutions (e.g. solar/wind power) and reducing the costs of expensive solutions (e.g. passenger battery EVs; onshore wind power). Intensifying pandemic era cooperation: Global health norms and infrastructure established during and before the pandemic can be preserved to improve health outcomes, address future pandemics, aging populations, and chronic conditions. Support for vulnerable populations: By managing the integration of refugee populations from conflict zones, identifying mechanisms to support impacted individuals in conflict zones. Cyber collaboration: Integrating public and private sector actors to boost sharing of data flows on cybersecurity threats. 2.8. NEWS IN SHORTS 2.8.1. ANGOLA WITHDRAWS FROM OPEC How does OPEC regulate the Crude oil Prices? o Oil prices are mainly determined by demand and Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries supply. (OPEC) is an intergovernmental Organization. o It mainly uses a spot or future sale mechanism. o Established at the Baghdad Conference in 1960, by ✓ Oil spot prices represent the cost of buying or Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. selling oil immediately. ✓ Its other members are Algeria, Equatorial ✓ Oil futures are contracts in which one agrees Guinea, Gabon, Libya, Nigeria, the Republic of to exchange an amount of oil at a set price on the Congo, and the United Arab Emirates. a set date. o Key Objective: Co-ordinate and unify petroleum o OPEC uses Brent Crude as a benchmark for quality. policies among Member Countries, to secure fair ✓ WTI (West Texas Intermediate) is another and stable prices for petroleum producers. major benchmark. ✓ And, ensure efficient, economic, and regular supply of petroleum to consuming nations. 2.8.2. UNITED NATIONS STATISTICAL o HQ: Vienna, Austria. COMMISSION (UNSC) Significance of OPEC: It possess more than 80% of the world’s total crude oil (mixture of hydrocarbons that India started a four-year term as a member of the exists in liquid phase) reserves. UNSC. o Also, OPEC+ represents around 40% of world oil ○ UNSC, established in 1946 is the highest body of production. global statistical system. ✓ OPEC+ is a coalition of OPEC and 10 other Members: Consists of 24 member countries of UN major oil-exporting nations, including Russia. elected by ECOSOC. 24 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS  ✓ INSTC is a land- and sea-based multi-modal transport network that will connect the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf with the Caspian Sea. ✓ India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor spans India to Europe via West Asia. ✓ Chabahar port is vital for India for transporting cargo to Europe. ○ Energy security: ✓ More than 80% of India's oil and over 50% of gas are imported. ✓ Iraq and Saudi Arabia serve as major oil suppliers, while Qatar is a significant supplier of LNG. 2.8.3. HAGUE APOSTILLE CONVENTION, 1961 Allahabad High Court mandates that India, a member of the Apostille Convention, must accept foreign apostille-authenticated documents. Hague Apostille Convention, 1961 ○ It simplified the global circulation of public documents. ✓ These public documents include certificates of birth, marriage, and death, and educational documents among others. ○ Contracting parties issue an Apostille certificate to authenticate a document's origin, allowing it to be presented abroad to another Contracting Party. ○ Non-member countries require extra certification from the State of origin for document acceptance. 2.8.4. IRAN'S RETALIATION AND INDIA’S 2.8.5. UAE-INDIA CEPA COUNCIL (UICC) INTEREST IN WEST ASIA UAE-India Comprehensive Economic Partnership Iran's retaliatory strikes in Syria, Iraq, and Pakistan Agreement (CEPA) Council (UICC) was launched at were prompted by a terrorist attack in its Kerman India- United Arab Emirates (UAE) Business Summit. province (refer to the map). UICC will encourage close partnerships and tangible India's Interests in West Asia cooperation across all levels of UAE and Indian ○ Neighbourhood first policy: West Asia is a part of business communities. India’s extended neighbourhood and Look West o UICC emphasises on start-ups, women Policy, and maintaining peace and stability in the entrepreneurs, Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized region aligns with India's strategic interests. Enterprises (MSMEs), and services sectors. ○ Diaspora: Indians constitute more than 30% of India- UAE CEPA came into force in 2022. It is the first total expatriate workers in the in the Gulf full free trade Agreement to be signed by India with any Cooperation Council (GCC).