VisionIAS Mains 365 December 2024 Science and Technology PDF

8468022022 www.visionias.in 1  8468022022 www.visionias.in 2  8468022022 www.visionias.in TABLE OF CONTEN...

8468022022 www.visionias.in 1  8468022022 www.visionias.in 2  8468022022 www.visionias.in TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. IT, Computer and Robotics  5 3.3. Private Sector in Space  20 1.1. Fourth Industrial revolution (4IR)  5 3.4. Aditya-L1 21 1.2. Artificial Intelligence (AI) 3.5. Chandrayaan-3 21 Technology  5 3.6. Gaganyaan Mission  22 1.2.1. IndiaAI Mission  7 3.7. International Space Stations (ISS) 1.2.2. Deepfakes 7  22 1.3. Quantum Technology 8 3.8. Developmental Role of ISRO 23 1.4. Blockchain Technology 8 3.9. Space Habitation 23 1.5. Robotic Technology 9 3.10. Outer Space Governance 24 1.6. Brain–Computer Interface (BCI) 10 3.11. Space Debris (Space Junk)  25 1.7. 3D Printing Technology 10 4. HEALTH  27 2. Biotechnology, Nanotechnology and 4.1. Antimicrobial Resistance 27 Issues Relating to Intellectual Property 4.2. Fixed-Dose combinations (FDCs Rights 12 Drugs 28 2.1. Biotechnology 12 4.3. Organ and Tissue Transplantation 2.1.1. Genetically Modified  28 Organism  12 4.4 Digital Health 29 2.2. Gene Editing  13 4.5. Tuberculosis (TB) 30 2.2.1. CRISPR-Cas9 14 4.6. Food Fortification 30 2.2.2. CAR-T cell therapy  14 4.7. Ultra-processed Food (UPF)  31 2.2.3. Gene Therapy  15 5. ACHIEVEMENTS OF INDIANS IN SCIENCE 2.3. Genome Sequencing 16 & TECHNOLOGY; INDIGENIZATION OF 2.4. Stem Cell  16 TECHNOLOGY AND DEVELOPING NEW TECHNOLOGY 32 2.5. Nanotechnology 17 5.1. Satyendra Nath Bose  32 2.6. Traditional Knowledge and Genetic Resources (GRs) in India at a 5.1.1. Higgs Boson  32 Glance  18 5.2. Satellite-Based Toll Collection 2.6.1. Treaty on Intellectual System 33 Property, Genetic Resources 5.3. Advanced Driver Assistance and Associated Systems 34 Traditional Knowledge  18 6. Miscellaneous  35 3. AWARENESS IN THE FIELD OF SPACE 19 6.1. Nuclear Energy in India 35 3.1. India’s Race to Space 19 6.2. Fast Breeder Reactor 36 3.2. Indian Space Policy – 2023 19 6.3. Small Modular Reactor (SMR)  37 3  8468022022 www.visionias.in 6.4. Nuclear Fusion 37 6.6.3. Nobel Prize in Physiology or 6.5. Battery Energy Storage System Medicine 2023  40 (BESS) 38 6.7. Superconductivity 40 6.5.1. Sodium Ion Battery 38 6.8. Deep Tech Startups 41 6.6 Nobel Prizes 39 6.9. PRITHvi VIgyan (PRITHVI) 6.6.1. Nobel Prize in Physics 202339 Scheme 41 6.6.2. Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2023 39 Dear Students, In the competitive landscape of the UPSC Mains examination, the significance of integrating data, facts, examples and government initiatives into your answers cannot be overstated. These elements serve as the backbone of a compelling and persuasive response, elevating your answer from a generic narrative to a well-substantiated argument. To support you, we have distilled essential information from the VisionIAS Mains 365 resources which are renowned for their comprehensive coverage of current affairs. This document provides a concentrated source of high-quality data, facts, examples and government initiatives. The layout of this document is designed for quick reference and easy integration into your answer. Leveraging this distilled information will help you craft comprehensive, informative, and compelling answers essential for securing higher marks. 4  8468022022 www.visionias.in 1. IT, Computer and Robotics 1.1. Fourth Industrial revolution (4IR) ◊ Definition: Refers to digital transformation of the manufacturing industry by new technologies such as AI, AM/3D Printing, augmented/virtual reality, and the Internet of Things (IoT). Significance/Applications Better digital infrastructure and In healthcare, it can be used for Makes supply chains more massive Productivity boom monitoring, recording, efficient, reduction in factory visualisation etc. waste etc. ◊ Key Initiatives: » Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution (India) in Maharashtra, » Smart Advanced Manufacturing and Rapid Transformation Hub (SAMARTH) - Udyog Bharat 4.0, etc. Challenges/Concerns Way Forward ◊ Increased digital environment footprint. ◊ Enhancing regulatory framework ◊ Cyber security challenges include ◊ Developing ethical guidelines privacy issue, etc. ◊ Investing in up skilling and reskilling ◊ Other: Lack of skilled workforce, etc. 1.2. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technology ◊ Definition: Enables computers to simulate human intelligence and problem-solving capabilities. It includes learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and language understanding. Key Applications Sphere Applications Agriculture ◊ Intelligent crop planning and precision agriculture: E.g. SENSAGRI, Sensor-based Smart Agriculture ◊ Farmgate-to-fork: E.g. Market-based intelligence, traceability and quality of logistics, etc. 5  8468022022 www.visionias.in Health Care ◊ Diagnosis and Treatment Planning: E.g. S.A.R.A.H. Smart AI Resource Assistant, developed by WHO ◊ Clinical research and discovery: E.g. ProteinSGM, a Generative AI model from the University of Toronto is used for protein designing. Defence ◊ Border Security: Detects border intrusions, target classification, etc. » AI-based technologies can be used for, logistics, UAV, advanced military weaponry, etc. ◊ Warfare systems: E.g. Vista, AI-controlled F-16 (Fourth generation fighter jet of the USA) Key Initiatives India AI Mission National Strategy on Artificial National Artificial Intelligence Intelligence (NSAI), by NITI Portal Aayog ◊ Key Measures for Regulation: European Union’s AI Act is world’s first comprehensive AI law, Bletchley Declaration, Hiroshima AI Process (HAP) by G7, GPAI, etc. Challenges/Concerns Way Forward ◊ Internal workings of AI Based model are ◊ International Cooperation to establish not known by users (black boxes) basic global standards. ◊ Lack of clear regulations and guidelines ◊ Increased transparency by private actors for applications. ◊ Better Design to reduce degree and ◊ Infringing Intellectual property rights impact of bias ◊ Adopting Asilomar AI Principles 6  8468022022 www.visionias.in 1.2.1. IndiaAI Mission ◊ Aim: » Establish an ecosystem for AI innovation through public-private partnerships. » Deploying over 10,000 Graphics processing units (GPUs) for advanced AI computing infrastructure. » Driving responsible, inclusive growth of India’s AI ecosystem through democratization, data quality improvement, and indigenous AI capabilities development. ◊ Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY). ◊ Funding: Over 5 years through a public-private partnership model. ◊ Implementing agency: ‘IndiaAI’ Independent Business Division under Digital India Corporation. ◊ Components: Compute Capacity, Innovation Centre, Datasets Platform etc. ◊ Pillars of IndiaAI and Related Schemes » AI in Governance: BHASHa INterface for India, India Stack and AI » AI Computer & Systems: AIRAWAT, National Supercomputing Mission » Data for AI: Data Management Office, India Datasets Program and India Data Platform » AI, intellectual property (IP) & Innovation: Centre of Excellence for Artificial Intelligence » Skilling in AI: Future Skills Prime » AI Ethics & Governance: RAISE: Responsible AI for Social Empowerment, by MeitY 1.2.2. Deepfakes ◊ Definition: Refers to a video/image that has been edited using an algorithm to replace a person in the original video/image with someone else, in a way that makes the video look authentic. ◊ Regulatory measures: No specific legal provisions » However, some laws indirectly address deepfake, viz., Section 66E and 66D of the IT Act of 2000, Indian Copyright Act of 1957 etc. Challenges/Concerns Way Forward ◊ Damaging content (breach of personal ◊ Establish and update laws and regulations data) ◊ Ensuring responsibility and Accountability ◊ Weaponization against Women of social media platforms (Women form about 90% of the victims) ◊ International Cooperation (for shared ◊ Crisis of Authenticity (Misinformation standards and protocols) and Disinformation), ◊ Invest in Research and Development ◊ Lack of Regulation etc. (detection methods) etc. 7  8468022022 www.visionias.in 1.3. Quantum Technology ◊ Definition: An emerging field powered by the principles defined by quantum mechanics, a subfield of physics that explains the nature and behaviour of matter and energy on the atomic and subatomic level. Significance/Applications Quantum communication Quantum sensing Quantum computing Quantum simulation Include technologies like- and metrology Solve problems that are Simulate materials or Quantum key distribution. Uses individual too complex for classical chemical reactions of particles computing. the physical world. ◊ Key Initiative: » National Quantum Mission » National Mission on Quantum Technologies & Applications (NMQTA) » Quantum Frontier Mission of PM-STIAC etc. Challenges/Concerns Way Forward ◊ Difficulty in achieving and maintaining ◊ Establishing dedicated centres for quantum superposition and research entanglement. ◊ Setting priorities to safeguard national ◊ Absence of indigenous development of security such as investing in post- critical quantum components. quantum cryptography. ◊ Spending on R&D is about 0.64 % of GDP. ◊ Promoting domestic manufacturing facilities 1.4. Blockchain Technology ◊ Definition: Blockchain is a shared, immutable ledger that facilitates the process of recording transactions and tracking assets in a business network. Significance/Applications E-Governance Banking Healthcare Cryptocurrency E.g. Digital birth, death E.g. Reduces Manages the patient E.g. Bitcoin and education cross-borders records, consent forms, certificates Management transaction fees, etc. billings and public health etc. monitoring. 8  8468022022 www.visionias.in ◊ Key Initiatives: » National Strategy on Blockchain, 2021 (by MeitY) » India’s first Blockchain District has been conceptualized in Telangana, etc. Way Forward Challenges/Concerns (National Strategy on Blockchain) ◊ Variable requirements for processing ◊ A National Level Blockchain Framework power, etc. affect their scalability. (NLBF) ◊ Decentralized storage on every node ◊ Integration of National Level Services to creates privacy challenges. Blockchain such as eSign, etc. ◊ Localization hurdles as data ◊ Capacity building by conducting short redundancies are stored across all nodes term courses 1.5. Robotic Technology ◊ Status: In terms of annual industrial installations, India ranks 10th globally as per the World Robotics Report, 2022 (Draft National Strategy for Robotics (NSR)). Significance/Applications Manufacturing Healthcare Agriculture National Security Logistics and Cleaning & Disinfecting Precision farming, Crop Combat robots, Warehousing Robots, Surgical Robots, and Soil Health Remotely operated automation, etc. Safety & Monitoring Monitoring, etc. vehicle, etc. Robots, etc. ◊ Key Initiatives: Draft National Strategy for Robotics (NSR), by MeitY; Center for Advanced Manufacturing for Robotics and Autonomous Systems (CAMRAS), etc. Way Forward Challenges/Concerns (National Strategy on Blockchain) ◊ Difficult to replicate human-like sensory ◊ Setting up and managing the Robotics perception Innovation Unit (RIU) network ◊ Limited Governance Mechanisms ◊ Develop demonstrations and test (Absence of separate robotics legislation) platforms. ◊ Lack of reliable & continuous access to ◊ Undertake exploratory research through foundational infrastructure mission mode moonshot projects 9  8468022022 www.visionias.in 1.6. Brain–Computer Interface (BCI) ◊ Definition: A system that determines functional intent - the desire to change, move, control, or interact with something in our environment - directly from brain activity. » BCIs allow controlling an application or a device using only our mind. Significance/Applications Helping people with physical Treatment of diseases such as Used as a neuro feedback disabilities and ageing Parkinson’s disease training tool ◊ Concerns: Fear of inaccurate mapping, Vulnerable to cyberattacks, may influence other brain functions, or cause any unwanted side effects such as seizures, headaches, etc. ◊ Conclusion: BCI will play significant role in in dealing with many health related issues which are not being tackled at present time. However, it needs to be implemented after assessing it side-effects. 1.7. 3D Printing Technology ◊ Definition: 3D Printing Technology or Additive manufacturing (AM) is the technology that constructs a three-dimensional object from a digital 3D model by adding material layer by layer. Significance/Applications Aerospace & Defence Automotive Electronics E.g. World’s first single-piece 3D Engine components, gear boxes, Wearable devices, soft robots, printed rocket engine of Rocket air inlet, etc. etc. Agnibaan SOrTeD. ◊ Key Initiatives: » National Strategy for Additive Manufacturing, 2022 by MeitY, » National Centre for Additive Manufacturing, set up by MeitY in collaboration with the Telangana, etc. 10  8468022022 www.visionias.in Key Advantages Rapid Prototyping Design Flexibility Sustainability On-demand Production and Quality Assurance ◊ Challenges/Concerns: Limited Materials, Initial investment in equipment is substantial, Layers can delaminate under stress etc. ◊ Way Forward » Promoting linkage between research institute and enterprises. » Adopting governance mechanism to define standards A daily current affairs bulletin that simplifies newspaper reading and keeps you updated with daily events. Watch Daily 4 pages Segments: Primary News of the Day News Today video bulletin to simplify Also in News and Special Focus on bulletin everyday newspaper reading. Personalities/Places in News at 9 PM. Covers multiple sources such as Covers recent developments and The Hindu, Indian Express, PIB, helps to understand the terms, Scan to the Mint, Economic Times etc. complex phenomenon in news. download to Pdf 11  8468022022 www.visionias.in 2. Biotechnology, Nanotechnology and Issues Relating to Intellectual Property Rights 2.1. Biotechnology ◊ Definition: Area of Biology that uses living processes, organism or systems to manufacture products intended to improve quality of human life. Significance/Applications Bioremediation Health/Medicine Agriculture Transgenic Bioenergy E.g. Oilivorous-S E.g. Gene therapy Drought and pest Animals E.g. and Oilzapper resistant crops E.g. E.g. AquAdvantage Fourth-generation Bt Cotton, Golden Salmonce biofuels (FGB) Rice ◊ Key Initiatives: Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance (BIRAC), a PSU of DBT; National Biopharma Mission (NBM); Biological Research Regulatory Approval Portal (BioRRAP); etc. Challenges/Concerns Way Forward ◊ Lack of Regulatory Mechanism ◊ Increase in investment towards R&D ◊ Ethical Issues: E.g. Bio piracy, Designer ◊ Building capacities both human resource Babies, Human clinical trials, safety and infrastructure to cater to the current issues of GMO needs ◊ Environmental Issues: Unintended ◊ Collaboration between government and consequences on environment and industry for improving IP regime. genetic variability. 2.1.1. Genetically Modified Organism ◊ Definition: A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any living organism whose genetic material has been modified to include certain desirable techniques. Significance/Applications Medical Industrial Use Agriculture Disease/Pest Control: Production of Biofuels (use of GM Pest Resistance (Bt E.g. Gene drive Pharmaceuticals (Insulin), algae), Bioplastics Cotton), etc. technology for malaria etc. (Genetically outbreak. engineered microbes), etc. 12  8468022022 www.visionias.in ◊ Regulation » Environment Protection Act 1986 (EPA) » Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee » Biological Diversity Act, 2002 » Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex) » Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety Challenges/Concerns Way Forward ◊ GMOs can potentially outcompete or ◊ Conduct field demonstration studies crossbreed ◊ Following Bioethics, environmental ◊ Introduction of new allergens or toxins ethics & Research ethics into the food supply ◊ Risk assessments to determine the ◊ Regulation differs in each country. possible consequences of their use. 2.2. Gene Editing ◊ Definition: It is a way of making specific changes to the DNA of a cell or organism. This allows genetic material to be added, removed, or altered at particular locations in the genome. Significance/Applications Treatment of diseases like Therapeutic Cloning Biofortification Biodiversity leukemia and AIDS. Preservation Challenges/Concerns Way Forward ◊ Ethical Dilemma (rise of designer babies, ◊ Promoting Altruistic Science etc.) ◊ Human germline editing should be ◊ Safety concerns permitted only when there is no reasonable ◊ Potential loss to diversity alternative ◊ Health risks (could cause allergic ◊ Robust policy framework to ensuring reactions) accountability and self-regulation 13  8468022022 www.visionias.in 2.2.1. CRISPR-Cas9 4. Ethics And Business ◊ Definition: CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)/Cas9 is used to modify gene function, to change genetic code or edit DNA at particular locations. ◊ Applications of CRISPR: Edit genes in human embryo; Change genetic codes of crops to improve crop resilience; creating new therapies for Cancer treatment & sickle cell diseases etc. How CRISPR works Cas9 Guide RNA 1 The Cas9 protein forms a complex with guide RNA in a cell 2 This complex attaches to a matching genomic DNA sequence adjacent to a spacer (Yellow Segment). 3 The Cas9-RNA complex cuts the double strands of the DNA Programmed DNA 4 Programmed DNA may be inserted at the cut 2.2.2. CAR-T cell therapy ◊ Definition: A type of cellular immunotherapy treatment that uses T cells that are genetically altered in a lab to enable them to locate and destroy cancer cells more effectively. » NexCAR19 (Actalycabtagene autoleucel) is India’s first indigenous CAR-T cell therapy. How CAR-T Works 2 The T cells are genetically engineered 3 The engineered CAR-T cells can now in a laboratory by introducing identify and home in on cancer cells. proteins called chimeric antigen They latch on & are triggered to receptors (CARS). destroy the cancer cells. 1 Blood is drawn from the patient to 4 The CAR-T cells are multiplied in the extract a type of white blood lab and infused into the patient by cell-the the millions to attack cancer. body's natural disease destroyer- called T cells. 14  8468022022 www.visionias.in ◊ Key Challenges/Concerns: » Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) » Neurological Toxicity leading to confusion, seizures, or other neurological issues. » Patient Eligibility factors such as age, overall health can impact eligibility » Other issues: high cost, Limited Applicability etc. ◊ Conclusion: There is need for enhanced safety profiles for minimizing severe side effects such as cytokine release syndrome and increased accessibility by intregating it in healthcare system. 2.2.3. Gene Therapy ◊ Definition: A technique that uses a gene(s) to treat, prevent, or cure a disease or medical disorder. » In most gene therapy, a normal gene is inserted into the genome to supplement an abnormal disease-causing gene and restore target cell to a normal state. ◊ Application: Both inherited genetic diseases (e.g., haemophilia and sickle cell disease) and acquired disorders (e.g., leukaemia) could be treated with gene therapy. Methods of Gene Therapy Gene therapy In Vivo Ex Vivo Stem Therapeutic Transgene cells gene Packaging removed into virus Injection from patients 1. Cell With 2. Adding DNA 3. Cell Functioning Non-Functioning Contaning a Functional normally Gene Version of the Lost gene Retreatment of transduced cells (IV, IT, IM, etc) Viral transduction in the lab. 15  8468022022 www.visionias.in 2.3. Genome Sequencing ◊ Definition: Determining the exact order of base pairs in a strand of DNA in an individual. Significance/Applications Enables treatments for Understanding Crop and Livestock Paternity and Ancestry genetic diseases Evolution Improvement (Helpful in Testing selecting desirable traits) ◊ Key Initiatives: » GenomeIndia Project, inspired by Human Genome Project (1990) and launched by DBT. » IndiGen programme, whole genome sequencing of diverse ethnic groups from India, funded by CSIR. » Global Alliance for Genomics and Health (GA4GH) Challenges/Concerns Way Forward ◊ Lack of regulatory framework ◊ Establish clear regulations ◊ Fragmentation of genetic data ◊ Prioritize genomic research funding and ◊ Privacy and data issues (sensitive establish centralized sequencing facilities information such as personal data, ◊ Develop advanced training programs for medical and family history) researchers ◊ Cyber threats, Problems of sample ◊ Improved access of up-to-date genomic contamination and viable run quality data and open access publication etc. models. 2.4. Stem Cell ◊ Definition: Stem cells are special human cells that are able to develop into many different cell types such as muscle cells, blood cells, and brain cells. Key Initiatives Biomedicine Applications Regenerative Medicine E.g. Neurological Disorders E.g. tissue engineering, drug Stem Cell Therapy (SCT) E.g. Potential treatments for Development, toxicity testing, etc. Parkinson's disease, etc. 16  8468022022 www.visionias.in Challenges/Concerns Way Forward ◊ Immune rejection of donor cells by host ◊ Better regulation for basic, clinical immune system research and product development ◊ Use of embryos for human embryonic ◊ Informed consent for trials stem cell ◊ Addressing ethical dilemma by ◊ Limited technology: To generate large developing guidelines (like India’s National quantities of stem cells. Guidelines for Stem Cell Research) 2.5. Nanotechnology ◊ Definition: Refers to the design, characterization, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanoscale. Key Applications Sphere Applications Agriculture ◊ Nanofertilizers and Nanopesticides: E.g., Nano Silver ◊ Nanobiosensors ◊ Crop Protection: E.g. Silica nanoparticles Health Care ◊ Clinical investigation, e.g., Gold nanoparticle ◊ Better imaging tools ◊ Drug delivery, hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs Environment ◊ Sustainable Production: Green chemistry; ◊ Pollutant sensing: detects contaminations ◊ Water treatment: Graphene filters ◊ Reduced energy Consumption Defence ◊ Nano-Enhanced Sensors: Detect chemical and biological weapons. ◊ Body Armour: Silicon dioxide nanoparticles ◊ Supports Nano medicines ◊ Advanced weapon/ equipment ◊ Key Initiatives: » Nano Science and Technology Initiative (NSTI), 2002 » Mission on Nano Science and Technology (Nano Mission), 2007 » Nano-electronics Innovation Council set up by MeitY 17  8468022022 www.visionias.in Challenges/Concerns Way Forward ◊ Nano particles may easily enter the ◊ Promoting Academy and Industry lungs. Linkage ◊ Nanoparticles can form new form of ◊ Coordination with various international/ non-biodegradable pollutants. inter-governmental organizations ◊ Ethical Concern (Nano particles may be ◊ Increasing funding of Nano Mission and used in warfare, invade people’s privacy establishing more dedicated institutes. etc.) 2.6. Traditional Knowledge and Genetic Resources (GRs) in India at a Glance ◊ Definition: Knowledge system held by indigenous communities ◊ Measures: Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL), India’s Patent Act, 1970, Biological Diversity Act, 2002 (in line with Convention of Biodiversity), Forest Rights Act 2006, Ministry of AYUSH Concern Way Forward ◊ Biopiracy ◊ Establishing agricultural research ◊ Lack of Documentation programmes and centres ◊ Inadequate Global Legal Framework ◊ Setting up or promoting herbal gardens ◊ Insufficient Conservation of biodiversity ◊ Curriculum for schools, universities 2.6.1. Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge ◊ Key provisions of Treaty: Mandatory Patent Disclosure Requirements (PDRs), Mandatory legal, administrative, and/or policy Framework at national level, Establishment of information systems. Significance of Treaty Increase transparency Formal recognition of the connection Prevention of Misappropriation & in the patent system between local communities and their Curbing Biopiracy GRs and TK within the global IP system. 18  8468022022 www.visionias.in 3. AWARENESS IN THE FIELD OF SPACE 3.1. India’s Race to Space ◊ Definition: Space race is an outgrowth of mid-20th-century Cold War over who could conquer space exploration first. Emerging trends of Indian space sector Implication of India’s enhanced role ◊ Growing commercialization: E.g. Agnikul ◊ Geopolitical significance: India’s rising Cosmos and Skyroot capabilities to support a commercial ◊ Increasing international collaborations: space 381 Foreign satellite launched from ◊ India as a space start-up hub: Home to 1999- 2022. almost 190 registered space-tech start- ◊ Focus on challenging missions: ups Mangalyaan Mission and Soft land on ◊ Leading nation for satellite launches: With lunar’s south pole. a success rate of almost 95%, ◊ Development of new technologies: ◊ Outer Space use for national security: Reusable launch vehicles ASAT capability 3.2. Indian Space Policy – 2023 ◊ Vision of Space Policy 2023: To augment space capabilities; Develop a flourishing commercial presence in space; use space as a driver of technology development; etc. Stakeholder Role Government ◊ Research & Development and predictable regulatory framework. Non- ◊ Offer national and international space-based communication Governmental services. Entities (NGEs) ◊ Establish and operate Ground facilities for space object operations, e.g. Satellite Control Centres (SCCs), Remote sensing satellite systems. Department of ◊ Nodal department for implementation of the Indian Space Space (DOS) Policy-2023. ISRO ◊ Focus research and development, Share technologies with NGEs IN-SPACe- ◊ single window agency for the authorisation of space activities by govt NSIL ◊ Commercializing space technologies and platforms 19  8468022022 www.visionias.in Significance of Space Policy 2023: ◊ Delineates specific roles for major stakeholders ◊ Collaborate globally in addressing global challenges ◊ Sets stage for India’s expanded participation in global space arena ◊ Facilitating technology transfers 3.3. Private Sector in Space ◊ Space Start-ups increased to nearly 200 in 2024 from 1 in 2022. (Economic survey 2023-2024) Significance Reduces burden over Enable shift from Rapidly rising space Enhance share in global ISRO supply driven model to industry (projected to space economy demand driven model increase at a- 48% CAGR (Currently, India over the next five years) accounts for about 2%) ◊ Initiatives: Indian Space Policy 2023, IN-SPACe, New Space India Limited, Budget 2024–25 announced Rs 1,000 crore venture capital fund. Challenges/Concerns Way Forward ◊ Multiplicity of regulations: approvals ◊ Regulatory clarity: To remove barriers needed from Department of Space, ISRO, for private firms and better synergies with Antrix etc. ISRO. ◊ Increase in space debris: 26,000 are ◊ Promoting satellite manufacturing: PLI pieces of debris that are larger than 10 scheme for satellite manufacturing. cm in size. ◊ Handhold private sector: ISRO can act ◊ Security and strategic concern: possible as an enabler by technology transfer, leak of confidential information. collaborations, ◊ Intellectual Property (IP) protections, support to start-ups with critical items 20  8468022022 www.visionias.in 3.4. Aditya-L1 ◊ About: Aditya – L1 carries 7 payloads (5 by ISRO and 2 by Indian Academic institutes) ◊ Out of 7, four of will carry out remote sensing of the Sun and three will do in-situ observation. » Remote sensing payloads: VELC, SUIT, SoLEXS, HEL1OS » In-situ payloads: ASPEX, PAPA, Advanced Tri-axial High Resolution Digital Magnetometer Objectives of the mission Understanding Identify sequence Observe Study of Study of Solar drivers for of processes that in-situ particle chromospheric upper space weather occur at multiple and plasma and coronal atmospheric (origin, layers environment heating, physics of (chromosphere composition (chromosphere, providing data the partially ionized and corona) and dynamics base and extended for study of plasma, initiation of dynamics. of solar wind). corona) which particle the coronal mass eventually leads to dynamics from ejections (CMEs), solar eruptive the Sun. and solar flares. events. 3.5. Chandrayaan-3 ◊ Chandrayaan-3 objectives: Demonstration of a Safe and Soft Landing on the Lunar Surface, Demonstration of Rover roving on the moon & Conduct in-situ scientific experiments. Key findings made by Chandrayaan-3 Temperature Profile of Presence of sulphur Elements like Aluminum Thin plasma on the Moon’s Surface near south pole. (Al), Calcium (Ca), Iron surface of the moon. (Fe), Chromium (Cr), etc. were also detected. Implications of Findings ◊ Presence of a volatile substance like water ice and could prove critical for lunar habitation. ◊ Measurements of Lunar Plasma potentially assist in mitigating noise that lunar plasma introduces into radio wave communication. 21  8468022022 www.visionias.in 3.6. Gaganyaan Mission ◊ Objective: Demonstration of human spaceflight capability (3 member crew to orbit of 400 km for 3-day mission) and bringing them back safely to earth, by landing in Indian sea waters. Significance of Gaganyaan Mission To develop future Indian Space station Stimulus to the space Promotes International technological capability will be an extension economy collaboration of the Gaganyaan Programme. ◊ Challenges: Development of Indigenous technology, Human health and safety, Training of astronauts, Budget constraints. 3.7. International Space Stations (ISS) ◊ About: Habitable artificial satellite, in low Earth orbit (at an altitude of between 370–460 km). » Key partners for ISS: European Space Agency, NASA, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Canadian Space Agency, Roscosmos Significance of ISS Research and Science (DNA Global collaboration in Serves as testing ground to sequencing, robotics, and developing space facilities; study how to keep astronauts satellites in microgravity communications networks, safe on long-duration missions. environment) About Bharatiya Antariksha Station: India’s own Space Station ◊ First tests of the proposed Bharatiya Space Station in 2025 and talks are on with the industry to manufacture, test and launch its first module by 2028. ◊ Benefits: Advancing scientific knowledge, enhancing the nation’s prestige, promoting global co-operation & peace etc. ◊ Challenges regarding Indian space station: » Station building is costly endeavor: India’s R&D expenditure-GDP ratio is low (0.7%). 22  8468022022 www.visionias.in » Need of expertise in human spaceflight: India will have to train a team of astronauts and ensure their safety and well-being in space. » Upgrade needed in ISRO’s technological infrastructure 3.8. Developmental Role of ISRO Food security and ◊ E.g. Resourcesat-2 Sattelite Agriculture ◊ FASAL Project & CHAMAN Project Rural Development ◊ Village Resource Centers (VRCs), IWMP, GeoMGNREGA etc. Urban Development ◊ e.g. Use of geospatial data in AMRUT scheme. Water Management ◊ Satellite with ARGOS and ALTIKA (SARAL) Railways ◊ Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC) and Bhuvan Weather Forecasting ◊ INSAT and earth observation satellites, IMD Disaster Management ◊ Development of Flood Early Warning System (FLEWS) in Assam 3.9. Space Habitation ◊ Definition: It refers to setting up of habitation for humans beyond earth such as on Moon, Mars etc. Benefits from Space Habitation We might find answer to the question on existence of extraterrestrial life. Inspiration to scientific community as well as kids to generate interest in science Scientific and future space exploration. Raw materials such as gold, silver, platinum, etc. could be harnessed from space bodies. Economic Development of habitation technology opens up new sectors such as life support, radiation shields, etc. which can generate employment opprotnuities. Enhanced global partnerships and exploration capabilities may help advance international preparedness for protecting the Earth from catastrophic events such Address as some asteroid strikes. global Advancing collaborative research on space weather and protecting spacecraft by challenges developing new means for space debris removal. Inventions of new materials for space habitation can help people in other aspects of Spinoff life (eg. Nitinol used for satellites are being used by orthodontists now) benefits 23  8468022022 www.visionias.in ◊ Issues associated: » Enormous Costs, Managing oxygen, food, medical supplies etc., » Health Implications: Cosmic radiation, lack of a breathable atmosphere etc., » Environmental Modification: possibility of triggering the Kessler syndrome, » Lack of Legal Regulation and ethical concerns (such as Damage to the value of alien planets, afforded by limited people, etc.), etc. 3.10. Outer Space Governance Existing Outer Space Governance Framework ◊ Outer Space Treaty 1967: Principles Governing Outer Space, ◊ Rescue Agreement 1968: Agreement on t Rescue of Astronauts, Return of Astronauts. ◊ Liability Convention 1972 ◊ Registration Convention 1976 ◊ Moon Agreement 1979: Agreement Governing Activities of States on Moon and Other Celestial Bodies. » India is signatory to all five treaties but India has not ratified Moon agreement. Need for Reform in Outer Space Governance To curb Space debris Lack of an agreed Space traffic Prevention of conflict in international coordination outer space framework on space resource exploration ◊ Conclusion: United Nations in its policy brief document titled ‘For All Humanity – the Future of Outer Space Governance’ recommended measures to improve outer space governance such as develop norms and principles for space debris removal, enacting new treaty to ensure peace, security, and the prevention of an arms race, etc. 24  8468022022 www.visionias.in 3.11. Space Debris (Space Junk) ◊ Definition: Defined as all non-functional, artificial objects, including fragments and elements thereof, in Earth orbit or re-entering into Earth’s atmosphere. ◊ Concerns/Risks Associated with Space Debris » Harm to operational spacecraft and satellites resulting into Kessler Syndrome. » Current and future space-based explorations and operations pose a safety risk to astronauts. » Debris can re-enter atmosphere in uncontrolled way can create risk to population on ground. Initiatives for mitigating Space Debris Indian initiatives Global initiatives and international partnerships ◊ Debris Free Space Missions (DFSM) ◊ Inter-Agency Debris Coordination Committee 2030: (IADC): ◊ ISRO System for Safe and Sustainable ◊ UN Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines: Operations Management (IS4OM): ◊ Zero Debris Charter: Signed by 12 countries ◊ Space Situational Awareness » guiding principles and jointly defined targets Control Centre (SSACC) to become debris neutral by 2030. ◊ Project Network for Space Object Tracking and Analysis (NETRA) by ISRO Way Forward Ensure safe disposal of space Satellite health Robust passivation techniques objects through atmospheric reentry monitoring must be implemented to prevent or re-orbiting to a safe altitude improved satellites breaking up from within 25  8468022022 www.visionias.in In a world facing unprecedented environmental challenges, staying informed and empowered is more crucial than ever. VisionIAS brings you ‘The Planet Vision’, a simplified, informative, and interactive magazine to delve into the complexities of the environment. With the belief, that individual efforts and awareness are the key to a sustainable future, the magazine seeks to inspire and educate people to develop a deeper understanding and appreciation for the environment, nature & planet. Objectives of ‘The Planet Vision’ Sensitise the young generation: Highlighting pressing environmental issues and their multifaceted impacts. Inspire Action and Promote Sustainable Lifestyle: Inspiring stories and case studies to motivate readers to make environmentally conscious choices. Bridge Environmental Science and Public Understanding: Presenting complex scientific concepts in a simple and interactive manner. Showcase Solutions: Spotlight innovative technologies, projects, and initiatives that offer solutions to environmental challenges. Highlight Local Efforts: Showcase local conservation efforts, community initiatives, and grassroots projects that make a positive impact on the environment. Who is the magazine for? The Magazine is designed for students, eco-conscious individuals, educators, environmentalists, and anyone who cares about the health of our planet. Key elements of the ‘The Planet Vision’ Cover Stories: Thought-provoking articles Environment and You: Illustrating ways to about a critical ongoing environmental make environmentally conscious choices in issue, along with the mitigation strategies everyday life. adopted at the national and international levels. Green Tech: New and emerging technologies in the field of environment. Briefing and Developments: Stay informed about the latest environmental news, Interactive elements: trends, and solutions. Snapshot: Telling a story through capturing images. Protect and Preserve: Inspirational stories of local conversation efforts. Quizzes and crosswords: To test your understanding and knowledge as a reader. “ Look deep into nature, and then you will understand everything better. “ Scan the QR code, to download and read the Magazine: -Albert Einstein AHMEDABAD BENGALURU BHOPAL CHANDIGARH DELHI GUWAHATI HYDERABAD JAIPUR JODHPUR LUCKNOW PRAYAGRAJ PUNE RANCHI 26  8468022022 www.visionias.in 4. HEALTH 4.1. Antimicrobial Resistance ◊ Definition: AMR occurs when microbes (bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses) evolve so that antimicrobial drugs against them are no longer effective. » It is among top 10 public health threat (WHO). Reasons behind AMR Implications of AMR ◊ Overuse and misuse of antimicrobials ◊ Increased mortality and morbidity, and ◊ Poor infection prevention and control prolonged illness.(1.27 million deaths in practices in healthcare settings 2019) ◊ Effluents discharge from hospitals, ◊ Longer hospital stays, additional diagnostic industries, and urban settlements tests etc. ◊ Economic impact (US$ 1 trillion to 3.4 trillion annual losses to GDP by 2030) ◊ Initiatives » National National Program on AMR containment National Action Plan on AMR (NAP – AMR), 2017 National AMR surveillance network of state medical college labs (NARS-Net) Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945 » Global Global Action Plan on AMR (by WHO), GLASS, 2015 Way Forward Defined Antibiotic Promote use of Expansion of existing Quadripartite Use Policy in alternatives to financing instruments organizations (FAO, medical institutes Antibiotics such as Green Climate UNEP, WHO, WOAH) Fund, etc. should update 2015 Global Action Plan. 27  8468022022 www.visionias.in 4.2. Fixed-Dose combinations (FDCs) Drugs ◊ Definition: Refers to products containing two or more active ingredients used for a particular indication(s) (as per Drugs & Cosmetics Rule 1945) Rationale for Usage of FDCs Enhanced efficacy Cost-effectiveness Reduced pill burden Improved adherence Issues associated with FDCs Way Forward ◊ Lack of individual dose flexibility ◊ Require robust scientific evidence of FDC ◊ Unapproved and Banned FDCs efficacy and safety ◊ Increased risk of ◊ Vigilant market monitoring mechanisms ◊ Reduced transparency and affordability ◊ Harmonize export policies with domestic concerns regulations ◊ Limited choice for patients ◊ CDSCO should enforce stringent guidelines for FDC approval 4.3. Organ and Tissue Transplantation ◊ Definition: » Organ Transplantation: Includes kidney, liver, heart, lung, pancreas, and intestine etc. » Tissue Transplantation: Involves corneas (eye), skin, bone, heart valves, and blood vessels etc. ◊ Legal Framework: Governed under the “Transplantation of Human Organs Act 1994”, later “Transplantation of Human Organs & Tissues Act (THOTA) 2011. Challenges in Organ Transplantation in India Way Forward ◊ Low Donation: 0.52 donors per million population ◊ Adopting an opt-out model of (in Spain it is 49.61 per million). organ donation system ◊ Slow progress: 6,916 in 2014 to about 16,041 ◊ Kerala, first State to formulate in 2022 (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare well-defined clinical protocols for (MoHFW)). brain death certification. ◊ Supply-demand Mismatch: Only 8,000 out of ◊ Creation of digital registry on 1.5-2 lakh people obtain a kidney transplant organ transplantation ◊ Other: Organ trafficking, Lack of male donor ◊ Streamline transportation participation (70%-75% of donors are female), process etc. 28  8468022022 www.visionias.in 4.4 Digital Health ◊ World Health Organization (WHO) and Indian government launched Global Initiative on Digital Health (GIDH). Four Pillars of GIDH Country Needs Country Transformation Convening & Tracker Resource Portal Toolbox Knowledge Exchange Resource optimization and Quality assured digital solutions and alignment with country priorities strengthened local capacity ◊ About Digital Health: Refers to use of digital technologies for healthcare purposes. ◊ Significance » Early diagnosis of critical alterations in the disease progression, » Decreased healthcare costs, » improved patient health outcomes through personalised treatment plans, » Increase quality and reduce the administrative workload, » Enhanced accessibility through initiatives like telemedicine. ◊ Initiatives: Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM), eSanjeevani,Telemental Health Assistance and Networking Across States (Tele-MANAS), Nikshay 2.0 portal, Concerns Way Forward ◊ Data consent concerns: Patients are ◊ Connect global and regional collaboration, reluctant to share their data due to digital infrastructure and health security reasons. information gaps, etc. ◊ Data Processing (Vast data generated at ◊ Establishing digital health governance, hospitals, clinics, etc.),Quality Concern instead of focusing exclusively on digital ◊ Other: Lack of Infrastructure (such as health interventions. digital connectivity in rural areas and ◊ Data protection: Focusing on ethical and hilly terrain), Ensuring accountability or regulatory oversight, etc. liability in case of device failure, lack of ◊ AI should be utilised to process data Digital Illiteracy etc. collected by healthcare professionals 29  8468022022 www.visionias.in 4.5. Tuberculosis (TB) ◊ Definition: An infectious disease caused by bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria which most often affects lungs and is known as pulmonary TB. » Extrapulmonary TB affects other areas of the body. (e.g. gastrointestinal TB, skeletal TB, liver TB) ◊ Challenges Types of Drug - Resistant TB » Social Stigma and Taboo » Poor Healthcare Multidrug Extensively drug Totally drug- resistant Infrastructure Resistance TB Resistant tuber- tuberculosis (TDR-TB) (MDR) culosis (XDR-TB) » Poverty and Malnutrition Resistant to Isoniazid Resistant to at Resistant to all » Comorbidities (with least Isoniazid and and Rifampin, plus first- and sec- Rifampicin. any fluoroquinolone ond-line TB drugs. HIV, diabetes) and at least one of » High Treatment Costs three injectable sec- ond-line drugs (amik- & High- dropout rates acin, kanamycin, or ◊ Initiative capreomycin). » India’s Initiatives: National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP),Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyan, Nikshay Poshan Yojana, ,Mission Indradhanush, BPaL regimen trial. » Global Initiative: WHO Initiative: #ENDTB Strategy,TB vaccine accelerator Council Way Forward Enable Early Detec- Precise Treatment Long-term Improved Nutritional tion (Every dollar Categorization and sustained adherence Support to spent on screening treatment patients of TB, there is potential benefit of $39. (WHO)) 4.6. Food Fortification ◊ Fortification: Addition of key vitamins and minerals to staple foods such as rice, wheat, oil, milk and salt to improve their nutritional content. ◊ Key issues: Fortified rice could be harmful to people suffering from thalassemia and sickle cell anaemia. 30  8468022022 www.visionias.in Key initiatives Distribution of fortified rice FSSAI set limits of micronutri- ‘+F’ logo by the FSSAI to ents in vitamin and mineral under Saksham Anganwadi, identify fortified foods. premix for manufacturing of Poshan 2.0 and Public Distribution System. fortified rice kernels (FRKs). 4.7. Ultra-processed Food (UPF) ◊ Concern: Diets high in UPF, fats and sugars drove a hidden cost of over $7 trillion a year on our health and environment. Challenges in Curbing Lack of nutrition-based Lack of subsidies and Misleading Front-of-Pack tax model fiscal incentives for Labelling (FOPL) healthy products ◊ Initiatives to curtail Ultra-Processed food » 2% cap on trans-fatty acids in food products » Food Safety and Standards (Advertising and Claims) Regulations, 2018 aims to hold food businesses accountable for their claims/advertisements. » Ban on advertisements of UPF in school canteens or within 50 metres of school campuses » FSSAI campaigns like ‘Eat Right India’ movement, ‘Aaj Se Thoda Kam’ » Aerated beverages in India are taxed at 28% GST and additional 12% compensation cess. » ICMR has released revised dietary guidelines, 2024. Way Forward Introduction of Nutrition linked Provide Fiscal incentives Implement better labeling taxes E.g. Mexico’s Junk food linked to nutrition guidelines. E.g., Australia and tax New Zealand launched Star Rating system 31  8468022022 www.visionias.in 5. ACHIEVEMENTS OF INDIANS IN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY; INDIGENIZATION OF TECHNOLOGY AND DEVELOPING NEW TECHNOLOGY 5.1. Satyendra Nath Bose ◊ Popularly known as “Father of the God Particle” ◊ Fundamental particle ‘Bosons’ are named after him Scientific Contributions Bose-Einstein ◊ Fifth State of matter, created when particles are cooled to near Condensates (BEC) absolute zero (-273.15 degrees Celsius/0 Kelvin). ◊ Properties of BEC: Super fluidity, Super conductivity, Coherence of quantum state and wave function. Bose-Einstein ◊ Statistical procedure for counting possible states of a quantum Statistics system. Other: ◊ X-ray diffraction cameras ◊ Deduced Planck’s Black body radiation law without any reference to classical electrodynamics. 5.1.1. Higgs Boson ◊ Definition: Elementary particle with a very Importance/Relevance short life, aka God of Higgs Boson particle. » It is a type of boson, a force-carrying Confirmed the Can help find signs of Can provide clue subatomic particle. predictions of the about early universe. dark matter. standard model of » Gets its mass just particle physics like other particles— from its interactions with the Higgs field. » Physicist Peter Higgs who passed away recently proposed it as a new fundamental particle. ◊ Higgs Field » Particles do not have a mass of their own; they get their mass by interacting with the Higgs field. 32  8468022022 www.visionias.in » Intensity of interaction between the field and the particle decides the quantity of mass of the particle 5.2. Satellite-Based Toll Collection System ◊ About: Uses GNSS-based imaging to track the position of the vehicle and collect tolls based on the distance travelled. Benefits Decrease the need Enhance toll collection Reduce congestion for roadside tolling effectiveness, etc. infrastructure ◊ Challenges: Signal interference or inaccurate readings; Privacy Concerns; need to equip older vehicles with GNSS technology etc. Difference between FASTags & Satellite-based toll collection GNSS-based Toll Parameters FASTags collection Technology Radio Frequency Satellite-based imaging Identification(RFID) and ANPR cameras Equipment needed in RFID Tag on windscreen OBU with GNSS connectivity Vehicles Calculation of Toll tax Fixed rates Based on real-time vehicle movement data Requirement of Toll Plazas Required for scanning Not required FASTag 33  8468022022 www.visionias.in 5.3. Advanced Driver Assistance Systems ◊ About: It is a set of electronic systems which are integrated into vehicles to enhance driver safety, improve vehicle performance, and provide convenience. Types of ADAS Active ADAS Passive ADAS Assist in critical driving situations. Mainly intervene to provide E.g. collision avoidance systems, information and alerts to the driver. lane keep assist systems, etc. E.g. blind spot monitoring systems, lane departure warning etc. ◊ Benefits of ADAS: Reduces accidents, Optimise traffic flow, increases ease of driving, reduces fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions through optimization in driving patterns. Challenges with ADAS Non-Standardised Cyber Threats pose Affordability due to Road Infrastructure risks to safety high cost in India ◊ Conclusion: The adoption of ADAS can be facilitated by establishing effective regulations and standards for ADAS implementation. 34  8468022022 www.visionias.in 6. Miscellaneous 6.1. Nuclear Energy in India ◊ Status: Installed capacity of 8180 MW will become 22480 MW by 2031-32, which is about 1.8% of total electricity generation.(Ministry of power) ◊ Significance » Clean, cost-efficient, generation of pink hydrogen, thus facilitating transition to net zero economy. » Promote peaceful use of nuclear technologies. Challenges Safety concern Safety concern Land acquisition Import dependency Manufacturing and E.g. Chernobyl (1986), Uranium manpower capability Fukushima, Daiichee accident (2011) ◊ Initiative » Supply contracts under IAEA. » Resolution of issues related to Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (CLND) Act & Creation of Indian Nuclear Insurance Pool. » Enabling Joint Ventures of Public Sector Companies to set up nuclear power projects. » Monitoring through PRAGATI Platform. » Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership for training. Way Forward Effective manage Regulatory regime to Public-private Transparency of ment of radioactive assess the safety partnership with information and impact wastes. requirements and necessary policy assessment on different compliances. support, stakeholders. 35  8468022022 www.visionias.in 6.2. Fast Breeder Reactor ◊ Definition: FBR is a nuclear reactor that uses fast neutron to generate more nuclear fuel than they consume while generating power. » Uranium-Plutonium Mixed Oxide (MOX) fuel. » The Uranium-238 “blanket” surrounding the fuel core to produce more fuel. ◊ Core-loading » Core loading is the process of placing nuclear fuel assemblies inside the core of a nuclear reactor. » It has started in the indigenous Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) was initiated at Kalpakkam, TN. Significance Start of stage II Thorium will create India will be second of India’s three- fissile U-233 which country after Russia stage nuclear power will be used as fuel in to have a commercial programme. the third stage. operating FBR. ◊ India’s 3 stage Nuclear Power Program: » Dr Homi J Bhabha, devised this program in 1950s to make the most of India’s abundant thorium reserves. 1st stage 2nd stage 3rd stage Pressurised heavy 2nd stage Fast Advanced Heavy water reactors Breeder reactors water reactors 36  8468022022 www.visionias.in 6.3. Small Modular Reactor (SMR) ◊ Definition: Advanced nuclear reactors, with up to 300 MW per unit, are factory-assembled and transported for installation, reducing size compared to conventional reactors. SMRs Advantages Low cost and Simpler and Safer due to Increased safety and lower construction time reduced fuel requirements impacts in case of accidents ◊ Bharat Small Reactors (BSRs): In Budget 2024-25, government has announced to partner with private sector to develop Bharat Small Reactors (BSRs). » Unlike SMRs, BSRs are based on India’s existing PHWR technology. 6.4. Nuclear Fusion ◊ Definition: Process by which two light atomic nuclei combine to form a single heavier one while releasing massive amounts of energy. ◊ Advantages: Abundant fuels (Deuterium from water), safer as amounts of fuel used is less Challenges High temperature required Neutron radiation Development of new materials that can withstand extreme conditions ◊ Initiatives » India joined International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), collaboration of 35 nations to build the world’s largest tokamak. » ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research » Indigenous tokamak ADITYA and semi-indigenous Steady State Superconducting Tokamak (SST-1). 37  8468022022 www.visionias.in 6.5. Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) ◊ Definition: BESS are type of electrochemical storage system which uses different electrochemical reactions to store electricity. ◊ Initiatives undertaken for BESS » Legal status for ESS » Bidding Guidelines for BESS Challenges » National Framework for Promoting Energy Storage Systems unveiled by the Ministry of Power in 2023. Lack of Low reserves of Absence of EV and » Battery Waste Management Raw materials storage policies high-quality R&D infrastructure Rules, 2022 to promote circular economy in BESS sector. » Scheme for Viability Gap Funding (VGF) ◊ Way Forward » Soft loan facility for Discoms/transmission companies for BESS » Phased manufacturing programme » Re-design GST rates to discourage imports » Recycling and sustainability 6.5.1. Sodium Ion Battery ◊ About: An electrochemical energy storage device that utilizes sodium ions as charge carriers to store and release electrical energy. Sphere Sodium Ion Battery Lithium-Ion Battery Occurrence Sodium more abundant Lithium limited to few countries. Charging Charges faster Slow charging Safety Safer, less prone to explosion Less safe, prone to catching fire or or fire exploding Use Extreme temperatures Lower temperature range Applicability Large-scale storage systems Portable devices 38  8468022022 www.visionias.in 6.6. Nobel Prizes 6.6.1. Nobel Prize in Physics 2023 ◊ Prize awarded for: Generation of attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter. ◊ Awardees: Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz, and Anne L’Huillier ◊ Electron dynamics refers to the behaviour and movement of electrons within atoms and molecules. ◊ Attoseconds pulses can be used to provide images of the processes inside atoms and molecules (including electron dynamics). Application/Benefits of Discovery To develop faster For medical diag- To explore short-lived Open ups the new electronic devices, and nostics, to check for atomic and molecular research field of better telecommuni- the presence of processes in fields like attosecond physics cations, imaging, and certain molecules. materials science, spectroscopy. electronics, and catalysis. 6.6.2. Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2023 ◊ Prize awarded for: The discovery and development of quantum dots. ◊ Awardees: Moungi G. Bawendi, Louis E. Brus and Aleksey Yekimov. ◊ Definition: Quantum dots are man-made semiconductor particles, whose sizes are normally not more than 10 nanometers. » Their properties can be changed by changing their size, for example they have different colours depending on their size. » Quantum confinement (electrons are confined in small regions), leads to many unique optical and transport properties. Properties of QDs Fluorescence Less photobleaching Made from different Used in biological (loss of fluorescence semiconductor applications without over time) materials, such as causing harm to cadmium selenide living cells. (CdSe), etc. 39  8468022022 www.visionias.in ◊ Applications of Quantum Dots » Electronics screens, for targeted drug delivery, Nano medicine » Other potential uses: In quantum computing, thinner solar cells, flexible electronics, tiny sensors, and encrypted quantum communication 6.6.3. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023 ◊ Prize awarded for: Discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19. ◊ Awardees: Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman. ◊ Concerns with mRNA vaccines » Issues with In vitro transcribed mRNA vaccines: Instability and challenging to deliver, requiring the sophisticated infra. Inflammatory reactions Inefficient protein production in cells and tissues. » They questioned why this synthetic mRNA was considered to be a foreign substance while mRNA from mammalian cells did not give rise to the same reaction. ◊ Breakthrough by Nobel Laureates » Hypothesis: They hypothesised that the absence of altered bases in the in vitro transcribed RNA could explain the unwanted inflammatory reaction. » Testing: On testing, they produced different variants Application of Discovery of mRNA, each with unique chemical alterations in their bases, which they delivered to dendritic cells. Broad applicability Rapid vaccine development Technology may also be used to » Result: Inflammatory Platform for vaccines against other deliver therapeutic proteins and infectious diseases. response was almost treat some cancer types. abolished when base modifications were included in the mRNA. 6.7. Superconductivity ◊ Definition: A phenomenon in which certain materials exhibit zero electrical resistance and the expulsion of magnetic fields when cooled below a critical temperature (Tc). ◊ Discovered by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911. ◊ Currently, superconductivity can be achieved only at very low temperatures, more than 250 degrees Celsius below zero. » Materials like Mercury, Lead, Aluminum, Tin, Niobium, etc., become superconducting at Tc. 40  8468022022 www.visionias.in Room-temperature Superconductivity Applications High efficiency Better Magnetic Reduced cost Efficient and Utilised in and low-cost Resonance for Magnetic less energy- accelerators and energy Imaging (MRI) levitation consuming Nuclear Magnetic transmission technology (Maglev) train supercomputers Resonance (NMR) technology can be for experiments manufactured etc. like the Large Hadron Collider. 6.8. Deep Tech Startups ◊ Definition: A startup that typically produces a solution along an unexplored pathway based on new knowledge within a scientific or engineering discipline or by combining knowledge from multiple disciplines. Key Highlights of Draft NDTSP 2023 Investment in basic Encourage participa- Establishing Frontier Regulatory sand- and curiosity-driven tion of public/private Scientific Infra- boxes shall be scientific research. industries especially structure (FSI), in established across MSMEs and Startups academic institu- different deep tions and R&D technology establishments. domains. 6.9. PRITHvi VIgyan (PRITHVI) Scheme ◊ Union Cabinet approved the overarching scheme PRITHvi VIgyan (PRITHVI). ◊ About PRITHvi VIgyan (PRITHVI) » Ministry: Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) » Tenure: 2021-26 » Encompasses five ongoing sub-schemes: 41  8468022022 www.visionias.in ACROSS (Atmosphere & Climate Research-Modelling Observing Systems & Services) O-SMART (Ocean Services, Modelling Application, Resources and Technology) PACER (Polar Science and Cryosphere Research) SAGE (Seismology and Geosciences) REACHOUT (Research, Education, Training, and Outreach) ◊ Significance of integrated R&D efforts under PRITHVI Improve understating of the Earth System sciences. Enable development of integrated multi-disciplinary earth science research. Address challenges of weather and climate, ocean, cryosphere, seismological science and services. Convert research into practical solutions for future disasters arising from Climate change, etc. Understand and predict weather accurately due to increased cross-disciplinary coordination. Major Objectives of the Schemes Increased Development of Exploration of Development of Translation of long-term models for polar and high technology for knowledge observations understanding seas regions for exploration and from earth of the atmo- and predicting discovery of new sustainable science into sphere, ocean, weather, ocean phenomena and harnessing of services for geosphere, and climate resources. oceanic societal, envi- cryosphere hazards and resources for ronmental and and solid understanding societal applica- economic earth to the science of tions. benefit. record the vital climate change. signs of the Earth System and change 42  8468022022 www.visionias.in Building Mental Resilience for UPSC CSE with VisionIAS Student Wellness Cell The UPSC Civil Services Examination is one of the most prestigious exams in the country, bringing immense professional and personal satisfaction. However, the journey often involves overcoming loneliness, intense competition pressure, anxiety, and other psychological challenges. These issues can impact both your preparation and overall well-being. At VisionIAS, we recognize the multifaceted nature of this journey. To support our students comprehensively, we have established a dedicated Student Wellness Cell. Since April 2024, our highly professional psychologists and experienced professionals have provided confidential and mindful support as per student needs. From Stress Management to Academic Excellence Enhancing Academic Professional Mental Well-Supported Performance: Health Support: Mind for Excellence: Effective stress Seeking professional help Mental well-being is management contributes is crucial for success in essential for achieving to better academic UPSC preparation. success in UPSC exams. outcomes. Comprehensive Safe and Non-Judgmental Confidential and Wellness Cell: Environment: Structured Support: Addressing various issues A space for students to Multiple, structured impacting mental health discuss issues and receive sessions based on the and academic personalized support. severity of the issues. performance. Common Issues and Our Approach Our counseling services have addressed a variety of issues, including: Anxiety and Hopelessness: Using Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) to promote positive thinking. Lack of Motivation and Focus: Introducing time management strategies and SMART goal-setting. Emotional Struggles: Providing a safe space for expression and techniques such as journaling and progressive muscle relaxation. Social Isolation and Loneliness: Encouraging healthy social interactions and setting personal boundaries. Family and Personal Issues: Offering advice on coping with family dynamics, Scan the QR code personal loss, and significant life stressors. for more details To support the larger student community, VisionIAS is now extending our counseling and wellness support to all students preparing for UPSC CSE, regardless of their coaching institute affiliation. Schedule a session by visiting our office at Apsara Arcade near Karol Bagh Metro Station or emailing [email protected]. Remember, seeking help is a sign of strength, not weakness. AHMEDABAD 43 BENGALURU BHOPAL CHANDIGARH DELHI GUWAHATI HYDERABAD JAIPUR JODHPUR LUCKNOW PRAYAGRAJ PUNE RANCHI  8468022022 www.visionias.in 44